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Ninsin KD, Souza PGC, Amaro GC, Aidoo OF, Barry EJDV, da Silva RS, Osei-Owusu J, Dofuor AK, Ablormeti FK, Heve WK, Edusei G, Agboyi LK, Beseh P, Boafo HA, Borgemeister C, Sétamou M. Risk of spread of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in Ghana. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 114:327-346. [PMID: 38699867 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485324000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The impact of invasive species on biodiversity, food security and economy is increasingly noticeable in various regions of the globe as a consequence of climate change. Yet, there is limited research on how climate change affects the distribution of the invasive Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera:Liviidae) in Ghana. Using maxnet package to fit the Maxent model in R software, we answered the following questions; (i) what are the main drivers for D. citri distribution, (ii) what are the D. citri-specific habitat requirements and (iii) how well do the risk maps fit with what we know to be correctly based on the available evidence?. We found that temperature seasonality (Bio04), mean temperature of warmest quarter (Bio10), precipitation of driest quarter (Bio17), moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer land cover and precipitation seasonality (Bio15), were the most important drivers of D. citri distribution. The results follow the known distribution records of the pest with potential expansion of habitat suitability in the future. Because many invasive species, including D. citri, can adapt to the changing climates, our findings can serve as a guide for surveillance, tracking and prevention of D. citri spread in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodwo Dadzie Ninsin
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, PMB, Somanya, E/R, Ghana
| | - Philipe Guilherme Corcino Souza
- Department of Agronomy, Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro (IFTM Campus Uberlândia), Uberlândia, MG 38400-970, Brazil
| | | | - Owusu Fordjour Aidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, PMB, Somanya, E/R, Ghana
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Siqueira da Silva
- Department of Agronomy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Osei-Owusu
- Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, PMB, Somanya, E/R, Ghana
| | - Aboagye Kwarteng Dofuor
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, PMB, Somanya, E/R, Ghana
| | - Fred Kormla Ablormeti
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P. O. Box 245, Sekondi, W/R, Ghana
| | - William K Heve
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, PMB, Somanya, E/R, Ghana
| | - George Edusei
- Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, PMB, Somanya, E/R, Ghana
| | - Lakpo Koku Agboyi
- Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI), CSIR Campus, No. 6 Agostino Neto Road, Airport Residential Area, P. O. Box CT 8630, Cantonments, Ghana
| | - Patrick Beseh
- Plant Protection and Regulatory Services Directorate. P. O. Box M37, Accra, Ghana
| | - Hettie Arwoh Boafo
- Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI), CSIR Campus, No. 6 Agostino Neto Road, Airport Residential Area, P. O. Box CT 8630, Cantonments, Ghana
| | - Christian Borgemeister
- Centre for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mamoudou Sétamou
- Citrus Center, Texas A & M University-Kingsville, 312 N. International Blvd., Weslaco, TX 78599, USA
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Mack LK, Attardo GM. Heat shock proteins, thermotolerance, and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 4:1309941. [PMID: 38469339 PMCID: PMC10926544 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2024.1309941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit pathogens that pose a threat to millions of people globally. Unfortunately, widespread insecticide resistance makes it difficult to control these public health pests. General mechanisms of resistance, such as target site mutations or increased metabolic activity, are well established. However, many questions regarding the dynamics of these adaptations in the context of developmental and environmental conditions require additional exploration. One aspect of resistance that deserves further study is the role of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in insecticide tolerance. Studies show that mosquitoes experiencing heat stress before insecticide exposure demonstrate decreased mortality. This is similar to the observed reciprocal reduction in mortality in mosquitoes exposed to insecticide prior to heat stress. The environmental shifts associated with climate change will result in mosquitoes occupying environments with higher ambient temperatures, which could enhance existing insecticide resistance phenotypes. This physiological relationship adds a new dimension to the problem of insecticide resistance and further complicates the challenges that vector control and public health personnel face. This article reviews studies illustrating the relationship between insecticide resistance and HSPs or hsp genes as well as the intersection of thermotolerance and insecticide resistance. Further study of HSPs and insecticide resistance could lead to a deeper understanding of how environmental factors modulate the physiology of these important disease vectors to prepare for changing climatic conditions and the development of novel strategies to prevent vector-borne disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey M. Attardo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Galvañ A, Bassanezi RB, Luo W, Vanaclocha P, Vicent A, Lázaro E. Risk-based regionalization approach for area-wide management of HLB vectors in the Mediterranean Basin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1256935. [PMID: 38111874 PMCID: PMC10725980 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1256935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most devastating citrus diseases worldwide. It is associated with the non-culture bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter spp., which can be transmitted by grafting and/or the psyllid vectors Diaphorina citri (ACP) and Trioza erytreae (AfCP). Although HLB has not been reported in the Mediterranean Basin to date, both vectors are present, and thus represent a serious threat to the citrus industry in this region. Resistant citrus cultivars or effective therapeutic treatments are not currently available for HLB. Nevertheless, area-wide pest management via coordinated management efforts over large areas has been implemented in Brazil, China and the USA for HLB control. This study proposes an open access flexible methodology to address area-wide management of both HLB vectors in the Mediterranean Basin. Based on a risk-based approach which considers climatic information and other variables that may influence vector introduction and spread, such as conventional, organic, abandoned and residential citrus areas as well as transportation corridors, an area-wide management division in pest management areas (PMAs) is proposed. The size and location of these PMAs were estimated by means of a hierarchical clustering algorithm with spatial constraints whose performance was assessed under different configuration scenarios. This proposal may assist policymakers and the citrus industry of the citrus-growing areas of the Mediterranean Basin in risk management planning in the case of the spread of HLB vectors or a possible introduction of the disease. Additionally, it may be a valuable resource to inform opinion dynamic models, enabling the identification of pivotal factors for the success of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Galvañ
- Centre de Protecció Vegetal i Biotecnologia, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Renato Beozzo Bassanezi
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Weiqi Luo
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
- Center for Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Pilar Vanaclocha
- Centre de Protecció Vegetal i Biotecnologia, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Antonio Vicent
