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Xu J, Mawase F, Schieber MH. Evolution, biomechanics, and neurobiology converge to explain selective finger motor control. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:983-1020. [PMID: 38385888 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans use their fingers to perform a variety of tasks, from simple grasping to manipulating objects, to typing and playing musical instruments, a variety wider than any other species. The more sophisticated the task, the more it involves individuated finger movements, those in which one or more selected fingers perform an intended action while the motion of other digits is constrained. Here we review the neurobiology of such individuated finger movements. We consider their evolutionary origins, the extent to which finger movements are in fact individuated, and the evolved features of neuromuscular control that both enable and limit individuation. We go on to discuss other features of motor control that combine with individuation to create dexterity, the impairment of individuation by disease, and the broad extent of capabilities that individuation confers on humans. We comment on the challenges facing the development of a truly dexterous bionic hand. We conclude by identifying topics for future investigation that will advance our understanding of how neural networks interact across multiple regions of the central nervous system to create individuated movements for the skills humans use to express their cognitive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Firas Mawase
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marc H Schieber
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
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2
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Verwey WB. Chord skill: learning optimized hand postures and bimanual coordination. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:1643-1659. [PMID: 37179513 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This reaction time study tested the hypothesis that in the case of finger movements skilled motor control involves the execution of learned hand postures. After delineating hypothetical control mechanisms and their predictions an experiment is described involving 32 participants who practiced 6 chord responses. These responses involved the simultaneous depression of one, two or three keys with either four right-hand fingers or two fingers of both hands. After practicing each of these responses for 240 trials, the participants performed the practiced and also novel chords with the familiar and with the unfamiliar hand configuration of the other practice group. The results suggest that participants learned hand postures rather than spatial or explicit chord representations. Participants practicing with both hands also developed a bimanual coordination skill. Chord execution was most likely slowed by interference between adjacent fingers. This interference seemed eliminated with practice for some chords but not for others. Hence, the results support the notion that skilled control of finger movements is based on learned hand postures that even after practice may be slowed by interference between adjacent fingers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem B Verwey
- Department of LDT-Section Code, Faculty of Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Conway BJ, Taquet L, Boerger TF, Young SC, Krucoff KB, Schmit BD, Krucoff MO. Quantitative assessments of finger individuation with an instrumented glove. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2023; 20:48. [PMID: 37081513 PMCID: PMC10120262 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical and research settings, hand dexterity is often assessed as finger individuation, or the ability to move one finger at a time. Despite its clinical importance, there is currently no standardized, sufficiently sensitive, or fully objective platform for these evaluations. METHODS Here we developed two novel individuation scores and tested them against a previously developed score using a commercially available instrumented glove and data collected from 20 healthy adults. Participants performed individuation for each finger of each hand as well as whole hand open-close at two study visits separated by several weeks. Using the three individuation scores, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and minimal detectable changes (MDC) were calculated. Individuation scores were further correlated with subjective assessments to assess validity. RESULTS We found that each score emphasized different aspects of individuation performance while generating scores on the same scale (0 [poor] to 1 [ideal]). These scores were repeatable, but the quality of the metrics varied by both equation and finger of interest. For example, index finger intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC's) were 0.90 (< 0.0001), 0.77 (< 0.001), and 0.83 (p < 0.0001), while pinky finger ICC's were 0.96 (p < 0.0001), 0.88 (p < 0.0001), and 0.81 (p < 0.001) for each score. Similarly, MDCs also varied by both finger and equation. In particular, thumb MDCs were 0.068, 0.14, and 0.045, while index MDCs were 0.041, 0.066, and 0.078. Furthermore, objective measurements correlated with subjective assessments of finger individuation quality for all three equations (ρ = - 0.45, p < 0.0001; ρ = - 0.53, p < 0.0001; ρ = - 0.40, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Here we provide a set of normative values for three separate finger individuation scores in healthy adults with a commercially available instrumented glove. Each score emphasizes a different aspect of finger individuation performance and may be more uniquely applicable to certain clinical scenarios. We hope for this platform to be used within and across centers wishing to share objective data in the physiological study of hand dexterity. In sum, this work represents the first healthy participant data set for this platform and may inform future translational applications into motor physiology and rehabilitation labs, orthopedic hand and neurosurgery clinics, and even operating rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Conway
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Léon Taquet
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Timothy F Boerger
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sarah C Young
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kate B Krucoff
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian D Schmit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Max O Krucoff
