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Raorane ML, Manz C, Hildebrandt S, Mielke M, Thieme M, Keller J, Bunzel M, Nick P. Cell type matters: competence for alkaloid metabolism differs in two seed-derived cell strains of Catharanthus roseus. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:349-369. [PMID: 35697946 PMCID: PMC9931846 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the anticancer drugs vinblastine and vincristine, Catharanthus roseus has been intensively studied for biosynthesis of several terpene indole alkaloids (TIAs). Due to their low abundance in plant tissues at a simultaneously high demand, modes of production alternative to conventional extraction are mandatory. Plant cell fermentation might become one of these alternatives, yet decades of research have shown limited success to certain product classes, leading to the question: how to preserve the intrinsic ability to produce TIAs (metabolic competence) in cell culture? We used the strategy to use the developmental potency of mature embryos to generate such strains. Two cell strains (C1and C4) from seed embryos of Catharanthus roseus were found to differ not only morphologically, but also in their metabolic competence. This differential competence became manifest not only under phytohormone elicitation, but also upon feeding with alkaloid pathway precursors. The more active strain C4 formed larger cell aggregates and was endowed with longer mitochondria. These cellular features were accompanied by higher alkaloid accumulation in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation. The levels of catharanthine could be increased significantly, while the concurrent vindoline branch of the pathway was blocked, such that no bisindole alkaloids were detectable. By feeding vindoline to MeJA-elicited C4 cells, vincristine became detectable; however, only to marginal amounts. In conclusion, these results show that cultured cells are not "de-differentiated", but can differ in metabolic competence. In addition to elicitation and precursor feeding, the cellular properties of the "biomatter" are highly relevant for the success of plant cell fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish L Raorane
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle-WittenbergHalle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Christina Manz
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah Hildebrandt
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marion Mielke
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marc Thieme
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Judith Keller
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Manz C, Raorane ML, Maisch J, Nick P. Switching cell fate by the actin-auxin oscillator in Taxus: cellular aspects of plant cell fermentation. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:2363-2378. [PMID: 36214871 PMCID: PMC9700576 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel synthesis in Taxus cells correlates with a cell-fate switch that leads to vacuoles of a glossy appearance and vermiform mitochondria. This switch depends on actin and apoplastic respiratory burst. Plant cell fermentation, the production of valuable products in plant cell culture, has great potential as sustainable alternative to the exploitation of natural resources for compounds of pharmaceutical interest. However, the success of this approach has remained limited, because the cellular aspects of metabolic competence are mostly unknown. The production of the anti-cancer alkaloid Paclitaxel has been, so far, the most successful case for this approach. In the current work, we map cellular aspects of alkaloid synthesis in cells of Taxus chinensis using a combination of live-cell imaging, quantitative physiology, and metabolite analysis. We show evidence that metabolic potency correlates with a differentiation event giving rise to cells with large vacuoles with a tonoplast that is of a glossy appearance, agglomerations of lipophilic compounds, and multivesicular bodies that fuse with the plasma membrane. Cellular features of these glossy cells are bundled actin, more numerous peroxisomes, and vermiform mitochondria. The incidence of glossy cells can be increased by aluminium ions, and this increase is significantly reduced by the actin inhibitor Latrunculin B, and by diphenylene iodonium, a specific inhibitor of the NADPH oxidase Respiratory burst oxidase Homologue (RboH). It is also reduced by the artificial auxin Picloram. This cellular fingerprint matches the implications of a model, where the differentiation into the glossy cell type is regulated by the actin-auxin oscillator that in plant cells acts as dynamic switch between growth and defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Manz
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manish L Raorane
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jan Maisch
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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3
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Xiong Z, Wang L, Sun J, Jiang X, Cong H, Sun H, Qiao F. Functional characterization of a Colchicum autumnale L. double-bond reductase (CaDBR1) in colchicine biosynthesis. PLANTA 2022; 256:95. [PMID: 36214872 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An alkenal double-bond reductase enzyme (CaDBR1) was cloned from Colchicum autumnale L. The encoded enzyme catalysed 4-coumaraldehyde to 4-hydroxydihydrocinnamaldehyde (4-HDCA). Its functional characterization increased the understanding of colchicine biosynthesis. As a traditional medical plant, Colchicum autumnale L. is famous for producing colchicine, a widely used drug for alleviating gout attacks. The biosynthetic pathway of colchicine was revealed most recently, and 4-hydroxydihydrocinnamaldehyde (4-HDCA) has been verified as a crucial intermediate derived from L-phenylalanine. However, the functional gene that catalyses the formation of 4-HDCA remains controversial. In this study, the alkenal double-bond reductase (DBR) gene member CaDBR1 was cloned and characterized from C. autumnale. Bioinformatics analysis predicted and characterized the basic physicochemical properties of CaDBR1. Recombinant CaDBR1 protein was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by a Ni-NTA column. In vitro enzyme assays indicated that CaDBR1 could catalyse 4-coumaraldehyde to form 4-HDCA but could not generate 4-HDCA by taking cinnamaldehyde as a substrate. Stable transformation into tobacco BY-2 cells revealed that CaDBR1 localized in the cytoplasm, and tissue-specific expression results showed that CaDBR1 had the highest expression in bulbs. All these results verify and confirm the participation and contribution of CaDBR1 in the biosynthesis pathway of 4-HDCA and colchicine alkaloids in C. autumnale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Plants of Hainan Province, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Plants of Hainan Province, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Plants of Hainan Province, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xuefei Jiang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Plants of Hainan Province, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hanqing Cong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Huapeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Fei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
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Finkbeiner T, Manz C, Raorane ML, Metzger C, Schmidt-Speicher L, Shen N, Ahrens R, Maisch J, Nick P, Guber AE. A modular microfluidic bioreactor to investigate plant cell-cell interactions. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:173-186. [PMID: 33934215 PMCID: PMC8752559 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites, which often are of interest to pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industry. Plant-cell cultures allow producing these metabolites in a standardised manner, independently from various biotic and abiotic factors difficult to control during conventional cultivation. However, plant-cell fermentation proves to be very difficult, since these chemically complex compounds often result from the interaction of different biosynthetic pathways operating in different cell types. To simulate such interactions in cultured cells is a challenge. Here, we present a microfluidic bioreactor for plant-cell cultivation to mimic the cell-cell interactions occurring in real plant tissues. In a modular set-up of several microfluidic bioreactors, different cell types can connect through a flow that transports signals or metabolites from module to module. The fabrication of the chip includes hot embossing of a polycarbonate housing and subsequent integration of a porous membrane and in-plane tube fittings in a two-step ultrasonic welding process. The resulting microfluidic chip is biocompatible and transparent. Simulation of mass transfer for the nutrient sucrose predicts a sufficient nutrient supply through the membrane. We demonstrate the potential of this chip for plant cell biology in three proof-of-concept applications. First, we use the chip to show that tobacco BY-2 cells in suspension divide depending on a "quorum-sensing factor" secreted by proliferating cells. Second, we show that a combination of two Catharanthus roseus cell strains with complementary metabolic potency allows obtaining vindoline, a precursor of the anti-tumour compound vincristine. Third, we extend the approach to operationalise secretion of phytotoxins by the fungus Neofusicoccum parvum as a step towards systems to screen for interorganismal chemical signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Finkbeiner
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - C Manz
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M L Raorane
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biosynthesis of active substances, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - C Metzger
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Schmidt-Speicher
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - N Shen
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - R Ahrens
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - J Maisch
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A E Guber
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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5
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Guan P, Zhou J, Girel S, Zhu X, Schwab M, Zhang K, Wang-Müller Q, Bigler L, Nick P. Anti-microtubule activity of the traditional Chinese medicine herb Northern Ban Lan (Isatis tinctoria) leads to glucobrassicin. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:2058-2074. [PMID: 34636476 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) belongs to the most elaborate and extensive systems of plant-based healing. The herb Northern Ban Lan (Isatis tinctoria) is famous for its antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity. Although numerous components isolated from I. tinctoria have been characterized so far, their modes of action have remained unclear. Here, we show that extracts from I. tinctoria exert anti-microtubular activity. Using time-lapse microscopy in living tobacco BY-2 (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Bright Yellow 2) cells expressing green fluorescent protein-tubulin, we use activity-guided fractionation to screen out the biologically active compounds of I. tinctoria. Among 54 fractions obtained from either leaves or roots of I. tinctoria by methanol (MeOH/H2 O 8:2), or ethyl acetate extraction, one specific methanolic root fraction was selected, because it efficiently and rapidly eliminated microtubules. By combination of further purification with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry most of the bioactivity could be assigned to the glucosinolate compound glucobrassicin. Glucobrassicin can also affect microtubules and induce apoptosis in HeLa cells. In the light of these findings, the antiviral activity of Northern Ban Lan is discussed in the context of microtubules being hijacked by many viral pathogens for cell-to-cell spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyin Guan