- Centre de Protecció Vegetal i Biotecnologia, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Elena Lázaro
- Centre de Protecció Vegetal i Biotecnologia, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
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Nguyen VA, Bartels DW, Gilligan CA. Modelling the spread and mitigation of an emerging vector-borne pathogen: Citrus greening in the U.S. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010156. [PMID: 37267376 PMCID: PMC10266658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Predictive models, based upon epidemiological principles and fitted to surveillance data, play an increasingly important role in shaping regulatory and operational policies for emerging outbreaks. Data for parameterising these strategically important models are often scarce when rapid actions are required to change the course of an epidemic invading a new region. We introduce and test a flexible epidemiological framework for landscape-scale disease management of an emerging vector-borne pathogen for use with endemic and invading vector populations. We use the framework to analyse and predict the spread of Huanglongbing disease or citrus greening in the U.S. We estimate epidemiological parameters using survey data from one region (Texas) and show how to transfer and test parameters to construct predictive spatio-temporal models for another region (California). The models are used to screen effective coordinated and reactive management strategies for different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet-Anh Nguyen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Bartels
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Ward SF, Riggins JJ. Warm temperatures and host tree abundance explain variation in directional spread by laurel wilt. Biol Invasions 2023; 25:1-15. [PMID: 37362908 PMCID: PMC10132951 DOI: 10.1007/s10530-023-03069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The rate at which invading organisms disperse into novel habitats is fundamental to their distribution and abundance. Forecasts of spread often assume that invasion speed is constant through time and among directions but, depending on the extent to which this assumption is violated, the efficacy of delimitation surveys and eradication programs could suffer. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying spatiotemporal variation in spread could help refine forecasts and guide management, particularly in the early stages of invasions. We investigated rates of spread by laurel wilt, one of the most damaging non-native forest pests in North America, using three standard approaches (effective range radius, distance regression, and boundary displacement) and evaluated the strength and drivers of variation in directional spread (i.e., anisotropy). Estimates of mean annual spread varied from 24 to 40 km/yr, but spread was highly anisotropic with invasion speeds reaching approximately 100 km/yr south, 80 km/yr west, and 50 km/yr north, a pattern that we attribute to the abundance of host redbay trees and warmer temperatures fostering rapid southern and western spread. This pattern-quicker spread of laurel wilt from the point of introduction into areas forecasted as highly suitable for its persistence-suggests that establishment location might have a major influence on rates of anisotropy. Our findings underscore the utility of habitat suitability modeling-in which host availability and suitable climate are widely used to forecast establishment risk-for identifying areas into which spread will proceed most rapidly following establishment of a new invader and/or a satellite population via a long-distance dispersal event. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-023-03069-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F. Ward
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762 USA
| | - John J. Riggins
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762 USA
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Analyzing spatiotemporal species spread by three declustering methods utilizing monitoring data based on national programs and citizen science. ECOL INFORM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Antolínez CA, Martini X, Stelinski LL, Rivera MJ. Wind Speed and Direction Drive Assisted Dispersal of Asian Citrus Psyllid. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:305-312. [PMID: 34897406 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wind directly influences the spread of vector-borne plant pathogens by driving the passive dispersal of vectors to potentially new areas. Here, we evaluated the effect of wind speed and direction on the dispersal of the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), the vector of the bacteria causing huanglongbing (HLB), a lethal disease of citrus. The effect of different wind speeds on short or long-distance dispersal of ACP was investigated using a high-speed wind tunnel under laboratory conditions. The effect of wind direction on ACP dispersal under field conditions was evaluated using custom-made wind vane-style traps. In wind tunnel assays, ACP remained on plants until wind treatments reached ≥48 km/h when psyllids were mostly dislodged from plants and moved by the wind. For a short-distance, wind-driven movement (movement by the wind from one plant to another), the effect of wind speed was not significant at any of the wind speed treatments tested. Wind vane traps placed in a Florida citrus grove captured significantly more ACP on the windward side, suggesting that ACP were moved with the wind. The number of ACP found on the windward side of traps was significantly higher from May to August. These results indicate that ACP is likely to disperse with prevailing wind direction and that settled ACP may become dislodged and moved at random by high wind speeds occurring in areas of significant citrus production (southern California, Florida, or Texas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Antolínez
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Xavier Martini
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, USA
| | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Monique J Rivera
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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Bayles BR, Thomas SM, Simmons GS, Daugherty MP. Quantifying Spillover of an Urban Invasive Vector of Plant Disease: Asian Citrus Psyllid ( Diaphorina citri) in California Citrus. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:783285. [PMID: 38468763 PMCID: PMC10926442 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.783285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Urban environments frequently play an important role in the initial stages of biological invasions, often serving as gateways for non-native species, which may propagate to nearby natural and agricultural ecosystems in the event of spillover. In California, citrus trees are a dominant ornamental and food plant in urban and peri-urban environments. We studied the invasion dynamics of the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri), which became widespread in urban areas of southern California starting in 2008, to understand the factors driving its more recent invasion in commercial citrus groves. Using a multi-year monitoring database, we applied a suite of models to evaluate the rate at which groves accrued their first D. citri detection and the cumulative number of detections thereafter. Grove characteristics and landscape context proved to be important, with generally higher invasion rates and more cumulative detections in groves that were larger, had more edge, or had more perforated shapes, with greater urbanization intensity favoring more rapid invasion, but with inconsistent effects of distance to roads among models. Notably, distance to urban or other grove occurrences proved to be among the most important variables. During the early phase of D. citri invasion in the region, groves closer to urban occurrences were invaded more rapidly, whereas more recently, invasion rate depended primarily on proximity to grove occurrences. Yet, proximity to urban and grove occurrences contributed positively to cumulative D. citri detections, suggesting a continued influx from both sources. These results suggest that inherent features of agroecosystems and spatial coupling with urban ecosystems can be important, temporally dynamic, drivers of biological invasions. Further consideration of these issues may guide the development of strategic responses to D. citri's ongoing invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Bayles
