1
|
Ahmed EH, Abdeen MA, Soliman S. Impact of chlorogenic acid on submandibular salivary gland and liver of albino rats exposed to sodium nitrite. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:911. [PMID: 39112979 PMCID: PMC11308576 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study is to show how sodium nitrite alters the histology of submandibular salivary glands and livers of Albino rats, as well as how chlorogenic acid may have therapeutic benefits. METHODS A sample size of thirty male Sprague Dawley Albino rats weighing between 100 and 150 g (5-6 weeks old) was randomly allocated into 3 equal groups. Group I: rats were used as controls and were given phosphate buffer solution, whereas Group II: rats were given an 80 mg/kg sodium nitrites (SN) daily dissolved in distilled water. The rats in Group III were given a daily dose of 80 mg/kg SN dissolved in distilled water and after 6 hours each rat received 50 mg/mL freshly prepared chlorogenic acid (CGA) every other day. For 12 weeks, all treatment modalities will be administered orally, every day. After the experiment, all rats were euthanized. Samples from salivary glands and livers were processed and stained with H&E and interleukin 6 (IL 6). Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes were detected using an ELISA assay. RESULTS Groups III had nearly comparable findings to Group I regarding histological pattern with normal submandibular glands and livers features. Group III salivary gland treated with CGA exhibited higher SOD levels (20.60±4.81 U/g) in comparison to the SN group, and lower MDA levels (111.58±28.28 nmol/mg) in comparison to the SN treated samples. In comparison to the SN group, CGA treatment significantly reduced MDA levels in liver samples (167.56±21.17 nmol/mg) and raised SOD (30.85±6.77 U/g). CONCLUSIONS Chlorogenic acid has a protective effect against salivary gland and liver toxicity induced by SN in rats. This was mediated via the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of CGA and the restoration of oxidant/antioxidant balance in rat salivary gland and liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham H Ahmed
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed Abdelrahim Abdeen
- Department of Supplementary Medical Science (Human Anatomy), Faculty of Dentistry, Sinai University, North Sinai, Egypt
| | - Samar Soliman
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Konig IFM, Chaves Reis A, Braga MA, De Sousa Melo D, Aparecida Oliveira E, Maria Seles Dorneles E, Thomasi SS, Neodini Remedio R, Marcussi S. Comparative toxicological evaluation of carvacrol, acetylcarvacrol anda fipronil-based pesticide in human blood cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:203-212. [PMID: 36541066 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2159428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived chemicals are promising substances to control arthropod pests, although synthetic ones are still the most frequently used. Thus, comparative toxicological studies are needed to determine if natural substances are safe alternatives to replace the use of synthetic chemicals. This study aimed to compare the toxicity of carvacrol (natural origin), acetylcarvacrol (semi-synthetic) and a fipronil-based pesticide (synthetic). We assessed the effects of these chemicals on hemolytic activity, erythrocytes morphology and leucocyte viability using whole blood from human subjects. Additionally, DNA damage was evaluated through comet and DNA fragmentation assays. Fipronil and carvacrol caused hemolysis at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.0%, whereas acetylcarvacrol did not cause hemolysis at 0.5 and 0.75%. Fipronil and carvacrol caused severe alterations in erythrocytes' morphology at 2%, such as ghost erythrocytes, elliptocyte-like shape and rouleau-like shape, presenting only 3.3 and 8.3% normal cells, respectively, at this concentration. However, 73.3% erythrocytes incubated with 2% acetylcarvacrol exhibited normal morphology. Fipronil considerably reduced leucocytes viability, decreasing it to 78% at 2%. Carvacrol and acetylcarvacrol showed no differences in leucocyte viability for 0.5 to 1.0%, but a decrease was observed for 2% carvacrol. The comet assay showed similar DNA damage for fipronil and carvacrol, but it was significantly lower for 1 and 2% acetylcarvacrol. Incubation with genomic DNA showed that only fipronil caused fragmentation of this molecule. Thus, we conclude that carvacrol and fipronil can present similar toxicity at higher concentrations. However, acetylation of carvacrol significantly reduced its toxicity to human blood cells compared with the other chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Chaves Reis