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Schellekens W, Bakker C, Ramsey NF, Petridou N. Moving in on human motor cortex. Characterizing the relationship between body parts with non-rigid population response fields. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009955. [PMID: 35377877 PMCID: PMC9009778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For cortical motor activity, the relationships between different body part representations is unknown. Through reciprocal body part relationships, functionality of cortical motor areas with respect to whole body motor control can be characterized. In the current study, we investigate the relationship between body part representations within individual neuronal populations in motor cortices, following a 7 Tesla fMRI 18-body-part motor experiment in combination with our newly developed non-rigid population Response Field (pRF) model and graph theory. The non-rigid pRF metrics reveal somatotopic structures in all included motor cortices covering frontal, parietal, medial and insular cortices and that neuronal populations in primary sensorimotor cortex respond to fewer body parts than secondary motor cortices. Reciprocal body part relationships are estimated in terms of uniqueness, clique-formation, and influence. We report unique response profiles for the knee, a clique of body parts surrounding the ring finger, and a central role for the shoulder and wrist. These results reveal associations among body parts from the perspective of the central nervous system, while being in agreement with intuitive notions of body part usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Schellekens
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Radiology department, Center for Image Sciences, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlijn Bakker
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nick F. Ramsey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Natalia Petridou
- Radiology department, Center for Image Sciences, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Single finger movements in the aging hand: changes in finger independence, muscle activation patterns and tendon displacement in older adults. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:1141-1154. [PMID: 30783716 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With aging, hand mobility and manual dexterity decline, even under healthy circumstances. To assess how aging affects finger movement control, we compared elderly and young subjects with respect to (1) finger movement independence, (2) neural control of extrinsic finger muscles and (3) finger tendon displacements during single finger flexion. In twelve healthy older (age 68-84) and nine young (age 22-29) subjects, finger kinematics were measured to assess finger movement enslaving and the range of independent finger movement. Muscle activation was assessed using a multi-channel electrode grid placed over the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and the extensor digitorum (ED). FDS tendon displacements of the index, middle and ring fingers were measured using ultrasound. In older subjects compared to the younger subjects, we found: (1) increased enslaving of the middle finger during index finger flexion (young: 25.6 ± 12.4%, elderly: 47.0 ± 25.1%; p = 0.018), (2) a lower range of independent movement of the index finger (youngmiddle = 74.0%, elderlymiddle: 45.9%; p < 0.001), (3) a more evenly distributed muscle activation pattern over the finger-specific FDS and ED muscle regions and (4) a lower slope at the beginning of the finger movement to tendon displacement relationship, presenting a distinct period with little to no tendon displacement. Our study indicates that primarily the movement independence of the index finger is affected by aging. This can partly be attributed to a muscle activation pattern that is more evenly distributed over the finger-specific FDS and ED muscle regions in the elderly.
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Rachaveti D, Chakrabhavi N, Shankar V, Skm V. Thumbs up: movements made by the thumb are smoother and larger than fingers in finger-thumb opposition tasks. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5763. [PMID: 30357012 PMCID: PMC6196073 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In humans, the thumb plays a crucial role in producing finger opposition movements. These movements form the basis of several activities of the hand. Hence these movements have been used to study phenomena like prehension, motor control, motor learning, etc. Although such tasks have been studied extensively, the relative contribution of the thumb vis-à-vis the fingers in finger opposition tasks is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the kinematics of thumb and fingers in a simple finger opposition task. Further, we quantified the relative contribution and the movement smoothness aspects and compared these between fingers and thumb. Methods Eight, young healthy participants (four males and four females) were asked to perform a full finger to thumb opposition movement, where they were required to reach for different phalanges of the fingers. Position (X, Y and Z) of individual segments of the four fingers and the thumb were measured with reference to the wrist by a 16-sensor kinematics measurement system. Displacements and velocities were computed. An index, displacement ratio, that quantifies the relative contribution of thumb and fingers was computed from displacement data. Velocity data was used to quantify the smoothness of movement of thumb and fingers. Results The Displacement Ratio showed that contribution of the thumb is higher than contribution of any other target finger or target phalanges, except for the distal phalanx of the index and middle fingers. Smoothness of movement of the thumb was higher than all the finger phalanges in all cases. Conclusion We conclude that in the task considered (thumb opposition movements to different targets within the hand & fingers), the thumb made a greater relative contribution in terms of displacement ratio and also produced smoother movements. However, smoothness of thumb did not vary depending on the target. This suggests that the traditional notion of the thumb being a special digit when compared to other fingers is true at least for the opposition movements considered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanush Rachaveti
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Niranjan Chakrabhavi
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vaisakh Shankar
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Varadhan Skm
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Dupan SS, Stegeman DF, Maas H. Distinct neural control of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the hand during single finger pressing. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 59:223-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Andersen KW, Siebner HR. Mapping dexterity and handedness: recent insights and future challenges. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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van Beek N, Stegeman DF, van den Noort JC, (H.E.J.) Veeger D, Maas H. Activity patterns of extrinsic finger flexors and extensors during movements of instructed and non-instructed fingers. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 38:187-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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10
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Tendon displacements during voluntary and involuntary finger movements. J Biomech 2018; 67:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Maas H, Veeger HEJD, Stegeman DF. Understanding the constraints of finger motor control. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2017; 38:182-186. [PMID: 29089176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, The Netherlands.