- Department of Global Public Health, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, United States
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, United States
| | - Shyam M. Thomas
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Gregory S. Simmons
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Salinas, CA, United States
| | - Matthew P. Daugherty
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Chow A, Sétamou M. Compatibility of a Beta-cyfluthrin-Based 'Attract-and-Kill' Device with Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for Suppression of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on Residential Citrus. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:201-211. [PMID: 34865020 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is a serious threat to the U.S. citrus industry because it spreads huanglongbing (HLB), a bacterial and incurable citrus disease. The nymphal parasitoid, Tamarixia radiata Waterston (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), has been extensively released for biological control of D. citri in South Texas since 2010 but provides insufficient control. An 'attract-and-kill' (AK) device was evaluated for its compatibility with T. radiata for suppression of D. citri on dooryard citrus. The AK device is visually attractive to D. citri adults because it is the same color as young citrus flush and kills individuals on contact with the toxicant beta-cyfluthrin. This study evaluated 1) lethality of AK devices to T. radiata adults under lab conditions; 2) efficacy of AK devices for year-round psyllid suppression on individual dooryard lemon trees; 3) discovery and parasitism of D. citri colonies by T. radiata on lemon trees with or without AK devices. Contact with AK devices for 5 s or more was lethal to adult parasitoids. Deployment of 20 AK devices per tree provided significant year-round suppression of D. citri on infested lemon trees and reduced mean attack intensity (cumulative psyllid-days) of adults by 66% and nymphs by 82%. Discovery and parasitism rates of D. citri colonies by T. radiata were similar on control trees and trees protected by AK devices. An AK device that targets adult psyllids could be used to effectively complement biological control of D. citri by T. radiata in residential landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chow
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Mamoudou Sétamou
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Weslaco, TX, USA
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Jiang RX, Shang F, Jiang HB, Dou W, Cernava T, Wang JJ. The Influence of Temperature and Host Gender on Bacterial Communities in the Asian Citrus Psyllid. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121054. [PMID: 34940142 PMCID: PMC8704560 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, D. citri Kuwayama is the primary vector for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which causes a destructive disease in citrus plants. Bacterial symbionts are important determinants of insect physiology, and they can be impacted by many external factors. Temperature is an important abiotic factor affecting insect physiology, and it is also known that differences in symbiont proportions may vary in different insect genders. To date, it is unclear how the symbionts of D. citri are affected by temperature and gender. This study used high-throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA amplicons to determine how temperature and gender affect the bacterial communities present in D. citri. We identified 27 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) belonging to 10 orders, seven classes, and five phyla. The dominant phylum was Proteobacteria (99.93%). Other phyla, including Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Deinococcota, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteriota, were less abundant (<0.1%). Profftella (71.77-81.59%) and Wolbachia (18.39-28.22%) were the predominant taxa in all samples. Under high-temperature treatment, Profftella was more common in females, while Wolbachia had a higher abundance in males. In males, Profftella was more abundant under low-temperature treatments than under high-temperature treatments. In contrast, Wolbachia showed a higher abundance under high-temperature treatments than under low-temperature treatments. An RT-qPCR (quantitative real-time PCR) approach confirmed the results obtained with high-throughput DNA sequencing. Our results provide a basis for understanding the co-adaptation of D. citri and its symbionts to environmental temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.-X.J.); (F.S.); (H.-B.J.); (W.D.)
| | - Feng Shang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.-X.J.); (F.S.); (H.-B.J.); (W.D.)
| | - Hong-Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.-X.J.); (F.S.); (H.-B.J.); (W.D.)
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.-X.J.); (F.S.); (H.-B.J.); (W.D.)
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.-X.J.); (F.S.); (H.-B.J.); (W.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-23-6825-0255
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Spatio-Environmental Analysis of Vespula germanica Nest Records Explains Slow Invasion in South Africa. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080732. [PMID: 34442298 PMCID: PMC8396874 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Social wasp invasions can spread quickly and have serious impacts if they reach new regions with favourable climatic conditions. However, in areas less suitable to them, invasion patterns can show factors that may prevent their spread. We use nest records of the German wasp from the southern tip of South Africa, to map and analyse what habitats they seem to prefer. Factors investigated included temperature, rainfall, and moisture availability. We find that this invasive wasp prefers moister and cooler conditions, and because these habitats are patchy in the region they have invaded in South Africa, they can only spread slowly unassisted, and utmost between 50 and 200 km with the assistance of humans. This is the likely reason for the very slow invasion seen in South Africa. The spatial patterns we quantify here make it possible to use a remote-sensing approach to determine the suitability of an area for future invasions. Predicting the likelihood of invasions will greatly aid management actions. Public awareness around the potential accidental transport of the German wasp and similar species should also be undertaken. Abstract Investigating the distributions of invasive species in marginal habitats can give clues to the factors constraining invasive spread. Vespula germanica is the most widely distributed of all the invasive Vespids, which in the Southern Hemisphere typically have large extensive invasive populations. In contrast, the invasion into South Africa has been slow and is still confined to a small geographic area. Here we analyse the distribution of all recent nest records in South Africa (n = 405). The distance to main rivers, mean annual rainfall, summer normalised difference moisture index (NDMI) values, and mean annual temperatures (average, minimum, maximum, and summer maximum temperature) was measured for every nest. We find that value ranges of these variables are different between the value ranges recorded for nests, the general distribution area of the wasp, and the area of absence. Optimised Hot Spot Analysis was used to quantify spatial structure in the measured climatic variables. Generally, factors related to moisture stress set the environmental limits of V. germanica’s landscape distribution. Due to the strong preference of nesting sites close to river courses, for higher rainfall conditions, medium to medium-high NDMI values, and lower mean annual temperatures, it is unlikely that V. germanica will be able to spread uniformly where it is currently found in South Africa.
