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Schneider K, Steward RA, Celorio-Mancera MDLP, Janz N, Moberg D, Wheat CW, Nylin S. Plasticity for the win: Flexible transcriptional response to host plant switches in the comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album). Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17479. [PMID: 39036890 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Generalist plant-feeding insects are characterised by a broad host repertoire that can comprise several families or even different orders of plants. The genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying the use of such a wide host range are still not fully understood. Earlier studies indicate that the consumption of different host plants is associated with host-specific gene expression profiles. It remained, however, unclear if and how larvae can alter these profiles in the case of a changing host environment. Using the polyphagous comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album) we show that larvae can adjust their transcriptional profiles in response to a new host plant. The switch to some of the host plants, however, resulted in a larger transcriptional response and, thus, seems to be more challenging. At a physiological level, no correspondence for these patterns could be found in larval performance. This suggests that a high transcriptional but also phenotypic flexibility are essential for the use of a broad and diverse host range. We furthermore propose that host switch tests in the laboratory followed by transcriptomic investigations can be a valuable tool to examine not only plasticity in host use but also subtle and/or transient trade-offs in the evolution of host plant repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel A Steward
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Biology Department, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria de la Paz Celorio-Mancera
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dick Moberg
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Mlambo S, Mubayiwa M, Tarusikirwa VL, Machekano H, Mvumi BM, Nyamukondiwa C. The Fall Armyworm and Larger Grain Borer Pest Invasions in Africa: Drivers, Impacts and Implications for Food Systems. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:160. [PMID: 38534430 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major biosecurity threat affecting globalisation and the international trade of agricultural products and natural ecosystems. In recent decades, for example, field crop and postharvest grain insect pests have independently accounted for a significant decline in food quantity and quality. Nevertheless, how their interaction and cumulative effects along the ever-evolving field production to postharvest continuum contribute towards food insecurity remain scant in the literature. To address this within the context of Africa, we focus on the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), two of the most important field and postharvest IAS, respectively, that have invaded Africa. Both insect pests have shown high invasion success, managing to establish themselves in >50% of the African continent within a decade post-introduction. The successive and summative nature of field and postharvest damage by invasive insect pests on the same crop along its value chain results in exacerbated food losses. This systematic review assesses the drivers, impacts and management of the fall armyworm and larger grain borer and their effects on food systems in Africa. Interrogating these issues is important in early warning systems, holistic management of IAS, maintenance of integral food systems in Africa and the development of effective management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaw Mlambo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye 10071, Botswana
| | - Macdonald Mubayiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye 10071, Botswana
| | - Vimbai L Tarusikirwa
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Honest Machekano
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Brighton M Mvumi
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare P.O. Box MP167, Zimbabwe
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye 10071, Botswana
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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3
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Olazcuaga L, Baltenweck R, Leménager N, Maia-Grondard A, Claudel P, Hugueney P, Foucaud J. Metabolic consequences of various fruit-based diets in a generalist insect species. eLife 2023; 12:84370. [PMID: 37278030 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most phytophagous insect species exhibit a limited diet breadth and specialize on a few or a single host plant. In contrast, some species display a remarkably large diet breadth, with host plants spanning several families and many species. It is unclear, however, whether this phylogenetic generalism is supported by a generic metabolic use of common host chemical compounds ('metabolic generalism') or alternatively by distinct uses of diet-specific compounds ('multi-host metabolic specialism')? Here, we simultaneously investigated the metabolomes of fruit diets and of individuals of a generalist phytophagous species, Drosophila suzukii, that developed on them. The direct comparison of metabolomes of diets and consumers enabled us to disentangle the metabolic fate of common and rarer dietary compounds. We showed that the consumption of biochemically dissimilar diets resulted in a canalized, generic response from generalist individuals, consistent with the metabolic generalism hypothesis. We also showed that many diet-specific metabolites, such as those related to the particular color, odor, or taste of diets, were not metabolized, and rather accumulated in consumer individuals, even when probably detrimental to fitness. As a result, while individuals were mostly similar across diets, the detection of their particular diet was straightforward. Our study thus supports the view that dietary generalism may emerge from a passive, opportunistic use of various resources, contrary to more widespread views of an active role of adaptation in this process. Such a passive stance towards dietary chemicals, probably costly in the short term, might favor the later evolution of new diet specializations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Olazcuaga