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Jianning Zhou
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Sergey Girel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr.190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xin Zhu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Marian Schwab
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Kunxi Zhang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Qiyan Wang-Müller
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, CH-5070, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Bigler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr.190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
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Rajabi F, Jessat J, Garimella JN, Bok F, Steudtner R, Stumpf T, Sachs S. Uranium(VI) toxicity in tobacco BY-2 cell suspension culture - A physiological study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111883. [PMID: 33454591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the physiological and cellular responses of Nicotiana tabacum (BY-2) cells to uranium (U) as an abiotic stressor were studied using a multi-analytic approach that combined biochemical analysis, thermodynamic modeling and spectroscopic studies. The goal of this investigation was to determine the U threshold toxicity in tobacco BY-2 cells, the influence of U on the homeostasis of micro-macro essential nutrients, as well as the effect of Fe starvation on U bioassociation in cultured BY-2 cells. Our findings demonstrated that U interferes with the homeostasis of essential elements. The interaction of U with BY-2 cells confirmed both time- and concentration-dependent kinetics. Under Fe deficiency, a reduced level of U was detected in the cells compared to Fe-sufficient conditions. Interestingly, blocking the Ca channels with gadolinium chloride caused a decrease in U concentration in the BY-2 cells. Spectroscopic studies evidenced changes in the U speciation in the culture media with increasing exposure time under both Fe-sufficient and deficient conditions, leading us to conclude that different stress response reactions are related to Fe metabolism. Moreover, it is suggested that U toxicity in BY-2 cells is highly dependent on the existence of other micro-macro elements as shown by negative synergistic effects of U and Fe on cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rajabi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jenny Jessat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jawaharlal Nehru Garimella
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Bok
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robin Steudtner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stumpf
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Sachs
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
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Rajabi F, Gusbeth C, Frey W, Maisch J, Nick P. Nanosecond pulsed electrical fields enhance product recovery in plant cell fermentation. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:1585-1594. [PMID: 32651872 PMCID: PMC7567687 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The potential of pharmacologically active secondary plant metabolites is limited by the low yield from often rare plants, and the lack of economically feasible chemical synthesis of these complex compounds. Plant cell fermentation offers an alternative strategy to overcome these constraints. However, the efficiency of this approach is limited by intracellular sequestration of the products, such that continuous bioprocessing is not possible. As a precondition for such a, more attractive, continuous process, it is of great importance to stimulate the export of the product into the medium without impairing viability and, thus, the productivity of the cells. Using nicotine alkaloids of tobacco as a case study, an alternative strategy is explored, where nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) are applied for the efficient downstream recovery of the products. To maintain cell viability and allow for the further use of biomass, cells were exposed to strong (1-20 kV·cm-1), but very short (10-100 ns) electric pulses, which leads to a temporary permeabilisation of cell membranes. Using two transgenic cell lines, where two key genes involved in the metabolism of the anti-Alzheimer compound nornicotine were overexpressed, we could show that this nsPEF treatment improved the partitioning of some nicotine alkaloids to the culture medium without impairing viability, nor the synthesis of alkaloids. However, this release was only partial and did not work for nornicotine. Thus, nsPEFs produced a fractionation of alkaloids. We explain this electrofractionation by a working model considering the differential intracellular compartmentalization of nicotineic alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rajabi
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Gusbeth
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan Maisch
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Zenkner FF, Margis-Pinheiro M, Cagliari A. Nicotine Biosynthesis inNicotiana: A Metabolic Overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3381/18-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alkaloids are important compounds found in Nicotiana plants, essential in plant defense against herbivores. The main alkaloid of Nicotiana tabacum, nicotine, is produced in roots and translocated to the leaves. Nicotine is formed by a pyrrolidine and a pyridine ring in a process involving several enzymes. The pyridine ring of nicotine is derived from nicotinic acid, whereas the pyrrolidine ring originates from polyamine putrescine metabolism. After synthesis in root cortical cells, a set of transporters is known to transport nicotine upward to the aerial part and store it in leaf vacuoles. Moreover, nicotine can be metabolized in leaves, giving rise to nornicotine through the N-demethylation process. Some Nicotiana wild species produce acyltransferase enzymes, which allow the plant to make N-acyl-nornicotine, an alkaloid with more potent insecticidal properties than nicotine. However, although we can find a wealth of information about the alkaloid production in Nicotiana spp., our understanding about nicotine biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism is still incomplete. This review will summarize these pathways on the basis on recent literature, as well as highlighting questions that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Fleig Zenkner
- Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P.O. Box 15053, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 91501-970, Brazil
- JTI Processadora de Tabaco do Brasil LTDA, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Margis-Pinheiro
- Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P.O. Box 15053, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Cagliari
- Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
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Sun H, Jiang X, Sun M, Cong H, Qiao F. Evaluation of reference genes for normalizing RT-qPCR in leaves and suspension cells of Cephalotaxus hainanensis under various stimuli. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:31. [PMID: 30962812 PMCID: PMC6434779 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is a widely used approach for investigating gene expression levels in plants because of its high reproducibility, sensitivity, accuracy and rapidness. Evaluation of reference genes for normalizing RT-qPCR data is a necessary step, especially in new plant varieties. Cephalotaxus hainanensis is a precious medicinal plant belonging to the family of Cephalotaxaceae and no RT-qPCR studies have been reported on it. RESULTS In this study, 9 candidate reference genes were selected from the transcriptome data of C. hainanensis; 3 statistical algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper) were applied to evaluate their expression stabilities through 180 samples under 6 stimuli treatments in leaves and leaf-derived suspension cultured cells; a comprehensive stabilities ranking was also performed by RefFinder. The results showed that suitable reference genes in C. hainanensis should be selected for normalization relative to different experimental sets. 18S showed a higher stability than other candidate reference genes which ranked at the top two suitable genes under all experimental setups in this study. CONCLUSION This study is the first to evaluate the stability of reference genes in C. hainanensis and supply an important foundation to use the RT-qPCR for an accurate and far-reaching gene expression analysis in C. hainanensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Jiang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources/Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengli Sun
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources/Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanqing Cong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan People’s Republic of China
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Akaberi S, Wang H, Claudel P, Riemann M, Hause B, Hugueney P, Nick P. Grapevine fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase generates actin-disrupting volatiles and promotes defence-related cell death. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2883-2896. [PMID: 29659985 PMCID: PMC5972561 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid hydroperoxides can generate short-chained volatile aldehydes that may participate in plant defence. A grapevine hydroperoxide lyase (VvHPL1) clustering to the CYP74B class was functionally characterized with respect to a role in defence. In grapevine leaves, transcripts of this gene accumulated rapidly to high abundance in response to wounding. Cellular functions of VvHPL1 were investigated upon heterologous expression in tobacco BY-2 cells. A C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion of VvHPL1 was located in plastids. The overexpression lines were found to respond to salinity stress or the bacterial elicitor harpin by increasing cell death. This signal-dependent mortality response was mitigated either by addition of exogenous jasmonic acid or by treatment with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidases. By feeding different substrates to recombinantly expressed enzyme, VvHPL1 could also be functionally classified as true 13-HPL. The cognate products generated by this 13-HPL were cis-3-hexenal and trans-2-hexenal. Using a GFP-tagged actin marker line, one of these isomeric products, cis-3-hexenal, was found specifically to elicit a rapid disintegration of actin filaments. This response was not only observed in the heterologous system (tobacco BY-2), but also in a grapevine cell strain expressing this marker, as well as in leaf discs from an actin marker grape used as a homologous system. These results are discussed in the context of a role for VvHPL1 in a lipoxygenase-dependent signalling pathway triggering cell death-related defence that bifurcates from jasmonate-dependent basal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Akaberi
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Building, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hao Wang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Building, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patricia Claudel
- Joint research unit for grapevine health and wine quality (SVQV), INRA, Université de Strasbourg, Colmar, France
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Building, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Philippe Hugueney
- Joint research unit for grapevine health and wine quality (SVQV), INRA, Université de Strasbourg, Colmar, France
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Building, Karlsruhe, Germany
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