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Grafton-Cardwell EE, Daugherty MP. Impact of Insecticide Treatments for Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on Growth and Yield of Young Citrus reticulata Mandarins. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1226-1233. [PMID: 33860300 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, is an invasive pest of citrus whose larvae damage developing leaves, which can impact tree photosynthetic capacity and may ultimately reduce tree growth and yield. Damage is most pronounced in young trees due to their greater propensity for production of new foliage, which supports P. citrella oviposition and larval development. We studied P. citrella damage and tree growth and yield among different insecticide treatment regimes to gauge their effectiveness at protecting young citrus trees. Three levels of insecticide treatments were applied over 3 yr to 'Tango' mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) citrus trees planted in the prior summer, which were inspected regularly along with untreated trees. Leaves suitable for oviposition by P. citrella were available during all census dates, though their numbers fluctuated in the summer months. Phyllocnistis citrella were suppressed for 2-3 wk by systemic or foliar treatments of insecticides. The higher number of treatments provided more sustained suppression of larvae. Trunk diameter was unchanged and canopy volume affected by only the most aggressive treatment regime. However, citrus yield was 2-2.5 times higher following the second year of treatments and 1.2- to 1.8-fold times following the third year of treatments for trees in the treatment regimes that included systemic imidacloprid plus 2-3 or 4-5 foliar applications, respectively, relative to untreated controls. Suitable leaf flush and larval densities declined over the 3 yr of the study. These data support the use of insecticidal control of P. citrella to protect young 'Tango' mandarin trees, but demonstrated that frequent applications are necessary to suppress populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M P Daugherty
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Bragard C, Dehnen‐Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques M, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Kertesz V, Streissl F, MacLeod A. Pest categorisation of Diaphorina citri. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06357. [PMID: 33437319 PMCID: PMC7786542 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) (Asian citrus psyllid) for the EU. D. citri is a key pest of citrus in several countries as it is a vector of serious bacterial pathogens, the putative causal agents of Huanglongbing (HLB) also known as citrus greening. Eggs are laid on tips of growing shoots on and between unfurling leaves. Females may lay more than 800 eggs during their lives. Nymphs pass through five instars. The life cycle requires from 14 to 49 days, depending upon the season. There is no diapause, but populations are low in winter. It overwinters as an adult which may live for several months. The species completes 9-10 generations/year; however, under protected conditions, up to 16 generations have been recorded. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 (Annex IIA) regulates D. citri, as a quarantine pest not known to occur in the EU territory. Fruits and plants for planting provide potential pathways for entry into the EU. Climatic conditions and the availability of host plants provide conditions to support establishment in the EU. The introduction of D. citri would have an economic impact in the EU through direct but mainly indirect effects due to potential transmission of HLB. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry. D. citri satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. D. citri does not meet the criteria of occurring in the EU, nor plants for planting being the principal means of spread, for it to be regarded as a potential Union regulated non-quarantine pest.
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Milosavljević I, McCalla KA, Morgan DJW, Hoddle MS. The Effects of Constant and Fluctuating Temperatures on Development of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), the Asian Citrus Psyllid. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:633-645. [PMID: 31814024 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of six average daily temperatures, 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, and 35°C, that were either constant or fluctuating over 24 h on development times of California-sourced Diaphorina citri Kuwayama nymphs were examined. Thermal performance curves for immature stages of D. citri were characterized using one linear and six nonlinear models (i.e., Ratkowsky, Lobry-Rosso-Flandrois, Lactin-2, Brière-2, Beta, and Performance-2). Daily thermal fluctuations had significant effects on development times of D. citri nymphs, which differed across experimental temperatures. Diaphorina citri nymphs reared at constant temperatures completed development faster than those reared under fluctuating profiles with equivalent temperature means. Linear model estimates of degree-days required for completion of cumulative development of D. citri were 25% lower for constant temperatures when compared with fluctuating temperature regimens. Nonlinear model estimations of optimum developmental temperature and upper theoretical temperature bounds for development were similar for individuals reared under constant and fluctuating temperatures. Nevertheless, the estimated values of lower theoretical temperature limits above which development occurred were lower under fluctuating than constant temperatures. A meta-analysis of published D. citri temperature-dependent development literature, synthesizing datasets of five globally distributed populations (Brazil, California, China, Florida, and Japan) reared under different constant temperatures on six different host plants (i.e., Citrus limonia, C. sinensis cv Natal, C. sinensis cv. Pêra, C. reticulata, Fortunella margarita, and Murraya paniculata), together with the results of this study (C. volkameriana), revealed convergence in estimates of developmental parameters. These results have implications for predicting D. citri invasion and establishment risk and subsequent population performance across various climactic gradients and geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Milosavljević
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Ave. Riverside, CA
| | - Kelsey A McCalla
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Ave. Riverside, CA
| | - David J W Morgan
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, 4500 Glenwood Drive, Riverside, CA
| | - Mark S Hoddle
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Ave. Riverside, CA
- Center for Invasive Species Research, University of California, Riverside, CA
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15
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Chin EL, Ramsey JS, Mishchuk DO, Saha S, Foster E, Chavez JD, Howe K, Zhong X, Polek M, Godfrey KE, Mueller LA, Bruce JE, Heck M, Slupsky CM. Longitudinal Transcriptomic, Proteomic, and Metabolomic Analyses of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Graft-Inoculated with " Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus". J Proteome Res 2020; 19:719-732. [PMID: 31885275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
"Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas) is the bacterium associated with the citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB). Current CLas detection methods are unreliable during presymptomatic infection, and understanding CLas pathogenicity to help develop new detection techniques is challenging because CLas has yet to be isolated in pure culture. To understand how CLas affects citrus metabolism and whether infected plants produce systemic signals that can be used to develop improved detection techniques, leaves from Washington Navel orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) plants were graft-inoculated with CLas and longitudinally studied using transcriptomics (RNA sequencing), proteomics (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry), and metabolomics (proton nuclear magnetic resonance). Photosynthesis gene expression and protein levels were lower in infected plants compared to controls during late infection, and lower levels of photosynthesis proteins were identified as early as 8 weeks post-grafting. These changes coordinated with higher sugar concentrations, which have been shown to accumulate during HLB. Cell wall modification and degradation gene expression and proteins were higher in infected plants during late infection. Changes in gene expression and proteins related to plant defense were observed in infected plants as early as 8 weeks post-grafting. These results reveal coordinated changes in greenhouse navel leaves during CLas infection at the transcript, protein, and metabolite levels, which can inform of biomarkers of early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Chin
- Department of Food Science and Technology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - John S Ramsey
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health , USDA Agricultural Research Service , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States.,Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Darya O Mishchuk
- Department of Food Science and Technology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Surya Saha
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Elizabeth Foster
- Contained Research Facility , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Juan D Chavez
- Department of Genome Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Kevin Howe
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health , USDA Agricultural Research Service , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States.,Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Xuefei Zhong
- Department of Genome Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - MaryLou Polek
- National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus & Dates , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Kris E Godfrey
- Contained Research Facility , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Lukas A Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - James E Bruce
- Department of Genome Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Michelle Heck
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health , USDA Agricultural Research Service , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States.,Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States.,Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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16
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Chow A, Czokajlo D, Patt JM, Sétamou M. Development and Field Validation of a Beta-cyfluthrin-Based 'Attract-and-Kill' Device for Suppression of Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on Residential Citrus. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2824-2832. [PMID: 31501898 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An 'attract-and-kill' (AK) device was evaluated for suppression of adult Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), on residential citrus. The AK device, made from weather-resistant plasticized PVC, lured D. citri adults by simulating the color of citrus flush and killed them with beta-cyfluthrin. This study evaluated: 1) lethality of AK devices weathered up to 8 wk on residential citrus; 2) survival of psyllids caged with potted plants and AK devices; 3) psyllid suppression achieved by AK devices on individual dooryard trees. AK devices weathered for up to 8 wk remained lethal to psyllids. Greenhouse trials evaluated survival of adult psyllids caged for 4 d with orange jasmine plants that were: 1) treated with an (beta-cyfluthrin-infused) AK device; 2) treated with a blank (no insecticide) AK device; or 3) 'untreated' with no AK device. After 4 d, psyllid survival was on average 95% lower among adults exposed to plants with AK devices than adults exposed to untreated plants or plants with blank AK devices. Less than half of the adults exposed to plants with AK devices were alive after 1 d and nearly all were dead after 4 d. Deployment of 20 AK devices per tree provided significant psyllid suppression on infested lemon trees from winter to summer and reduced mean reproduction (cumulative eggs) by 91% and mean attack intensity (cumulative psyllid-days) of adults by 59% and nymphs by 53%. AK devices could be an effective control option for D. citri in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chow
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Weslaco, TX
| | | | - Joseph M Patt
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, FL
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17
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Jung I. Spatial scan statistics for matched case-control data. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221225. [PMID: 31419252 PMCID: PMC6697355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial scan statistics are widely used for cluster detection analysis in geographical disease surveillance. While this method has been developed for various types of data such as binary, count, and continuous data, spatial scan statistics for matched case-control data, which often arise in spatial epidemiology, have not been considered. We propose spatial scan statistics for matched case-control data. The proposed test statistics consider the correlations between matched pairs. We evaluate the statistical power and cluster detection accuracy of the proposed methods through simulations compared to the Bernoulli-based method. We illustrate the proposed methods using a real data example. The simulation study clearly revealed that the proposed methods had higher power and higher accuracy for detecting spatial clusters for matched case-control data than the Bernoulli-based spatial scan statistic. The cluster detection result of the real data example also appeared to reflect a higher power of the proposed methods. The proposed methods are very useful for spatial cluster detection for matched case-control data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyung Jung
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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McCalla KA, Keçeci M, Milosavljević I, Ratkowsky DA, Hoddle MS. The Influence of Temperature Variation on Life History Parameters and Thermal Performance Curves of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Parasitoid of the Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:1560-1574. [PMID: 31053849 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of seven constant and fluctuating temperature profiles with corresponding averages of 12 to 38°C on the life history of the Punjab, Pakistan-sourced Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) released in California for biological control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. One linear and seven nonlinear regression functions were fit to egg-to-adult development rate data to characterize thermal performance curves. Temperature fluctuations significantly affected both development and longevity of T. radiata. Estimates of degree-days predicted by the linear model were 30% higher for the fluctuating regime than the constant regime. Nonlinear model estimations of theoretical minimum and maximum developmental thresholds were lower for the fluctuating regime when compared to the constant regime. These predictions align with experimental observations. Parasitoids reared under fluctuating profiles at low average temperatures developed faster (15°C) and survived longer (15-20°C) when compared to those reared under constant regimes with corresponding means. In contrast, high average fluctuating temperatures produced parasitoids with an extended developmental period (35°C) and reduced longevity (30-35°C). A meta-analysis of published T. radiata development datasets, together with the results of this study, indicated convergence in degree-days and theoretical minimum developmental thresholds among geographically distinct parasitoid populations. These findings demonstrate the significant effects of temperature on T. radiata life history and have important implications for optimization of mass-rearing and release efforts, improvement of predictions from climate modeling, and comparison of T. radiata population performance across climatic gradients and geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A McCalla