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Silvana Marcussi
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Elsawy NH, Elshazly SA, Elkattawy AM, Nasr NE, Almadaly EA, Refaey MS, Kahilo KA, Assas M, Abdo W, hashem AS, Abouzed TK, Dorghamm DA. Ameliorative effect of Odontonema cuspidatum extract against testicular damage induced by sodium nitrite in rats. Open Vet J 2024; 14:304-315. [PMID: 38633197 PMCID: PMC11018448 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) is a chemical substance used to enhance taste, add color, and keep food products fit for consumption for a longer time. NaNO2 gives rise to a negative adverse effect on male reproductive function. Odontonema cuspidatum (OC) is a natural plant that possesses antioxidant capacity. Aim Our research evaluates the potential beneficial effect of OC extract on the harmful effects caused by NaNO2 on the testicular tissue and sperm characteristics of male rats. Methods Four groups with a total of forty rats: the control, the NaNO2-received group, the OC-administered group, and the fourth group received both NaNO2 and OC. All groups were administered daily for two months. Sperm characteristics, testicular antioxidant status, qRT-PCR, and histopathological changes were evaluated. Results Coadministration of NaNO2 and OC, in comparison with NaNO2 alone, contributed to a notable enhancement in acrosomal integrity, decreasing sperm abnormalities and restoring serum testosterone levels. Moreover, such coadministration reduced the oxidative stress marker, malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) in testicular tissue, lowering TNF-α gene expression, and increasing the expression of P450scc and StAR genes. In addition, the NaNO2 and OC combination decreased the testicular histopathological changes and the Caspase-3 and Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoexpression in seminiferous tubules compared with the NaNO2 group. Conclusion The extract of OC exhibited the ability to decrease oxidative stress and ameliorate the detrimental effects caused by NaNO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nesma H. Elsawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Samir A. Elshazly
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Azza M. Elkattawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Nasr E. Nasr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Essam A. Almadaly
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Refaey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koom, Egypt
| | - Khaled A. Kahilo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mona Assas
- Fish Processing and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Walied Abdo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Aml S. hashem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tarek K. Abouzed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Doaa Abdullah Dorghamm
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cleaning the Label of Cured Meat; Effect of the Replacement of Nitrates/Nitrites on Nutrients Bioaccessibility, Peptides Formation, and Cellular Toxicity of In Vitro Digested Salami. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012555. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Curing salts composed of mixtures of nitrates and nitrites are preservatives widely used in processed meats. Despite many desirable technological effects, their use in meat products has been linked to methemoglobinemia and the formation of nitrosamines. Therefore, an increasing “anti-nitrite feeling” has grown among meat consumers, who search for clean label products. In this view, the use of natural compounds as alternatives represents a challenge for the meat industry. Processing (including formulation and fermentation) induces chemical or physical changes of food matrix that can modify the bioaccessibility of nutrients and the formation of peptides, impacting on the real nutritional value of food. In this study we investigated the effect of nitrate/nitrite replacement with a combination of polyphenols, ascorbate, and nitrate-reducing microbial starter cultures on the bioaccessibility of fatty acids, the hydrolysis of proteins and the release of bioactive peptides after in vitro digestion. Moreover, digested salami formulations were investigated for their impacts on cell proliferation and genotoxicity in the human intestinal cellular model (HT-29 cell line). The results indicated that a replacement of synthetic nitrates/nitrites with natural additives can represent a promising strategy to develop innovative “clean label” salamis without negatively affecting their nutritional value.
