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Papp DA, Kocsubé S, Farkas Z, Szekeres A, Vágvölgyi C, Hamari Z, Varga M. Aflatoxin B1 Control by Various Pseudomonas Isolates. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:367. [PMID: 39195777 PMCID: PMC11358996 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16080367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The climate-change-coupled fungal burden in crop management and the need to reduce chemical pesticide usage highlight the importance of finding sustainable ways to control Aspergillus flavus. This study examines the effectiveness of 50 Pseudomonas isolates obtained from corn rhizospheres against A. flavus in both solid and liquid co-cultures. The presence and quantity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and AFB1-related compounds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry analysis. Various enzymatic- or non-enzymatic mechanisms are proposed to interpret the decrease in AFB1 production, accompanied by the accumulation of biosynthetic intermediates (11-hydroxy-O-methylsterigmatocystin, aspertoxin, 11-hydroxyaspertoxin) or degradation products (the compounds C16H10O6, C16H14O5, C18H16O7, and C19H16O8). Our finding implies the upregulation or enhanced activity of fungal oxidoreductases and laccases in response to bacterial bioactive compound(s). Furthermore, non-enzymatic reactions resulted in the formation of additional degradation products due to acid accumulation in the fermented broth. Three isolates completely inhibited AFB1 or any AFB1-related compounds without significantly affecting fungal growth. These bacterial isolates supposedly block the entire pathway for AFB1 production in the fungus during interaction. Apart from identifying effective Pseudomonas isolates as potential biocontrol agents, this work lays the foundation for exploring new bacterial bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Anna Papp
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- HCEMM-USZ Functional Cell Biology and Immunology Advanced Core Facility, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Farkas
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Hamari
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Varga
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
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2
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Szczygieł T, Koziróg A, Otlewska A. Synthetic and Natural Antifungal Substances in Cereal Grain Protection: A Review of Bright and Dark Sides. Molecules 2024; 29:3780. [PMID: 39202859 PMCID: PMC11357261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Molds pose a severe challenge to agriculture because they cause very large crop losses. For this reason, synthetic fungicides have been used for a long time. Without adequate protection against pests and various pathogens, crop losses could be as high as 30-40%. However, concerns mainly about the environmental impact of synthetic antifungals and human health risk have prompted a search for natural alternatives. But do natural remedies only have advantages? This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the use of antifungal substances in agriculture to protect seeds against phytopathogens. The advantages and disadvantages of using both synthetic and natural fungicides to protect cereal grains were discussed, indicating specific examples and mechanisms of action. The possibilities of an integrated control approach, combining cultural, biological, and chemical methods are described, constituting a holistic strategy for sustainable mold management in the grain industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szczygieł
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (T.S.); (A.O.)
- Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Koziróg
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (T.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Otlewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (T.S.); (A.O.)
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3
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Feng J, Cao L, Du X, Zhang Y, Cong Y, He J, Zhang W. Biological Detoxification of Aflatoxin B 1 by Enterococcus faecium HB2-2. Foods 2024; 13:1887. [PMID: 38928828 PMCID: PMC11202875 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in food and feed is a global health and economic threat, necessitating the immediate development of effective strategies to mitigate its negative effects. This study focuses on the isolation and characterization of Enterococcus faecium HB2-2 (E. faecium HB2-2) as a potent AFB1-degrading microorganism, using morphological observation, biochemical profiling, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. An incubation of E. faecium HB2-2 at 32 °C for 96 h in a pH 10 nutrient broth (NB) medium resulted in a remarkable degradation rate of 90.0% for AFB1. Furthermore, E. faecium HB2-2 demonstrated 82.9% AFB1 degradation rate in the peanut meal, reducing AFB1 levels from 105.1 to 17.9 μg/kg. The AFB1 degradation ability of E. faecium HB2-2 was found to be dependent on the fermentation supernatant. The products of AFB1 degradation by E. faecium HB2-2 were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and a possible degradation mechanism was proposed based on the identified degradation products. Additionally, cytotoxicity assays revealed a significant reduction in the toxicity of the degradation products compared to the parent AFB1. These findings highlight the potential of E. faecium HB2-2 as a safe and effective method for mitigating AFB1 contamination in food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Feng
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.F.); (J.H.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Lipid-based Fine Chemicals of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Ling Cao
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.F.); (J.H.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.F.); (J.H.)
