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Zhang Q, Du Z, Wang X, Li F, Liu Y, Sun J, Zhang L, Xiao Y, Lu X, Yu H, Liu T. Cell-free Nucleic Acid as Promising Diagnostic Biomarkers for Gastric Cancer: a Systematic Review. J Cancer 2024; 15:2900-2912. [PMID: 38706900 PMCID: PMC11064260 DOI: 10.7150/jca.92704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignancy with early detection being crucial for survival. Liquid biopsy analysis using cell-free nucleic acid is a preferred method for detection. Hence, we conducted a systematic review to assess the diagnostic efficacy of cell-free nucleic acid markers for GC. Methods: We searched PubMed and ISI Web of Science databases for articles that conformed to our inclusion and exclusion criteria from 2012 to 2022. The following information was abstracted: first author, year of publication, country/region, age, male proportion, tumor stage for cases, specimen type, measurement method, targeted markers and diagnostic related indicators (including sensitivity, specificity, AUC, P-value). Results: Fifty-eight studies examined cell-free RNAs (cfRNAs) with a total of 62 individual circulating markers and 7 panels in serum or plasma, while 21 studies evaluated cell-free DNAs (cfDNAs) with 29 individual circulating markers and 7 panels. For individual cfRNAs, the median (range) sensitivity and specificity were 80% (21% - 98%) and 80% (54% - 99%), respectively. The median (range) sensitivity and specificity for cfRNA panels were 86% (83% - 90%) and 75% (60% - 98%), respectively. In comparison, the median (range) sensitivity and specificity reported for individual cfDNAs were 50% (18% - 96%) and 93% (57% - 100%), respectively, while cfDNA panels had a median (range) sensitivity and specificity of 85% (41% - 92%) and 73.5% (38% - 90%), respectively. The meta results indicate that cfRNA markers exhibit high sensitivity (80%) and low specificity (80%) for detecting GC, while cfDNA markers have lower sensitivity (59%) but higher specificity (92%). Conclusions: This review has demonstrated that cell-free nucleic acids have the potential to serve as useful diagnostic markers for GC. Given that both cfRNA and cfDNA markers have shown promising diagnostic performance for GC, the combination of the two may potentially enhance diagnostic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haixin Yu
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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2
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miR-106b as an emerging therapeutic target in cancer. Genes Dis 2022; 9:889-899. [PMID: 35685464 PMCID: PMC9170583 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise short non-coding RNAs that function in regulating the expression of tumor suppressors or oncogenes and modulate oncogenic signaling pathways in cancer. miRNAs expression alters significantly in several tumor tissues and cancer cell lines. For example, miR-106b functions as an oncogene and increases in multiple cancers. The miR-106b directly targets genes involved in tumorigenesis, proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastases. This review has focused on the miR-106b function and its downstream target in different cancers and provide perspective into how miR-106 regulates cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastases by regulating the tumor suppressor genes. Since miRNAs-based therapies are currently being developed to enhance cancer therapy outcomes, miR-106b could be an attractive and prospective candidate in different cancer types for detection, diagnosis, and prognosis assessment in the tumor.