Collapse
|
5
|
Nitrate–Nitrite–Nitric Oxide Pathway: A Mechanism of Hypoxia and Anoxia Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911522. [PMID: 36232819 PMCID: PMC9569746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) is the most crucial substrate for numerous biochemical processes in plants. Its deprivation is a critical factor that affects plant growth and may lead to death if it lasts for a long time. However, various biotic and abiotic factors cause O2 deprivation, leading to hypoxia and anoxia in plant tissues. To survive under hypoxia and/or anoxia, plants deploy various mechanisms such as fermentation paths, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), antioxidant enzymes, aerenchyma, and adventitious root formation, while nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), and nitric oxide (NO) have shown numerous beneficial roles through modulating these mechanisms. Therefore, in this review, we highlight the role of reductive pathways of NO formation which lessen the deleterious effects of oxidative damages and increase the adaptation capacity of plants during hypoxia and anoxia. Meanwhile, the overproduction of NO through reductive pathways during hypoxia and anoxia leads to cellular dysfunction and cell death. Thus, its scavenging or inhibition is equally important for plant survival. As plants are also reported to produce a potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) when supplied with NO3− and NO2−, resembling bacterial denitrification, its role during hypoxia and anoxia tolerance is discussed here. We point out that NO reduction to N2O along with the phytoglobin-NO cycle could be the most important NO-scavenging mechanism that would reduce nitro-oxidative stress, thus enhancing plants’ survival during O2-limited conditions. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in reducing NO toxicity would not only provide insight into its role in plant physiology, but also address the uncertainties seen in the global N2O budget.
Collapse
|
6
|
Elshaer SE, Hamad GM, Hafez EE, Baghdadi HH, El-Demerdash FM, Simal-Gandara J. Root extracts of Saussurea costus as prospective detoxifying food additive against sodium nitrite toxicity in male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 166:113225. [PMID: 35691462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of three different extracts of Saussurea costus roots (ethanol, methanol, and water) as a food additive in alleviating the harmful effect of sodium nitrite in rat meals. Thirty-five adult male rats were divided into five groups as follows: control, sodium nitrite (NaNO2; 75 mg/kg BW, single oral dose), S. costus 70% ethanol, 70% methanol, and aqueous extracts (300 mg/kg BW), respectively for four weeks followed by a single dose of NaNO2 24h before decapitation. Results showed that the 70% ethanol extract of S. costus has a higher concentration of total phenolic content, total flavonoids, and antioxidant effect than the 70% methanol and water extracts. Rats pretreated with S. costus extracts reduced the harmful effects induced by NaNO2 and improved the hematological parameters, liver, and kidney function biomarkers as well as lipid profile as compared to the NaNO2 group. Furthermore, S. costus improved the histopathological alterations in the liver and kidney induced by NaNO2 and improved meat sensory evaluation. Conclusively, the 70% ethanol extract of S. costus roots is the most effective extract as an antioxidant against the toxicity of sodium nitrite in male rats and might be used safely as a natural additive in the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samy E Elshaer
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Gamal M Hamad
- Department of Food Technology, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City Of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA), Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed E Hafez
- Department of Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City Of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA), Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Hoda H Baghdadi
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Fatma M El-Demerdash
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, E-32004, Ourense, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liang X, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhang X, Li L, Tang R, Li D. Acute nitrite exposure interferes with intestinal thyroid hormone homeostasis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 237:113510. [PMID: 35468440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite in the aquatic environment potentially disturbs thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis in peripheral tissues, but little is known about TH metabolism in the intestine. This study investigated the serum concentrations of THs and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) as well as the activity of intestinal iodothyronine deiodinases (IDs) of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) exposed to various concentrations of nitrite (0, 8, 25, or 50 mg/L) for 96 h. Acute nitrite exposure significantly altered the triiodothyronine (T3) levels and the morphology of thyroid follicles at 96 h. Thyroxine (T4), free T4 levels and intestinal IDs activities showed an increase trend under nitrite stress. After 96 h exposure, nitrite down-regulated the expressions levels of intestinal Akt1 protein, sugar