| | - H E J Dirkjan Veeger
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, The Netherlands; Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dick F Stegeman
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, The Netherlands; Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Mirakhorlo M, Maas H, Veeger DHEJ. Timing and extent of finger force enslaving during a dynamic force task cannot be explained by EMG activity patterns. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183145. [PMID: 28817708 PMCID: PMC5560573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Finger enslaving is defined as the inability of the fingers to move or to produce force independently. Such finger enslaving has predominantly been investigated for isometric force tasks. The aim of this study was to assess whether the extent of force enslaving is dependent on relative finger movements. Ten right-handed subjects (22–30 years) flexed the index finger while counteracting constant resistance forces (4, 6 and 8 N) orthogonal to the fingertip. The other, non-instructed fingers were held in extension. EMG activities of the mm. flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and extensor digitorum (ED) in the regions corresponding to the index, middle and ring fingers were measured. Forces exerted by the non-instructed fingers increased substantially (by 0.2 to 1.4 N) with flexion of the index finger, increasing the enslaving effect with respect to the static, pre-movement phase. Such changes in force were found 260–370 ms after the initiation of index flexion. The estimated MCP joint angle of the index finger at which forces exerted by the non-instructed fingers started to increase varied between 4° and 6°. In contrast to the finger forces, no significant changes in EMG activity of the FDS regions corresponding to the non-instructed fingers upon index finger flexion were found. This mismatch between forces and EMG of the non-instructed fingers, as well as the delay in force development are in agreement with connective tissue linkages being slack when the positions of the fingers are similar, but pulled taut when one finger moves relative to the others. Although neural factors cannot be excluded, our results suggest that mechanical connections between muscle-tendon structures were (at least partly) responsible for the observed increase in force enslaving during index finger flexion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Mirakhorlo
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - DirkJan H. E. J. Veeger
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
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13
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Kolasinski J, Logan JP, Hinson EL, Manners D, Divanbeighi Zand AP, Makin TR, Emir UE, Stagg CJ. A Mechanistic Link from GABA to Cortical Architecture and Perception. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1685-1691.e3. [PMID: 28552355 PMCID: PMC5462622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding both the organization of the human cortex and its relation to the performance of distinct functions is fundamental in neuroscience. The primary sensory cortices display topographic organization, whereby receptive fields follow a characteristic pattern, from tonotopy to retinotopy to somatotopy [1]. GABAergic signaling is vital to the maintenance of cortical receptive fields [2]; however, it is unclear how this fine-grain inhibition relates to measurable patterns of perception [3, 4]. Based on perceptual changes following perturbation of the GABAergic system, it is conceivable that the resting level of cortical GABAergic tone directly relates to the spatial specificity of activation in response to a given input [5, 6, 7]. The specificity of cortical activation can be considered in terms of cortical tuning: greater cortical tuning yields more localized recruitment of cortical territory in response to a given input. We applied a combination of fMRI, MR spectroscopy, and psychophysics to substantiate the link between the cortical neurochemical milieu, the tuning of cortical activity, and variability in perceptual acuity, using human somatosensory cortex as a model. We provide data that explain human perceptual acuity in terms of both the underlying cellular and metabolic processes. Specifically, higher concentrations of sensorimotor GABA are associated with more selective cortical tuning, which in turn is associated with enhanced perception. These results show anatomical and neurochemical specificity and are replicated in an independent cohort. The mechanistic link from neurochemistry to perception provides a vital step in understanding population variability in sensory behavior, informing metabolic therapeutic interventions to restore perceptual abilities clinically. GABAergic tone correlates with perceptual acuity in the human somatosensory system This relationship is mediated by the tuning of activity in somatosensory cortex We explain perceptual acuity via the underlying cellular and metabolic processes
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kolasinski
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; University College, Oxford OX1 4BH, UK.
| | - John P Logan
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Emily L Hinson
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Daniel Manners
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Amir P Divanbeighi Zand
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tamar R Makin
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Uzay E Emir
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Charlotte J Stagg
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
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