- UMR CBGP (INRAE-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier, France
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | | | - Nicolas Leménager
- UMR CBGP (INRAE-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier, France
| | | | | | | | - Julien Foucaud
- UMR CBGP (INRAE-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier, France
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4
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Tang XF, Huang YH, Sun YF, Zhang PF, Huo LZ, Li HS, Pang H. The transcriptome of Icerya aegyptiaca (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) and comparison with neococcoids reveal genetic clues of evolution in the scale insects. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:231. [PMID: 37138224 PMCID: PMC10158165 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scale insects are worldwide sap-sucking parasites, which can be distinguished into neococcoids and non-neococcoids. Neococcoids are monophyletic with a peculiar reproductive system, paternal genome elimination (PGE). Different with neococcoids, Iceryini, a tribe in non-neococcoids including several damaging pests, has abdominal spiracles, compound eyes in males, relatively abundant wax, unique hermaphrodite system, and specific symbionts. However, the current studies on the gene resources and genomic mechanism of scale insects are mainly limited in the neococcoids, and lacked of comparison in an evolution frame. RESULT We sequenced and de novo assembled a transcriptome of Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas), a worldwide pest of Iceryini, and used it as representative of non-neococcoids to compare with the genomes or transcriptomes of other six species from different families of neococcoids. We found that the genes under positive selection or negative selection intensification (simplified as "selected genes" below) in I. aegyptiaca included those related to neurogenesis and development, especially eye development. Some genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis were unique in its transcriptome with relatively high expression and not detected in neococcoids. These results may indicate a potential link to the unique structures and abundant wax of I. aegyptiaca compared with neococcoids. Meanwhile, genes related to DNA repair, mitosis, spindle, cytokinesis and oogenesis, were included in the selected genes in I. aegyptiaca, which is possibly associated with cell division and germ cell formation of the hermaphrodite system. Chromatin-related process were enriched from selected genes in neococcoids, along with some mitosis-related genes also detected, which may be related to their unique PGE system. Moreover, in neococcoid species, male-biased genes tend to undergo negative selection relaxation under the PGE system. We also found that the candidate horizontally transferred genes (HTGs) in the scale insects mainly derived from bacteria and fungi. bioD and bioB, the two biotin-synthesizing HTGs were exclusively found in the scale insects and neococcoids, respectively, which possibly show potential demand changes in the symbiotic relationships. CONCLUSION Our study reports the first I. aegyptiaca transcriptome and provides preliminary insights for the genetic change of structures, reproductive systems and symbiont relationships at an evolutionary aspect. This will provide a basis for further research and control of scale insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi-Fei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pei-Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li-Zhi Huo
- Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.
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5
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Mackay-Smith A, Dornon MK, Lucier R, Okimoto A, Mendonca de Sousa F, Rodriguero M, Confalonieri V, Lanteri AA, Sequeira AS. Host-specific gene expression as a tool for introduction success in Naupactus parthenogenetic weevils. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248202. [PMID: 34329290 PMCID: PMC8323892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food resource access can mediate establishment success in invasive species, and generalist herbivorous insects are thought to rely on mechanisms of transcriptional plasticity to respond to dietary variation. While asexually reproducing invasives typically have low genetic variation, the twofold reproductive capacity of asexual organisms is a marked advantage for colonization. We studied host-related transcriptional acclimation in parthenogenetic, invasive, and polyphagous weevils: Naupactus cervinus and N. leucoloma. We analyzed patterns of gene expression in three gene categories that can mediate weevil-host plant interactions through identification of suitable host plants, short-term acclimation to host plant defenses, and long-term adaptation to host plant defenses and their pathogens. This approach employed comparative transcriptomic methods to investigate differentially expressed host detection, detoxification, immune defense genes, and pathway-level gene set enrichment. Our results show that weevil gene expression responses can be host plant-specific, and that elements of that response can be maintained in the offspring. Some host plant groups, such as legumes, appear to be more taxing as they elicit a complex gene expression response which is both strong in intensity and specific in identity. However, the weevil response to taxing host plants shares many differentially expressed genes with other stressful situations, such as host plant cultivation conditions and transition to novel host, suggesting that there is an evolutionarily favorable shared gene expression regime for responding to different types of stressful situations. Modulating gene expression in the absence of other avenues for phenotypic adaptation may be an important mechanism of successful colonization for these introduced insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Mackay-Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary Kate Dornon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rosalind Lucier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna Okimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Flavia Mendonca de Sousa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcela Rodriguero