transporter genes, and thyroid hormone receptor (TR) signaling pathway genes except for tr ɑ1 and tr ɑ2. Moreover, the expressions levels of pparγ, cpt1α, cd36, fabp2 and fatp4 were down-regulated, whereas fabp6 and lpl were up-regulated in the 50 mg/L exposure group at 96 h. The results indicate that acute nitrite exposure has the potential to disturb the homeostasis of intestinal TH metabolism, which in turn alters TRs genes transcription, down-regulates sugar transporter activities, and promotes the energy expenditure in gut of grass carp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yin Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rong Tang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stoica M, Antohi VM, Alexe P, Ivan AS, Stanciu S, Stoica D, Zlati ML, Stuparu-Cretu M. New Strategies for the Total/Partial Replacement of Conventional Sodium Nitrite in Meat Products: a Review. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Soliman MM, Aldhahrani A, Elshazly SA, Shukry M, Abouzed TK. Borate Ameliorates Sodium Nitrite-Induced Oxidative Stress Through Regulation of Oxidant/Antioxidant Status: Involvement of the Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB Pathways. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:197-205. [PMID: 33559025 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The widespread industrial use of nitrite in preservatives, colorants, and manufacturing rubber products and dyes increases the possibilities of organ toxicity. Lithium borate (LB) is known as an antioxidant and an oxidative stress reliever. Therefore, this study is aimed at examining the effect of LB on nitrite-induced hepatorenal dysfunction. Twenty-eight male Swiss mice were divided into four equal groups. Group 1, the control group, received saline. Group 2 received LB orally for 5 consecutive days at a dose of 15 mg/kg bw. Group 3, the nitrite group, received sodium nitrite (NaNO2) on Day 5 (60 mg/kg bw intraperitoneally). Group 4, the protective group (LB + NaNO2 group), received LB for 5 days and then a single dose of NaNO2 intraperitoneally on Day 5, the same as in Groups 2 and 3, respectively. Samples of blood and kidney were taken for serum analysis of hepatorenal biomarkers, levels of antioxidants and cytokines, and the expression of genes associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. NaNO2 intoxication increased markers of liver and kidney functions yet decreased reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activities in blood. NaNO2 also increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 (IL-1β and IL-6). Pre-administration of LB protected mice from oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and the decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity. Moreover, LB protected mice from cytokine changes, which remained within normal levels. LB ameliorated the changes induced by NaNO2 on the mRNA of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nfr2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as determined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). These results collectively demonstrate that LB ameliorated NaNO2-induced oxidative stress by controlling the oxidative stress biomarkers and the oxidant/antioxidant state through the involvement of the Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
| | - Adil Aldhahrani
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir Ahmed Elshazly
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Tarek Kamal Abouzed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wahyuningsih SPA, Mwendolwa AA, Winarni D, Anggreini RW, Mamuaya BKK. Protective Effect of Red Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) Pods against Sodium Nitrite-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:6647800. [PMID: 34221340 PMCID: PMC8221870 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6647800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetables, drinking water, and preserved meats may contain sodium nitrite (NaNO2), which causes liver disease by inducing oxidative stress. Phytochemicals are highly recommended as an alternative to synthetic drugs and affordable medicines to treat liver disease because they have fewer or no side effects. Therefore, this study aims to determine the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of red okra fruit ethanol extract against NaNO2-induced liver damage. Thirty-six male mice were separated into six groups. The normal control group (WA) was given distilled water only, and the NaNO2 (SN) group was given only 50 mg/kg BW NaNO2. The other four groups (P1, P2, P3, and P4) were given NaNO2 and red okra ethanol extract at doses of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg BW, respectively. Gavage was administered orally for 21 consecutive days. Commercial kits define all biochemical parameters according to the manufacturer's instructions. Liver tissue staining followed standard protocols using hematoxylin and eosin. The study revealed that NaNO2 induction causes oxidative stress and damages the liver. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) significantly increased in the groups treated (P2-P4) with ethanol extract of red okra (p < 0.05). Besides, the oxidants (malondialdehyde, F2-isoprostanes, and nitric oxide) in the liver homogenate significantly decreased in the P4 group, which were given red okra ethanol extract (p < 0.05). Likewise, red okra pods decreased significantly for the serum biochemical parameters of liver damage (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase) in the P3 and P4 groups (p < 0.05). Then, it led to a restoration of the histological structure compared to exposed mice (SN), as the pathological scores decreased significantly in the P3 and P4 groups (p < 0.05), as well as the number of the necrotic and swollen liver cells was reduced. Hepatocytes returned to normal. The results showed that the ethanol extract of red okra fruit could be helpful as an affordable medicine. It is an antioxidant and hepatoprotective agent to protect the liver from damage caused by NaNO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adamu Ayubu Mwendolwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Mkwawa University College of Education, P.O. Box 2513, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Dwi Winarni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Rizki Wahyu Anggreini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Elsherbini AM, Maysarah NM, El-Sherbiny M, Al-Gayyar MM, Elsherbiny NM. Glycyrrhizic acid ameliorates sodium nitrite-induced lung and salivary gland toxicity: Impact on oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:707-721. [PMID: 33030083 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120964555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite wide application of sodium nitrite (SN) as food additive, it exhibits considerable side effects on various body organs at high dose or chronic exposure. The aim of this study was to test whether Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) could ameliorate SN-induced toxicity in lung and submandibular salivary gland (SMG). A sample size of 30 adult male albino rats was randomly allocated into 3 groups. Group 1 served as control group. Rats were treated orally with 80 mg/kg of SN in group 2 or SN preceded by (15 mg/kg) GA in group 3. Lung & SMG tissues were used for oxidative stress assessment, examination of histopathological changes, fibrosis (MTC, TGF-β and α-SMA) and inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β and CD-68). Concurrent administration of GA ameliorated pulmonary and salivary SN-induced toxicity via restoring the antioxidant defense mechanisms with reduction of MDA levels. GA reduced the key regulators of fibrosis TGF-β and α-SMA and collagen deposition. In addition to reduction of inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β) and macrophages recruitments, GA amended both pulmonary and salivary morphological changes. The present study proposed GA as a promising natural herb with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects against pulmonary and salivary SN-induced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amira M Elsherbini
- Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, 68779Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nadia M Maysarah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, 89660Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, 68779Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Mh Al-Gayyar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, 68779Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehal M Elsherbiny
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, 68779Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Soliman MM, Aldhahrani A, Alghamdi YS, Said AM. Impact of Thymus vulgaris extract on sodium nitrite-induced alteration of renal redox and oxidative stress: Biochemical, molecular, and immunohistochemical study. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e13630. [PMID: 33769578 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is an herbal plant with pleiotropic medicinal properties. In this study, we examined the possible protective effect of an ethanolic extract of thyme leaves against the renal oxidative stress induced by sodium nitrite (NaNO2 ). Male Swiss mice received either saline or thyme extract for 15 days (0.5 g/kg body weight, orally). NaNO2 (60 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally at Day 14. The protective group received the thyme extract for 15 days and NaNO2 on Day 14. Blood and kidney samples were taken from all groups to measure serum urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, serum, tissue antioxidant activity, and the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to examine the expression of kidney injury marker-1 (Kim-1), TNF-α, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), and hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), all of which are associated with kidney redox and oxidative stress. Pretreatment with thyme extract reduced the effects of NaNO2 on urea, BUN, and creatinine, and reversed its effect on tissue and serum antioxidants. NaNO2 -induced nephritis as demonstrated by the upregulation in mRNA expression of Kim-1 and TNF-α, which was, however, recovered and protected by pretreatment with thyme extract. Expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 was upregulated by treatment with thyme extract and downregulated by NaNO2 intoxication. NaNO2 -induced congestion in glomeruli and dilatation of the renal tubules, conditions that were restored in the group pretreated with thyme extract. NaNO2 upregulated Bax immunoreactivity and caused apoptosis in renal structures. Thus, thyme extract is effective in managing the renal toxicity associated with oxidative stress and renal redox. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The results from this study have shown that use of thyme extract may promote better health due to its high antioxidant activity. For instance, it could be ingested to alleviate the symptoms of renal inflammation and oxidative stress associated with nitrite toxicity. Thyme extract regulated renal redox, oxidative stress, antioxidant levels, and inflammation-associated genes at the molecular, biochemical, and cellular immunohistochemical levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Adel Aldhahrani