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Xu Y, Wang G, Hu W, He S, Li D, Chen P, Zhang J, Gao Y, Yu D, Zong L. Clinical role of miR-421 as a novel biomarker in diagnosis of gastric cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29242. [PMID: 35583533 PMCID: PMC9276225 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) has been identified as one of the most common malignancies. It was found that microRNAs can be used as potential biomarkers for GC diagnosis. The aim of this study was to estimate the diagnostic value of 4 potential microRNAs in GC. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were used to search published studies. The quality of the studies was scored with the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. The pooled sensitivity and specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. The heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochrane Q statistics and the inconsistency index. RESULTS A total of 22 studies reporting the diagnostic value of miR-21 (n = 9), miR-106 (n = 10), miR-421 (n = 5) and miR-223 (n = 3) were included. Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies scores showed the high quality of the selected 22 articles. The random effects model was adopted by evaluating the heterogeneity between articles. The DOR, AUC, and Q value of miRNA-21 were 12.37 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.36-28.54), 0.86 and 0.79, respectively. The DOR, AUC and Q value of miRNA-106 were 12.98 [95% CI: 7.14-23.61], 0.85 and 0.78, respectively. The DOR, AUC and Q value of miRNA-421 were 27.86 [95% CI: 6.04-128.48], 0.92 and 0.86, respectively. The DOR, AUC and Q value of miRNA-223 were 18.50 [95% CI: 7.80-43.86], 0.87 and 0.80, respectively. These results indicate that miRNA-421 has the highest diagnostic accuracy, followed by miR-223, miRNA-21, and miRNA-106 among the 4 microRNAs in GC. CONCLUSIONS miR-21, miR-106, miR-421, and miR-223 have good diagnostic efficacy, especially miR-421, could be used as auxiliary diagnostic indicator for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Yizheng People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guiping Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Wenqing Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changzhi People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Changzhi, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Songbing He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changzhi People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Changzhi, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinjie Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Heji Hospital of Changzhi Medical college, Changzhi, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yongshun Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Duonan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Liang Zong
- Department of General Surgery, Yizheng People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changzhi People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Changzhi, Shanxi, PR China
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4
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Yin J, Samawi H, Tian L. Joint inference about the AUC and Youden index for paired biomarkers. Stat Med 2022; 41:37-64. [PMID: 34964512 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It is common to compare biomarkers' diagnostic or prognostic performance using some summary ROC measures such as the area under the ROC curve (AUC) or the Youden index. We propose to compare two paired biomarkers using both the AUC and the Youden index since the two indices describe different aspects of the ROC curve. This comparison can be made by estimating the joint confidence region (an elliptical area) of the differences of the paired AUCs and the Youden indices. Furthermore, for deciding if one marker is better than the other in terms of both the A U C and the Youden index (J), we can test H 0 : A U C a ≤ A U C b or J a ≤ J b against H a : A U C a > A U C b and J a > J b using the paired differences. The construction of such a joint hypothesis is an example of the multivariate order-restricted hypotheses. For such a hypothesis, we propose and compare three testing procedures: (1) the intersection-union test ( I U T ); (2) the conditional test; and (3) the joint test. The performance of the proposed inference methods was evaluated and compared through simulations. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed joint confidence region maintains the desired confidence level, and all three tests maintain the type I error under the null. Furthermore, among the three proposed testing methods, the conditional test is the preferred approach with markedly larger power consistently than the other two competing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - Hani Samawi
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - Lili Tian
- Department of Biostatistics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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5
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Zhou X, Liu C, Yin Y, Zhang C, Zou X, Xia T, Geng X, Liu P, Cheng W, Zhu W. Diagnostic value of oncofetal miRNAs in cancers: A comprehensive analysis of circulating miRNAs in pan-cancers and UCB. Cancer Biomark 2021; 32:19-36. [PMID: 34092608 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-203085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating miRNAs are promising biomarkers for detection of various cancers. As a "developmental" disorder, cancer showed great similarities with embryos. OBJECTIVE A comprehensive analysis of circulating miRNAs in umbilical cord blood (UCB) and pan-cancers was conducted to identify circulating miRNAs with potential for cancer detection. METHODS A total of 3831 cancer samples (2050 serum samples from 15 types of cancers and 1781 plasma samples from 13 types of cancers) and 248 UCB samples (120 serum and 128 plasma samples) with corresponding NCs from Chinese populations were analyzed via consistent experiment workflow with Exiqon panel followed by multiple-stage validation with qRT-PCR. RESULTS Thirty-four serum and 32 plasma miRNAs were dysregulated in at least one type of cancer. Eighteen serum and 16 plasma miRNAs were related with embryos. Among them, 9 serum and 8 plasma miRNAs with consistent expression patterns between pan-cancers and UCB were identified as circulating oncofetal miRNAs. Retrospective analysis confirmed the diagnostic ability of circulating oncofetal miRNAs for specific cancers. And the oncofetal miRNAs were mainly up-regulated in tissues of pan-cancers. CONCLUSIONS Our study might serve as bases for the potential application of the non-invasive biomarkers in the future clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin Yin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Women&Children Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Zou