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Confalonieri
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analia A. Lanteri
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrea S. Sequeira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
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6
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Malka O, Feldmesser E, van Brunschot S, Santos‐Garcia D, Han W, Seal S, Colvin J, Morin S. The molecular mechanisms that determine different degrees of polyphagy in the Bemisia tabaci species complex. Evol Appl 2021; 14:807-820. [PMID: 33767754 PMCID: PMC7980310 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a closely related group of >35 cryptic species that feed on the phloem sap of a broad range of host plants. Species in the complex differ in their host-range breadth, but the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. We investigated, therefore, how six different B. tabaci species cope with the environmental unpredictability presented by a set of four common and novel host plants. Behavioral studies indicated large differences in performances on the four hosts and putative specialization of one of the species to cassava plants. Transcriptomic analyses revealed two main insights. First, a large set of genes involved in metabolism (>85%) showed differences in expression between the six species, and each species could be characterized by its own unique expression pattern of metabolic genes. However, within species, these genes were constitutively expressed, with a low level of environmental responsiveness (i.e., to host change). Second, within each species, sets of genes mainly associated with the super-pathways "environmental information processing" and "organismal systems" responded to the host switching events. These included genes encoding for proteins involved in sugar homeostasis, signal transduction, membrane transport, and immune, endocrine, sensory and digestive responses. Our findings suggested that the six B. tabaci species can be divided into four performance/transcriptomic "Types" and that polyphagy can be achieved in multiple ways. However, polyphagy level is determined by the specific identity of the metabolic genes/pathways that are enriched and overexpressed in each species (the species' individual metabolic "tool kit").
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Malka
- Department of EntomologyThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Ester Feldmesser
- Department of Biological ServicesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Sharon van Brunschot
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
- School of Biological Sciencesthe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | | | - Wen‐Hao Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Susan Seal
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of EntomologyThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
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7
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Correa LDJ, Maciel OVB, Bücker-Neto L, Pilati L, Morozini AM, Faria MV, Da-Silva PR. A Comprehensive Analysis of Wheat Resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Brazilian Wheat Cultivars. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1493-1503. [PMID: 32249292 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhopalosiphum padi L. is one of the predominant aphids affecting wheat crops worldwide. Therefore, the identification of resistant genotypes and the understanding of molecular response mechanisms involved in wheat resistance to this aphid may contribute to the development of new breeding strategies. In this study, we evaluated the resistance of 15 wheat cultivars to R. padi and performed morpho-histological and gene expression analyses of two wheat cultivars (BRS Timbaúva, resistant and Embrapa 16, susceptible) challenged and unchallenged by R. padi. The main findings of our work are as follows: 1) most Brazilian wheat cultivars recently released are resistant to R. padi; 2) Green leaf volatiles are probably involved in the resistance of the BRS Timbaúva cultivar to the aphid; 3) trichomes were more abundant and larger in the resistant cultivar; 4) the internal morphology did not show differences between cultivars; 5) the lipoxygenase-encoding gene was downregulated in the susceptible cultivar and basal expression remained level in the resistant cultivar; and 6) the expression of resistance-related proteins was induced in the resistant but not in the susceptible cultivar. Lipoxygenase is the first enzyme in the octadecanoic pathway, a well-known route for the synthesis of signaling molecules involved in the activation of plant defense. The overall analyses suggest that the key steps in BRS Timbaúva resistance to R. padi may be presence or absence of green leaf volatiles decreasing the aphid preference and the action of nonglandular trichome as a physical barrier, which allows continuous lipoxygenase-encoding gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leia de Jesus Correa
- Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Orlando Vilas Boas Maciel
- Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Lauro Bücker-Neto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Laura Pilati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Morozini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcos Ventura Faria
- Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Da-Silva
- Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
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8