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Soliman MM, Aldhahrani A, Metwally MMM. Hepatoprotective effect of Thymus vulgaris extract on sodium nitrite-induced changes in oxidative stress, antioxidant and inflammatory marker expression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5747. [PMID: 33707592 PMCID: PMC7952422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The herb thyme (Thymus vulgaris) has multiple therapeutic uses. In this study, we explored how T. vulgaris leaf extract protects liver cells against sodium nitrite-(NaNO2) induced oxidative stress. Mice were divided into four groups; each group received one of the following treatments orally: saline; T. vulgaris extract alone; NaNO2 alone; or T. vulgaris extract + NaNO2. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and total proteins were measured in serum using standard methods. TNF-α, hemooxygenase-1 (HO-1), thioredoxin, SOD, and GSH synthase, all of which are linked to oxidative stress, were measured using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In mice treated with T. vulgaris extract, the effect of NaNO2 on ALT and AST levels and total proteins was reduced, and its effect on antioxidant levels was reversed. Normally, NaNO2 causes hepatocyte congestion and severe hepatic central vein congestion. Tissues in the mice treated with T. vulgaris were restored to normal conditions. Our results demonstrate that NaNO2-induced hepatic injury is significantly reduced by pretreatment with T. vulgaris extract, which protects against hepatic oxidative stress and its associated genes at the biochemical, molecular, and cellular levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia. .,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13736, Egypt.
| | - Adil Aldhahrani
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M M Metwally
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wahyuningsih SPA, Sajidah ES, Atika BND, Winarni D, Pramudya M. Hepatoprotective activity of okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in sodium nitrite-induced hepatotoxicity. Vet World 2020; 13:1815-1821. [PMID: 33132592 PMCID: PMC7566251 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1815-1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: For years, people have used sodium nitrite as a food preservative. This study determined the effect of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) pod methanol extract (OPME) on mice with hepatotoxicity induced by sodium nitrite. The flavonoid and total phenolic levels, serum biochemistry, and liver histology were examined. Materials and Methods: Green okra pod extraction was performed using ethanol methanol solvent. Thirty adult male BALB/c mice (8-10 weeks, ~30 g) were divided into six groups: Normal control, negative control (sodium nitrite 50 mg/kg BW exposure), and treatment groups (sodium nitrite exposure and OPME at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW). Subsequently, they were exposed to sodium nitrite and administered multiple doses of OPME for 19 days by gavage. After that, serum was used for biochemical evaluation, and liver histological analysis was performed. All data were statistically analyzed (α=0.05). Results: All doses of OPME reduced the levels of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). In this research, both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels increased in all OPME-administered treatments. All doses also reduced necrotic cells, proportion of swollen cells, and inflammation in liver histological analysis. The results of this study showed that OPME exerted hepatoprotective effects by lowering MDA, NO, ALT, and AST levels. It also improved SOD and CAT levels and recovered damaged liver tissue to its normal state. The optimal dose of OPME was 50-100 mg/kg BW. Conclusion: OPME has potential as a natural hepatoprotective agent against sodium nitrite exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elma Sakinatus Sajidah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Baiq Naili Dewi Atika
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Winarni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Manikya Pramudya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Adewale OO, Bakare MI, Adetunji JB. Mechanism underlying nephroprotective property of curcumin against sodium nitrite-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rat. J Food Biochem 2020; 45:e13341. [PMID: 32648259 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The current work examined the outcome of curcumin (20 mg/kg body weight/day) administration on arginase and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities and other kidney markers, as well as markers of oxidative stress, in Wistar rats exposed to sodium nitrite (NaNO2 ) (60 mg/kg of body weight, single dose) for 28 days. The results revealed that the NaNO2 exposed rats had significantly altered