- First Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tiansong Xia
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangnan Geng
- Department of Clinical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenfang Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Yaghoubi N, Avval FZ, Khazaei M, Sahebkar A, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH. High Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of miRNAs Compared with the Carcinoembryonic Antigen as a Traditional Tumor Marker. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:206-214. [PMID: 34102990 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210608094908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A significant challenge in cancer detection and treatment is early diagnosis and accurate prognosis of the disease that enables effective therapies and interventions to improve the patient's condition. Up to now, many parts of research have tended to focus on the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) to detect cancers and estimate the survival rates of patients with multiple cancer types, including colorectal, breast, non-small cell lung, and pancreas cancer. Limited sensitivity and specificity of this traditional tumor marker make it an inappropriate biomarker to diagnose cancer, especially in the early stages, while several lines of research have introduced miRNAs as reliable indicators of tumor initiation, development, and therapy response. Indeed, miRNAs have unique properties that provide considerable benefits, such as discriminating benign diseases from malignancies, prediction of cancer possibility and progress, checking sensitivity to treatment, and initial detection of tumors. This review summarizes the relationships between miRNAs and CEA, the diagnostic significance of CEA in combination with miRNAs, and the distinct advantages of miRNAs over CEA as tumor biomarkers. Advancement in our current understanding of miRNAs is essential to discover new and effective biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic goals of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Yaghoubi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Zahedi Avval
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Kabekkodu SP, Shukla V, Varghese VK, Adiga D, Vethil Jishnu P, Chakrabarty S, Satyamoorthy K. Cluster miRNAs and cancer: Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic opportunities. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2019; 11:e1563. [PMID: 31436881 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MiRNAs are class of noncoding RNA important for gene expression regulation in many plants, animals and viruses. MiRNA clusters contain a set of two or more miRNA encoding genes, transcribed together as polycistronic miRNAs. Currently, there are approximately 159 miRNA clusters reported in the human genome consisting of miRNAs ranging from two or more miRNA genes. A large proportion of clustered miRNAs resides in and around the fragile sites or cancer associated genomic hotspots and plays an important role in carcinogenesis. Altered expression of miRNA cluster can be pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic and can be targeted for clinical management of cancer. Over the past few years, manipulation of miRNA clusters expression is attempted for experimental purpose as well as for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic applications in cancer. Re-expression of miRNAs by epigenetic therapy, genome editing such as clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and miRNA mowers showed promising results in cancer therapy. In this review, we focused on the potential of miRNA clusters as a biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, targeted therapy as well as strategies for modulating their expression in a therapeutic context. This article is categorized under: Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs RNA Processing > Processing of Small RNAs RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Biogenesis of Effector Small RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vaibhav Shukla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinay Koshy Varghese
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Divya Adiga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Padacherri Vethil Jishnu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Li F, Huang J, Liu J, Xu W, Yuan Z. Multivariate analysis of clinicopathological and prognostic significance of miRNA 106b~25 cluster in gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:200. [PMID: 31384175 PMCID: PMC6664745 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background miRNA 106b~25 cluster were demonstrated to be an oncogene. In previous study, we had analyzed the diagnostic significance of miRNA 106b~25 based on its carcinogenesis effect. The significance of miRNA 106b~25 for prognosis of gastric cancer were not researched. Methods We applied multivariate analysis of PCA, PLS-DA and Cox Regression for clinicopathological features and survival time to explore the significance of miRNA 106b~25 expression in plasma and cancer tissues for gastric cancer. Results The expression of miRNA 106b, miRNA 93 and miRNA 25 in plasma were positively correlated with their expression in tumor tissues. Via PCA analysis, it was found that miRNA 106b~25 expression in plasma and tumor, T, N and TNM stage were correlated with each other. Via PLS-DA analysis, we identified that T, N and TNM stage were important factors for miRNA 106b~25 expression both in plasma and tumor (all VIP value > 1.2). According to loading weights of variables for the first and second components, it was found that the importance of the miRNA 106b~25s expression carried with the progressed stage of gastric cancer. In the survival analysis, COX regression showed that T stage, plasma miRNA 106b and tumor miRNA 93 were significant risk factors for overall survival [HR: 0.400 (0.205–0.780); P = 0.007; HR: 0.371 (0.142–0.969), P = 0.043; 0.295 (0.134–0.650), P = 0.002]. Conclusion Plasma and tumor miRNA 106b~25 expression correlated with T, N and TNM stage. Increased miRNA 106b~25 expression was important characters carried with gastric cancer progression. T stage, plasma miRNA106b and tumor miRNA 93 significant risk factors for overall survival. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-019-0918-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxuan Li