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Mehmet Keçeci
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Malatya Turgut Özal University, Malatya, Turkey
| | | | | | - Mark S Hoddle
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
- Center for Invasive Species Research, University of California, Riverside, CA
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19
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Taylor RA, Ryan SJ, Lippi CA, Hall DG, Narouei-Khandan HA, Rohr JR, Johnson LR. Predicting the fundamental thermal niche of crop pests and diseases in a changing world: A case study on citrus greening. J Appl Ecol 2019; 56:2057-2068. [PMID: 32684639 PMCID: PMC7367095 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Predicting where crop pests and diseases can occur, both now and in the future under different climate change scenarios, is a major challenge for crop management. One solution is to estimate the fundamental thermal niche of the pest/disease to indicate where establishment is possible. Here, we develop methods for estimating and displaying the fundamental thermal niche of pests and pathogens and apply these methods to Huanglongbing (HLB), a vector-borne disease that is currently threatening the citrus industry worldwide.We derive a suitability metric based on a mathematical model of HLB transmission between tree hosts and its vector Diaphorina citri, and incorporate the effect of temperature on vectortraits using data from laboratory experiments performed at different temperatures. We validate the model using data on the historical range of HLB.Our model predicts that transmission of HLB is possible between 16 and 33°C with peak transmission at ~25°C. The greatest uncertainty in our suitability metric is associated with the mortality of the vectors at peak transmission, and fecundity at the edges of the thermal range, indicating that these parameters need further experimental work.We produce global thermal niche maps by plotting how many months each location is suitable for establishment of the pest/disease. This analysis reveals that the highest suitability for HLB occurs near the equator in large citrus-producing regions, such as Brazil and South-East Asia. Within the Northern Hemisphere, the Iberian peninsula and California are HLB suitable for up to 7 months of the year and are free of HLB currently.Policy implications. We create a thermal niche map which indicates the places at greatest risk of establishment should a crop disease or pest enter these regions. This indicates where surveillance should be focused to prevent establishment. Our mechanistic method can be used to predict new areas for Huanglongbing transmission under different climate change scenarios and is easily adapted to other vector-borne diseases and crop pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Taylor
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK
| | - Sadie J. Ryan
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu, Natal, South Africa
| | - Catherine A. Lippi
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Hossein A. Narouei-Khandan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jason R. Rohr
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Leah R. Johnson
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia
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20
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Ecological Aspects of the Vector-Borne Bacterial Disease, Citrus Greening (Huanglongbing): Dispersal and Host Use by Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina Citri Kuwayama. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10070208. [PMID: 31315295 PMCID: PMC6681385 DOI: 10.3390/insects10070208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Determining the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on pest dispersal behavior is a critical component of integrated pest management. The behavioral and physiological traits of movement of the Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, has received significant attention. Field and laboratory experiments have explored the physiological capabilities of ACP dispersal, as well as, the abiotic and biotic drivers that initiate movement behavior. Abiotic factors such as temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, landscape, and orchard architecture, as well as, biotic factors including mating status, pathogen infection, and morphotype have been investigated in great detail. The current review focuses on dispersal of ACP with the goal of synthesizing current knowledge to suggest management tactics. Overall, vision serves as the primary modality for host finding in ACP. Current data suggest that ACP populations increase more within uniform landscapes of seedling trees, as compared to mature orchards with randomly interspersed young seedlings. The data also suggest that establishment and conservation of visual and physical barriers might be beneficial to protect orchards from ACP. Management of ACP must take into account large-area cooperation, orchard border surveillance and treatment, removal of non-crop habitat, and an understanding that immigration can occur from distances of several kilometers.
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21
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Laranjeira FF, Santos TTC, Moreira AS, Sanches I, Nascimento AS, Silva SXB, Andrade EC, Almeida DO. Association Between Citrus Flushing Cycles and Asian Citrus Psyllid Demography in Huanglongbing-Free Area in Brazil. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:503-514. [PMID: 30554328 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-018-0657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), named as Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), is the vector of the bacterium associated with huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive citrus disease. The use of citrus flushing and ACP monitoring tools is essential for the knowledge of the occurrence pattern of cycles of both and for the improvement of the ACP management. During 3 years, 20 branches from 20 trees were evaluated for vegetative flushing, ACP abundance, and occupation in tree and branches in a Brazilian citrus area free for HLB. The obtained data was investigated through spectral and co-spectral analyses. Four to 12 flush shoot cycles occurred per year, which were similar to abundance and occupation cycles of ACP, with an apparent synchronization between these variables. In general, there was a difference from 14 to 19 days between flushing and ACP peaks, with an occurrence of the flushing peaks before the ACP peaks. Results will provide useful information to citrus growers and agricultural defense agencies to apply a suitable and targeted ACP management, which will avoid or delay the disease entrance into still free HLB areas. In addition, the modeling of occupation and abundance cycles of vectors as applied in this study may be useful for other pathosystems which insect vectors are associated or even in the intrusion monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Laranjeira
- Embrapa Cassava & Fruits, CP 07, Cruz das Almas, BA, 44380-000, Brasil.