the ADA activities, arginase activities alongside other biomarkers of kidney function, and oxidative stress. However, pretreatment with curcumin significantly mitigated the altered activities ADA and arginase as well as other parameters. This was supported by the histopathological examination of the kidney tissues. Our findings suggest that the alteration in the activities of ADA and arginase could be involved in the mechanism of action employed by NaNO2 and curcumin in the respective induction and prevention of nephrotoxicity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: These results suggest that moderate exposure to the acceptable daily dose of curcumin can improve food-related kidney damage through regulations of ADA and arginase activities, enhancement in the antioxidant system, and suppression of lipid peroxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omowumi Oyeronke Adewale
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Matthew Idowu Bakare
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Juliana Bunmi Adetunji
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kapil V, Khambata RS, Jones DA, Rathod K, Primus C, Massimo G, Fukuto JM, Ahluwalia A. The Noncanonical Pathway for In Vivo Nitric Oxide Generation: The Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:692-766. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.120.019240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
17
|
El-Nabarawy NA, Gouda AS, Khattab MA, Rashed LA. Effects of nitrite graded doses on hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, histopathological alterations, and activation of apoptosis in adult rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:14019-14032. [PMID: 32036525 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrites are found in several forms; they are widely found in water resources and used as additives and preservatives for food and as a color source. We investigated the hazardous effects of exposing rats to different doses of nitrites. Moreover, we examined such impacts, after acute ingestion, on liver and renal tissues in rats and to what extent this affects the organs' functions. Animals were divided into five groups: one control group 1 (group C) and four sodium nitrite (NaNO2)-treated group (8 rats per group). The four NaNO2-treated groups include group 2 (N20), group 3 (N40), group 4 (N60), and group 5 (N75). NaNO2 was dissolved in distilled water, and single acute dose was orally given by gavage at 20, 40, 60, and 75 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Our results revealed significant increase of liver enzymes activity-aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatinine between different groups with increasing doses of nitrite ingestion. The results of hepatic and renal oxidative stress showed significant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and significant decrease in the antioxidant parameters, such as reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), as the dose of nitrite increases. Further, the methemoglobin percent showed significant increase with increasing nitrite doses. Abnormal morphological alterations in the liver and kidney tissues were obviously proportional to the administered nitrite doses. The expression of caspase 3 and Bax level showed enhanced induction of immunoexpression, especially in the high doses of nitrites. On the other hand, the maximal immunoexpression level of anti-apoptotic marker Bcl2 was found in lower doses of nitrites, whereas marked decrease of Bcl2 levels was observed in the higher doses. In conclusion, administration of sodium nitrite in a dose-dependent manner is capable of inducing cellular and genetic toxicities and causes disturbance in biochemical analysis, oxidative and anti-oxidative balance, and methemoglobinemia. It also makes histopathological alterations and leads to the activation of apoptosis-related Bax, Bcl2, and caspase 3 genes of liver and kidney tissues in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagla A El-Nabarawy
- National Egyptian Center of Environmental and Toxicological Research (NECTR), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Gouda
- National Egyptian Center of Environmental and Toxicological Research (NECTR), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Khattab
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Laila A Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Adewale OO, Samuel ES, Manubolu M, Pathakoti K. Curcumin protects sodium nitrite-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1006-1011. [PMID: 31673502 PMCID: PMC6816134 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the protective effect of curcumin on sodium nitrite (NaNO2) induced hepatotoxicity was assessed in male Wistar rats. Wistar rats were administered orally daily with 20 mg/kg of curcumin for 28 days and NaNO2 was administered as a single dose of 60 mg/kg on day 28. Lipid profile, liver function biomarkers and C-reactive protein were assessed in the serum; lipid peroxidation, non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants were assessed in the liver. Alanine amino transferases (94.67 U/L), aspartate amino transferases (194.33 U/L), alkaline phosphatases, C-reactive proteins (19.56 ng/L) and lipid peroxidation (8.03 × 10-6 μmol/mg protein) were significantly elevated (P < 0.05), while a significant decrease in lipid profiles (total cholesterol, HDL,LDL, and triglycerides): (0.61,0.37, 0.4 and 0.47 mg/dl respectively), reduced glutathione level (4.16 μmol/mg protein), and decreased catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities with severe histological alterations were observed in the livers of rats exposed to NaNO2. Pre-treatment with curcumin significantly (P < 0.05) prevented these alterations by adjusting the lipid profile, liver function markers, and C-reactive proteins and abrogating the elevated markers of oxidative stress as supported by the liver histology. This suggests that dietary consumption of curcumin is beneficial against NaNO2 induced oxidative stress of the liver via its antioxidant potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omowumi Oyeronke Adewale