- 1Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 China.,2Department of Cancer Prevention, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Jinchao Huang
- 2Department of Cancer Prevention, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 China.,3Department of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Juntian Liu
- 2Department of Cancer Prevention, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Wengui Xu
- 3Department of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Zhiyong Yuan
- 1Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 China
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Wei H, Pu K, Liu XG, Li BX, Zhang HS, Wang H, Wang H, Sun WM, Wang YP. The diagnostic value of circulating microRNAs as a biomarker for gastric cancer: A meta‑analysis. Oncol Rep 2019; 41:87-102. [PMID: 30320349 PMCID: PMC6278421 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, cancer research microRNA studies have drawn great attention. However, the results of these studies have been inconsistent and variable regarding the availability of circulating miRNAs in gastric cancer (GC) diagnosis. Thus, results should be interpreted cautiously. The purpose of the present study was to assess the diagnostic performance of circulating miRNAs in GC diagnosis. We conducted a systematic and comprehensive approach for the inclusion of studies. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio were pooled with random effects models, and a summary of receiver operator characteristic (SROC) curves were plotted. The potential heterogeneity was assessed with Q test and I2 statistics. Subgroup analyses and meta‑regressions further investigated the sources of heterogeneity. A total of 77 studies from 48 articles were eligible for the meta‑analysis. The results revealed a sensitivity of 0.76, a specificity of 0.81, and an AUC of 0.86 for gastric cancer diagnosis with circulating miRNAs. In addition, subgroup analyses indicated that multiple miRNAs assays, non‑microarray screening approaches, and serum‑based miRNA assays exhibited good diagnostic performance in contrast to a single miRNA assay, microarray expression profiling screening, and plasma‑based miRNA group analysis. The diagnostic ability of miRNAs in early stage I‑II groups and the high expression group were approximately similar to that in the stage I‑IV groups and the low expression group. For the circulating miRNAs, our meta‑analysis identified a combination of multiple miRNAs, non‑microarray chip screening, and serum‑based miRNA assays were associated with the most effective GC diagnostic performance. However, many unclear molecular mechanisms limited the accuracy of the diagnostic results, and should be interpreted with caution. Further large‑scale prospective studies are required for validating the diagnostic applicability of circulating miRNAs in gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Ke Pu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Guang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Xuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Heng-Shuo Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ming Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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10
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Gao Y, Deng K, Liu X, Dai M, Chen X, Chen J, Chen J, Huang Y, Dai S, Chen J. Molecular mechanism and role of microRNA-93 in human cancers: A study based on bioinformatics analysis, meta-analysis, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:6370-6383. [PMID: 30390344 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, studies have shown that microRNA-93 (miR-93) can be an oncogene or a tumor suppressor in different kinds of cancers. The role of miR-93 in human cancers is inconsistent and the underlying mechanism on the aberrant expression of miR-93 is complicated. METHODS We first conducted gene enrichment analysis to give insight into the prospective mechanism of miR-93. Second, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical value of miR-93. Finally, a validation test based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to further investigate the role of miR-93 in pan-cancer. RESULTS Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis results showed that the target genes of miR-93 were closely related to transcription, and MAPK1, RBBP7 and Smad7 became the hub genes. In the diagnostic meta-analysis, the overall sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve were 0.76 (0.64-0.85), 0.82 (0.64-0.92), and 0.85 (0.82-0.88), respectively, which suggested that miR-93 had excellent performance on the diagnosis for human cancers. In the prognostic meta-analysis, dysregulated miR-93 was found to be associated with poor OS in cancer patients. In the qPCR validation test, the serum levels of miR-93 were upregulated in breast cancer, breast hyperplasia, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nasopharyngeal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, gastric ulcer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, laryngeal cancer, and prostate cancer compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS miR-93 could act as an effective diagnostic and prognostic factor for cancer patients. Its clinical value for cancer early diagnosis and survival prediction is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Gao
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Kaifeng Deng
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Xuexiang Liu
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Meiyu Dai
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Jifei Chen
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Shengming Dai
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Jingfan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