| | - T T C Santos
- Federal Univ of Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil
| | - A S Moreira
- Embrapa Cassava & Fruits, CP 07, Cruz das Almas, BA, 44380-000, Brasil
| | - I Sanches
- Federal Univ of Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil
| | - A S Nascimento
- Embrapa Cassava & Fruits, CP 07, Cruz das Almas, BA, 44380-000, Brasil
| | - S X B Silva
- Agricultural Defense Agency of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - E C Andrade
- Embrapa Cassava & Fruits, CP 07, Cruz das Almas, BA, 44380-000, Brasil
| | - D O Almeida
- Agricultural Defense Agency of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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22
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Milosavljević I, McCalla KA, Ratkowsky DA, Hoddle MS. Effects of Constant and Fluctuating Temperatures on Development Rates and Longevity of Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:1062-1072. [PMID: 30689916 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of fluctuating and constant temperatures on the development and longevity of Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Shafee, Alam, and Argarwal) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid sourced from Pakistan and released in California for the classical biological control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), were examined. The influence of six fluctuating temperatures that averaged 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, and 35°C, over 24 h on the development times and longevity of male and female D. aligarhensis were quantified and compared to six constant temperatures set at the same average temperatures. The development rates of immature stages of D. aligarhensis as a function of temperature were modeled using one linear and four nonlinear models. Fluctuating temperatures had significant effects on parasitoid development times and longevity which differed across experimental temperatures. Degree-days required for completion of cumulative development of D. aligarhensis were significantly different being 21% lower under fluctuating temperature regimens when compared with constant temperatures. The lower temperature threshold estimates above which development occurred were estimated to be lower under constant than fluctuating temperatures. The estimated values of upper and optimum temperature limits were similar for individuals reared under constant and fluctuating temperatures. Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis lived longer at constant intermediate temperatures and for shorter times at constant lower temperature extremes when compared with their fluctuating temperature counterparts. Daily thermal fluctuations significantly influenced life history parameters of D. aligarhensis and should be considered when assessing likelihoods of establishment and impacts of this parasitoid on D. citri across diverse citrus-growing climates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey A McCalla
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | | | - Mark S Hoddle
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
- Center for Invasive Species Research, University of California, Riverside, CA
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23
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Aidoo OF, Tanga CM, Paris TM, Allan SA, Mohamed SA, Khamis FM, Sétamou M, Borgemeister C, Ekesi S. Size and shape analysis of Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae), vector of citrus huanglongbing disease. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:760-771. [PMID: 30123987 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The African citrus triozid (ACT) Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is one of the most devastating pests of citrus with a well-known role as a vector of the phloem-limited bacteria (Candidatus Liberibacter africanus) associated with huanglongbing (citrus greening disease), currently considered the world's most serious disease of citrus. Although the pest can successfully develop and reproduce on non-citrus host plants, there is no documented information on the geometric morphometry of ACT. We determine the effect of host plants on ACT morphometry under controlled laboratory conditions using traditional and geometric analysis. RESULTS ACT reared on C. limon and Citroncirus spp. was significantly larger than when reared on the other host plant species. ACT reared on C. anisata and C. tangelo was consistently smaller than that reared on M. koenigii and C. sinensis. Based on warped outline drawings, ACT reared on Citroncirus spp. and Murraya koenigii had narrower wings than when reared on C. anisata, C. limon, and C. sinensis with slightly broader wing patterns. CONCLUSION This study clearly demonstrates that host plant species affect morphometric variation in ACT, which might have a direct impact on fitness parameters of the pest as well as its potential for dispersion. Wing shape and size appear to be useful in separating populations of ACT into different groups. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owusu F Aidoo
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomson M Paris
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ft. Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Sandra A Allan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Samira A Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mamoudou Sétamou
- Texas A & M University-Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | | | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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24
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Shimwela MM, Schubert TS, Albritton M, Halbert SE, Jones DJ, Sun X, Roberts PD, Singer BH, Lee WS, Jones JB, Ploetz RC, van Bruggen AHC. Regional Spatial-Temporal Spread of Citrus Huanglongbing Is Affected by Rain in Florida. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1420-1428. [PMID: 29873608 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-18-0088-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las), disseminated by Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), has devastated citrus in Florida since 2005. Data on HLB occurrence were stored in databases (2005 to 2012). Cumulative HLB-positive citrus blocks were subjected to kernel density analysis and kriging. Relative disease incidence per county was calculated by dividing HLB numbers by relative tree numbers and maximum incidence. Spatiotemporal HLB distributions were correlated with weather. Relative HLB incidence correlated positively with rainfall. The focus expansion rate was 1626 m month-1, similar to that in Brazil. Relative HLB incidence in counties with primarily large groves increased at a lower rate (0.24 year-1) than in counties with smaller groves in hotspot areas (0.67 year-1), confirming reports that large-scale HLB management may slow epidemic progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Shimwela
- First, tenth, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, eighth, and twelfth authors: Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville 33825; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, SWFREC, University of Florida, Immokalee 34142; ninth author: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611; and eleventh author: University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, TREC-Homestead, FL 33031
| | - T S Schubert
- First, tenth, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, eighth, and twelfth authors: Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville 33825; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, SWFREC, University of Florida, Immokalee 34142; ninth author: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611; and eleventh author: University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, TREC-Homestead, FL 33031
| | - M Albritton
- First, tenth, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, eighth, and twelfth authors: Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville 33825; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, SWFREC, University of Florida, Immokalee 34142; ninth author: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611; and eleventh author: University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, TREC-Homestead, FL 33031
| | - S E Halbert
- First, tenth, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, eighth, and twelfth authors: Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville 33825; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, SWFREC, University of Florida, Immokalee 34142; ninth author: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611; and eleventh author: University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, TREC-Homestead, FL 33031