- Cancer Reasearch and Molecular Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Ekundayo Stephen Samuel
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Manjunath Manubolu
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Kavitha Pathakoti
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ansari FA, Khan AA, Mahmood R. Ameliorative effect of carnosine and N-acetylcysteine against sodium nitrite induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7032-7044. [PMID: 30368897 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of sodium nitrite (NaNO2 ) for various industrial purposes has increased human exposure to alarmingly high levels of nitrate/nitrite. Because NaNO 2 is a strong oxidizing agent, induction of oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms by which it can exert toxicity in humans and animals. We have investigated the possible protection offered by carnosine (CAR) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against NaNO 2 -induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Animals orally received CAR at 100 mg/kg body weight/d for seven days or NAC at 100 mg/kg body weight/d for five days followed by a single oral dose of NaNO 2 at 60 mg/kg body weight. The rats were killed after 24 hours, and the kidneys were removed and processed for various analyses. NaNO 2 induced oxidative stress in kidneys, as shown by the decreased activities of antioxidant defense, brush border membrane, and metabolic enzymes. DNA-protein crosslinking and DNA fragmentation were also observed. CAR/NAC pretreatment significantly protected the kidney against these biochemical alterations. Histological studies supported these findings, showing kidney damage in NaNO 2 -treated animals and reduced tissue impairment in the combination groups. The protection offered by CAR and NAC against NaNO 2 -induced damage, and their nontoxic nature, makes them potential therapeutic agents against nitrite-induced nephrotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariheen Aisha Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Aijaz Ahmed Khan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ansari FA, Khan AA, Mahmood R. Protective effect of carnosine and N-acetylcysteine against sodium nitrite-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in rat intestine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:19380-19392. [PMID: 29728968 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) as food preservative, rampant use of nitrogenous fertilizers for agricultural practices, and improper disposal of nitrogenous wastes have drastically increased human exposure to high nitrite levels causing various health disorders and death. In the present study, the protective effect of carnosine and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against NaNO2-induced intestinal toxicity in rats was investigated. Animals were given a single acute oral dose of NaNO2 at 60 mg/kg body weight with or without prior administration of either carnosine at 100 mg/kg body weight/day for 7 days or NAC at 100 mg/kg body weight/day for 5 days. Rats were killed after 24 h, and intestinal preparations were used for the evaluation of biochemical alterations and histological abrasions. Administration of NaNO2 alone decreased the activities of intestinal brush border membrane and metabolic enzymes and significantly weakened the anti-oxidant defense system. DNA damage was also evident as observed by increased DNA-protein crosslinking and fragmentation. However, prior administration of carnosine or NAC significantly ameliorated NaNO2-induced damage in intestinal cells. Histological studies support these biochemical results, showing intestinal damage in NaNO2-treated animals and reduced tissue injury in the combination groups. The intrinsic anti-oxidant properties of carnosine and NAC must have contributed to the observed mitigation of nitrite-induced metabolic alterations and oxidative damage. Based on further validation from clinical trials, carnosine and NAC can potentially be used as chemo-preventive agents against NaNO2 toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariheen Aisha Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202002, India
| | - Aijaz Ahmed Khan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202002, India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ansari FA, Mahmood R. Carnosine and N-acetyl cysteine protect against sodium nitrite-induced oxidative stress in rat blood. Cell Biol Int 2017; 42:281-293. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fariheen Aisha Ansari
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh 202002 UP India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh 202002 UP India
| |
Collapse
|