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Link A, Kupcinskas J. MicroRNAs as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for gastric cancer: Current insights and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3313-3329. [PMID: 30122873 PMCID: PMC6092583 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i30.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers may contribute to an early identification of gastric cancer (GC) and improve the clinical management. Unfortunately, no sensitive and specific screening biomarkers are available yet and the currently available approaches are limited by the nature of the disease. GC is a heterogenic disease with various distinct genetic and epigenetic events that occur during the multifactorial cascade of carcinogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are commonly deregulated in gastric mucosa during the Helicobacter pylori infection and in stepwise manner from chronic gastritis, through preneoplastic conditions such as atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia, to early dysplasia and invasive cancer. Identification of miRNAs in blood in 2008 led to a great interest on miRNA-based diagnostic, prognostic biomarkers in GC. In this review, we provide the most recent systematic review on the existing studies related to miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for GC. Here, we systematically evaluate 75 studies related to differential expression of circulating miRNAs in GC patients and provide novel view on various heterogenic aspects of the existing data and summarize the methodological differences. Finally, we highlight several important aspects crucial to improve the future translational and clinical research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Link
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Juozas Kupcinskas
- Institute for Digestive Research and Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-44307, Lithuania
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Abd El Gwad A, Matboli M, El-Tawdi A, Habib EK, Shehata H, Ibrahim D, Tash F. Role of exosomal competing endogenous RNA in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8600-8610. [PMID: 30015383 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has tried to use exosomal RNAs (coding and noncoding) as potential diagnostic markers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Initially, by using bioinformatics, we selected an HCC-exosomal RNA-based biomarker panel. The choice of this panel depends on the integration of Ras-related in brain (RAB11A) gene expression and its competing endogenous network. This network includes long noncoding RNA RP11-513I15.6 (lncRNA-RP11-513I15.6) and microRNA-1262 (miR-1262). Secondly, we tried to validate the expression of this network in the sera of 60 patients with HCC in comparison with 42 chronic hepatitis C virus-infected patients and 18 healthy controls. Then we assessed the diagnostic efficiency of this panel using a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The panel of 3 exosomal RNA-based biomarkers (lncRNA-RP11-513I15.6, miR-1262, and RAB11A) showed excellent sensitivity and specificity in discriminating patients with HCC from patients with chronic hepatitis C virus and healthy controls. Among these 3 RNAs, serum RAB11A mRNA was the most independent prognostic factor. The selected circulatory exosomal RNA-based biomarker panel showed its ability to be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker tool for HCC. Moreover, these biomarkers could be therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Abd El Gwad
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Matboli
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Tawdi
- General Surgery Department, Military Medical Academy, Egypt
| | - Eman K Habib
- Anatomy & Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan Shehata
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fathy Tash
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Peng Q, Shen Y, Lin K, Zou L, Shen Y, Zhu Y. Comprehensive and integrative analysis identifies microRNA-106 as a novel non-invasive biomarker for detection of gastric cancer. J Transl Med 2018; 16:127. [PMID: 29764446 PMCID: PMC5952699 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, accumulating evidences have revealed that microRNA-106 (miR-106) may serve as a non-invasive and cost-effective biomarker in gastric cancer (GC) detection. However, inconsistent results have prevented its application to clinical practice. Methods As a result of this, a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performance of miR-106 alone and miR-106-related combination markers for GC detection. Meanwhile, an integrative bioinformatics analysis was performed to explore the function of miR-106 at the systems biology level. Results The results in our work showed that sensitivity of 0.71 (95% CI 0.65–0.76) and specificity of 0.82 (0.72–0.88), with the under area AUC (area under the curve) value of 0.80 (0.76–0.83) for miR-106 alone. Prospectively, miR-106-related combination markers improved the combined sensitivity, specificity and AUC, describing the discriminatory ability of 0.78 (0.65–0.87), 0.83 (0.77–0.89) and 0.88 (0.85–0.90) in the present analysis. Furthermore, targets of miR-106 were obtained and enriched by gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, revealing their associations with the occurrence and development of GC. Hub genes and significant modules were identified from the protein–protein interaction networks constructed by miR-106 targets and found closely associated with the initiation and progression of GC again. Conclusions Our comprehensive and integrative analysis revealed that miR-106 may be suitable as a diagnostic biomarker for GC while microRNA combination biomarkers may provide a new alternative for clinical application. However, it is necessary to conduct large-scale population-based studies and biological experiments to further investigate the diagnostic value of miR-106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Peng
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, San Xiang Road No. 1055, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kaisu Lin
- Department of Oncology, Nantong Rich Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, San Xiang Road No. 1055, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, San Xiang Road No. 1055, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaqun Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, San Xiang Road No. 1055, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China. .,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. .,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, China.