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Paniagua Voirol LR, Weinhold A, Johnston PR, Fatouros NE, Hilker M. Legacy of a Butterfly's Parental Microbiome in Offspring Performance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00596-20. [PMID: 32276976 PMCID: PMC7267186 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00596-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An insect's phenotype can be influenced by the experiences of the parental generation. However, the effects of the parental symbiotic microbiome and host plant use on the offspring are unclear. We addressed this gap of knowledge by studying Pieris brassicae, a multivoltine butterfly species feeding on different brassicaceous plants across generations. We investigated how disturbance of the parental bacterial community by antibiotic treatment affects F1 larval traits. We tested the effects depending on whether F1 larvae are feeding on the same plant species as their parents or on a different one. The parental treatment alone had no impact on the biomass of F1 larvae feeding on the parental plant species. However, the parental treatment had a detrimental effect on F1 larval biomass when F1 larvae had a different host plant than their parents. This effect was linked to higher larval prophenoloxidase activity and greater downregulation of the major allergen gene (MA), a glucosinolate detoxification gene of P. brassicae Bacterial abundance in untreated adult parents was high, while it was very low in F1 larvae from either parental type, and thus unlikely to directly influence larval traits. Our results suggest that transgenerational effects of the parental microbiome on the offspring's phenotype become evident when the offspring is exposed to a transgenerational host plant shift.IMPORTANCE Resident bacterial communities are almost absent in larvae of butterflies and thus are unlikely to affect their host. In contrast, adult butterflies contain conspicuous amounts of bacteria. While the host plant and immune state of adult parental butterflies are known to affect offspring traits, it has been unclear whether also the parental microbiome imposes direct effects on the offspring. Here, we show that disturbance of the bacterial community in parental butterflies by an antibiotic treatment has a detrimental effect on those offspring larvae feeding on a different host plant than their parents. Hence, the study indicates that disturbance of an insect's parental microbiome by an antibiotic treatment shapes how the offspring individuals can adjust themselves to a novel host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Paniagua Voirol
- Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Weinhold
- Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul R Johnston
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research (BeGenDiv), Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Department of Plant Sciences, Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Julca I, Marcet-Houben M, Cruz F, Vargas-Chavez C, Johnston JS, Gómez-Garrido J, Frias L, Corvelo A, Loska D, Cámara F, Gut M, Alioto T, Latorre A, Gabaldón T. Phylogenomics Identifies an Ancestral Burst of Gene Duplications Predating the Diversification of Aphidomorpha. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:730-756. [PMID: 31702774 PMCID: PMC7038657 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids (Aphidoidea) are a diverse group of hemipteran insects that feed on plant phloem sap. A common finding in studies of aphid genomes is the presence of a large number of duplicated genes. However, when these duplications occurred remains unclear, partly due to the high relatedness of sequenced species. To better understand the origin of aphid duplications we sequenced and assembled the genome of Cinara cedri, an early branching lineage (Lachninae) of the Aphididae family. We performed a phylogenomic comparison of this genome with 20 other sequenced genomes, including the available genomes of five other aphids, along with the transcriptomes of two species belonging to Adelgidae (a closely related clade to the aphids) and Coccoidea. We found that gene duplication has been pervasive throughout the evolution of aphids, including many parallel waves of recent, species-specific duplications. Most notably, we identified a consistent set of very ancestral duplications, originating from a large-scale gene duplication predating the diversification of Aphidomorpha (comprising aphids, phylloxerids, and adelgids). Genes duplicated in this ancestral wave are enriched in functions related to traits shared by Aphidomorpha, such as association with endosymbionts, and adaptation to plant defenses and phloem-sap-based diet. The ancestral nature of this duplication wave (106-227 Ma) and the lack of sufficiently conserved synteny make it difficult to conclude whether it originated from a whole-genome duplication event or, alternatively, from a burst of large-scale segmental duplications. Genome sequencing of other aphid species belonging to different Aphidomorpha and related lineages may clarify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Julca
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Marcet-Houben
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Cruz
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Vargas-Chavez
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Jèssica Gómez-Garrido
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonor Frias
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - André Corvelo
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Damian Loska
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Cámara
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tyler Alioto