| | - D J Jones
- First, tenth, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, eighth, and twelfth authors: Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville 33825; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, SWFREC, University of Florida, Immokalee 34142; ninth author: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611; and eleventh author: University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, TREC-Homestead, FL 33031
| | - X Sun
- First, tenth, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, eighth, and twelfth authors: Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville 33825; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, SWFREC, University of Florida, Immokalee 34142; ninth author: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611; and eleventh author: University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, TREC-Homestead, FL 33031
| | - P D Roberts
- First, tenth, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, eighth, and twelfth authors: Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville 33825; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, SWFREC, University of Florida, Immokalee 34142; ninth author: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611; and eleventh author: University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, TREC-Homestead, FL 33031
| | - B H Singer
- First, tenth, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, eighth, and twelfth authors: Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville 33825; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, SWFREC, University of Florida, Immokalee 34142; ninth author: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611; and eleventh author: University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, TREC-Homestead, FL 33031
| | - W S Lee
- First, tenth, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, eighth, and twelfth authors: Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville 33825; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, SWFREC, University of Florida, Immokalee 34142; ninth author: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611; and eleventh author: University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, TREC-Homestead, FL 33031
| | - J B Jones
- First, tenth, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, eighth, and twelfth authors: Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville 33825; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, SWFREC, University of Florida, Immokalee 34142; ninth author: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611; and eleventh author: University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, TREC-Homestead, FL 33031
| | - R C Ploetz
- First, tenth, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, eighth, and twelfth authors: Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville 33825; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, SWFREC, University of Florida, Immokalee 34142; ninth author: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611; and eleventh author: University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, TREC-Homestead, FL 33031
| | - A H C van Bruggen
- First, tenth, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, eighth, and twelfth authors: Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville 33825; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, SWFREC, University of Florida, Immokalee 34142; ninth author: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611; and eleventh author: University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, TREC-Homestead, FL 33031
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Chow A, Dunlap CA, Jackson MA, Avery PB, Patt JM, Sétamou M. Field Efficacy of Autodissemination and Foliar Sprays of an Entomopathogenic Fungus, Isaria fumosorosea (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), for Control of Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), on Residential Citrus. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2089-2100. [PMID: 30060085 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Autodissemination and foliar sprays of PFR-97 (Certis Inc., Columbia, MD) microbial insecticide, a blastospore formulation of Isaria fumosorosea Wize (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), were evaluated for control of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), on residential citrus. Seasonal trials on dooryard trees in South Texas evaluated: 1) pathogenicity of I. fumosorosea (Ifr) spores on autodisseminators (dispensers) deployed up to 3 wk on grapefruit trees; 2) psyllid control on several citrus species by dispensers and sprays; 3) infection range of the dispenser. Decline in spore pathogenicity over time was similar among dispensers during fall, winter, or spring and decreased by 30% after 1 d, 59% after 7 d, 81% after 14 d, and 100% after 21 d. Dispensers or sprays were equally effective for psyllid control on heavily infested lime trees from fall to spring and reduced mean reproduction (cumulative eggs) by 90% and mean attack intensity (cumulative psyllid-days) of adults by 76% and nymphs by 82%. Dispensers or sprays were also equally effective for psyllid control on lightly infested lime trees from spring to mid-summer and on orange or grapefruit trees from fall to winter. Very light infestations on grapefruit trees from spring to mid-summer were not significantly reduced by dispensers or sprays. Psyllid control was not improved by combining dispensers and sprays. Adult psyllids infected by Ifr were recovered in trees located 3-4 m away from trees with dispensers but not at greater distances. PFR-97 dispensers could be a treatment option for D. citri in settings where chemical control is problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chow
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Weslaco, TX
| | | | - Mark A Jackson
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL (Retired)
| | - Pasco B Avery
- IFAS, Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL
| | - Joseph M Patt
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, FL
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Qasim M, Lin Y, Dash CK, Bamisile BS, Ravindran K, Islam SU, Ali H, Wang F, Wang L. Temperature-dependent development of Asian citrus psyllid on various hosts, and mortality by two strains of Isaria. Microb Pathog 2018; 119:109-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Milosavljevic I, Amrich R, Strode V, Hoddle MS. Modeling the Phenology of Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in Urban Southern California: Effects of Environment, Habitat, and Natural Enemies. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:233-243. [PMID: 29373671 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Modeling can be used to characterize the effects of environmental drivers and biotic factors on the phenology of arthropod pests. From a biological control perspective, population dynamics models may provide insights as to when the most vulnerable pest life stages are available for natural enemies to attack. Analyses presented here used temperature and habitat dependent, instar-specific, discrete models to investigate the population dynamics of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). This pest is the target of a classical biological control program with the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). The population trends of D. citri eggs, nymphs, and adults, citrus flush growth patterns, and T. radiata activity were monitored monthly on orange and lemon trees at 10 urban sites in southern California for a 2-yr period. Cumulative D. citri egg, nymph, and adult days recorded at each site, were regressed against accumulated degree-days (DDs) to model the population dynamics of each development stage in relation to temperature. Using a biofix point of 1 January, the model predicted that 10% and 90% of eggs were laid by 198 and 2,255 DD, respectively. Populations of small and large D. citri nymphs increased slowly with 90% of the population recorded by 2,389 and 2,436 DD, respectively. D. citri adults were present year round with 10 and 90% of the population recorded by 95 and 2,687 DD, respectively. The potential implications of using DD models for optimizing inoculative releases of natural enemies, such as T. radiata into citrus habitat infested with D. citri, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Amrich
- Department of Entomology, University of California
| | | | - Mark S Hoddle
- Department of Entomology, University of California
- Center of Invasive Species Research, University of California
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