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Sárközy M, Kahán Z, Csont T. A myriad of roles of miR-25 in health and disease. Oncotarget 2018; 9:21580-21612. [PMID: 29765562 PMCID: PMC5940376 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs) have been recently recognized as important regulators of gene expression. MicroRNAs play myriads of roles in physiological processes as well as in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases by translational repression or mRNA destabilization of numerous target genes. The miR-106b-25 cluster is highly conserved in vertebrates and consists of three members including miR-106b, miR-93 and miR-25. MiR-106b and miR-93 share the same seed sequences; however, miR-25 has only a similar seed sequence resulting in different predicted target mRNAs. In this review, we specifically focus on the role of miR-25 in healthy and diseased conditions. Many of miR-25 target mRNAs are involved in biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, calcium handling, etc. Therefore, it is no surprise that miR-25 has been reported as a key regulator of common cancerous and non-cancerous diseases. MiR-25 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, tubulointerstitial nephropathy, asthma bronchiale, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, etc. MiR-25 is also a well-described oncogenic miRNA playing a crucial role in the development of many tumor types including brain tumors, lung, breast, ovarian, prostate, thyroid, oesophageal, gastric, colorectal, hepatocellular cancers, etc. In this review, our aim is to discuss the translational therapeutic role of miR-25 in common diseased conditions based on relevant basic research and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta Sárközy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Kahán
- Department of Oncotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csont
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Guan H, Li W, Li Y, Wang J, Li Y, Tang Y, Lu S. MicroRNA-93 promotes proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer via targeting TIMP2. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189490. [PMID: 29220395 PMCID: PMC5722343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of pathobiological processes in various cancer. In the present study, we demonstrated that miR-93 expression was significantly up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues compared with that in matched normal mucosal tissues. High expression of miR-93 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage. Functionally, ectopic expression of miR-93 promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT phenotypes, and repressed apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest in vitro, and promoted tumor formation in vivo. We further identified that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2) was a direct target of miR-93 by using luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, and immunoblotting assay. Furthermore, knockdown of TIMP2 with specific siRNA showed similar oncogenic effects in gastric cancer cells with that transfected with miR-93 mimics. Our findings indicated that miR-93 serves as a tumor promoter in human gastric carcinogenesis by targeting TIMP2, suggesting that miR-93 might be a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Jichang Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanan Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shaoying Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail:
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Ye Y, Zhuang J, Wang G, He S, Zhang S, Wang G, Ni J, Wang J, Xia W. MicroRNA-495 suppresses cell proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma by directly targeting insulin-like growth factor receptor-1. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1150-1158. [PMID: 29434703 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy and second-most frequent cause of cancer-associated deaths worldwide. Previously, increasing studies report that microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are abnormally expressed in various types of human cancers and may participate in the tumourigenesis and tumour development of HCC. miRNA-based targeted therapy is effective against different molecular targets and may increase the sensitisation of cancer cells to therapy by several folds. Therefore, further validation of potentially important miRNAs involved in HCC initiation and progression may provide valuable insights into the treatment of patients with HCC. miR-495 is abnormally expressed in multiple types of human cancers. However, the expression level and roles of miR-495 in HCC have yet to be completely elucidated. In the present study, miR-495 expression was frequently downregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines, and miR-495 expression levels were significantly correlated with tumour size, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage and lymph node metastasis in patients with HCC. Functional assays revealed that miR-495 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and invasion in HCC. Insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF1R) was identified as a direct target gene of miR-495 in HCC. IGF1R was upregulated in HCC tissues and negatively correlated with miR-495 expression level. The upregulation of IGF1R rescued the miR-495-induced tumour-suppressive roles in HCC cell proliferation and invasion, and the restored miR-495 expression inactivated the protein kinase B and extracellular regulated protein kinase signalling pathways in HCC. These results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying HCC progression, and suggest that miR-495 may be investigated as a novel therapeutic target for patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Guangdong Wang
- Department of Research and Development, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Saifei He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Suiliang Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Guoyu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Jing Ni
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Jiening Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
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