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Joint Unit in Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (FISABIO) and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Cantón PE, Bonning BC. Transcription and Activity of Digestive Enzymes of Nezara viridula Maintained on Different Plant Diets. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1553. [PMID: 31969835 PMCID: PMC6960134 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nezara viridula is a polyphagous stink bug that feeds on crops of economic importance such as corn, soybean and cotton. To increase understanding of the ability of this pest insect to feed on such diverse cropping systems, we analyzed the impact of an exclusive diet of corn or green bean on the enzymatic activity and transcriptomic profile of digestive enzymes. Growth rate and survival were reduced when insects were reared exclusively on green bean compared to corn. However, the overall protease and nuclease activity profiles were comparable between the two treatments. Distinct differences in inhibitor sensitivity and activity were seen in some cases, particularly for serine proteases in some regions of the midgut. The transcription profiles from N. viridula fed on corn versus green bean were distinct on principal component analysis of RNA-seq data. While specific transcripts differentially transcribed according to diet and across several tissues were identified, a large number of these transcripts remain unannotated. Further annotation for identification of these genes will be important for improved understanding of the remarkable polyphagy of N. viridula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Emiliano Cantón
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Bryony C Bonning
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Gene Expression and Diet Breadth in Plant-Feeding Insects: Summarizing Trends. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 35:259-277. [PMID: 31791830 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptomic studies lend insights into the role of transcriptional plasticity in adaptation and specialization. Recently, there has been growing interest in understanding the relationship between variation in herbivorous insect gene expression and the evolution of diet breadth. We review the studies that have emerged on insect gene expression and host plant use, and outline the questions and approaches in the field. Many candidate genes underlying herbivory and specialization have been identified, and a few key studies demonstrate increased transcriptional plasticity associated with generalist compared with specialist species. Addressing the roles that transcriptional variation plays in insect diet breadth will have important implications for our understanding of the evolution of specialization and the genetic and environmental factors that govern insect-plant interactions.
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12
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Balakrishnan B, Su S, Zhang C, Chen M. Identification and Functional Characterization of Two Sigma Glutathione S-Transferase Genes From Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:416-424. [PMID: 30371799 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), is an insect pest that persistently attacks wheat crops worldwide. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are important detoxification enzymes that play roles in insecticide resistance. In this study, we identified two GST genes (RpGSTS1 and RpGSTS2) from R. padi. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the genes are associated with the sigma class of insect GSTs. The RpGSTS1 and RpGSTS2 contain nine α-helices and five β-sheets connected by loops, and had 60 and 50% homology with the 3D structure of the Blattella germanica GST5. We tested the toxicity of chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, isoprocarb, sulfoxaflor, and λ-cyhalothrin to R. padi, and found that the toxicity of five insecticides to the aphid varied. The detoxification activity of GSTs and the expression patterns of RpGSTS1 and RpGSTS2 after insecticide treatments were also analyzed. Compared to the control, the GST activity was increased by 23, 18.5, 13, and 11.5% in aphids treated by LC50 concentrations of chlorpyrifos, isoprocarb, imidacloprid, and sulfoxaflor, respectively. Exposure to different chemical insecticides showed different effects on the expression of RpGSTS1 and RpGSTS2. These results indicate that RpGSTS1 and RpGSTS2 have unique biochemical characteristics and may play roles in resistance to insecticides in R. padi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandar Balakrishnan
- Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Sha Su
- Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Cunhuan Zhang
- Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Maohua Chen
- Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
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Wang H, Holloway JD, Janz N, Braga MP, Wahlberg N, Wang M, Nylin S. Polyphagy and diversification in tussock moths: Support for the oscillation hypothesis from extreme generalists. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7975-7986. [PMID: 29043049 PMCID: PMC5632610 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Theory on plasticity driving speciation, as applied to insect-plant interactions (the oscillation hypothesis), predicts more species in clades with higher diversity of host use, all else being equal. Previous support comes mainly from specialized herbivores such as butterflies, and plasticity theory suggests that there may be an upper host range limit where host diversity no longer promotes diversification. The tussock moths (Erebidae: Lymantriinae) are known for extreme levels of polyphagy. We demonstrate that this system is also very different from butterflies in terms of phylogenetic signal for polyphagy and for use of specific host orders. Yet we found support for the generality of the oscillation hypothesis, in that clades with higher diversity of host use were found to contain more species. These clades also consistently contained the most polyphagous single species. Comparing host use in Lymantriinae with related taxa shows that the taxon indeed stands out in terms of the frequency of polyphagous species. Comparative evidence suggests that this is most probably due to its nonfeeding adults, with polyphagy being part of a resulting life history syndrome. Our results indicate that even high levels of plasticity can drive diversification, at least when the levels oscillate over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houshuai Wang
- Department of EntomologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | | | - Niklas Janz
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of BiologyLaboratory of GeneticsUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Min Wang
- Department of EntomologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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