| | - Yvying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.F.); (J.H.)
| | - Yanxia Cong
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.F.); (J.H.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Junbo He
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.F.); (J.H.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Lipid-based Fine Chemicals of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Weinong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.F.); (J.H.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Lipid-based Fine Chemicals of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430023, China
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4
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Veras FF, Stincone P, Welke JE, Ritter AC, Siqueira FM, Varela APM, Mayer FQ, Brandelli A. Genome analysis of Pseudomonas strain 4B with broad antagonistic activity against toxigenic fungi. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:269-280. [PMID: 38228937 PMCID: PMC10920548 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. 4B isolated from the effluent pond of a bovine abattoir was investigated as antifungal against toxigenic fungi. The complete genome of Pseudomonas 4B was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Phylogenetic analysis and genome comparisons indicated that the strain belongs to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa group. In silico investigation revealed gene clusters associated with the biosynthesis of several antifungals, including pyocyanin, rhizomide, thanamycin, and pyochelin. This bacterium was investigated through antifungal assays, showing an inhibitory effect against all toxigenic fungi tested. Bacterial cells reduced the diameter of fungal colonies, colony growth rate, and sporulation of each indicator fungi in 10-day simultaneous growing tests. The co-incubation of bacterial suspension and fungal spores in yeast extract-sucrose broth for 48 h resulted in reduced spore germination. During simultaneous growth, decreased production of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus carbonarius, respectively, was observed. Genome analysis and in vitro studies showed the ability of P. aeruginosa 4B to reduce fungal growth parameters and mycotoxin levels, indicating the potential of this bacterium to control toxigenic fungi. The broad antifungal activity of this strain may represent a sustainable alternative for the exploration and subsequent use of its possible metabolites in order to control mycotoxin-producing fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Fonseca Veras
- Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paolo Stincone
- Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliane Elisa Welke
- Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Ritter
- Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular E Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriano Brandelli
- Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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5
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Jesmin R, Cary JW, Lebar MD, Majumdar R, Gummadidala PM, Dias T, Chandler S, Basu P, Decho AW, Keller NP, Chanda A. Vibrio gazogenes-dependent disruption of aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus: the connection with endosomal uptake and hyphal morphogenesis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1208961. [PMID: 37744918 PMCID: PMC10516221 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1208961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins, a family of fungal secondary metabolites, are toxic and carcinogenic compounds that pose an enormous threat to global food safety and agricultural sustainability. Specifically agricultural products in African, Southeast Asian and hot and humid regions of American countries suffer most damage from aflatoxin producing molds due to the ideal climate conditions promoting their growth. Our recent studies suggest that Vibrio gazogenes (Vg), an estuarine bacterium non-pathogenic to plants and humans, can significantly inhibit aflatoxin biosynthesis in the producers. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying Vg-dependent aflatoxin inhibition using the prominent aflatoxin producer, Aspergillus flavus. We show that aflatoxin inhibition upon Vg treatment was associated with fungal uptake of Vg-prodigiosin, a red pigment, which was consistently visible inside fungal hyphae during treatment. The association of prodigiosin with aflatoxin inhibition was further evident as Serratia marcescens, another prodigiosin producer, significantly inhibited aflatoxin, while non-producers like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio fischeri did not. Also, pure prodigiosin significantly inhibited aflatoxin biosynthesis. Endocytosis inhibitors, filipin and natamycin, reduced the Vg-prodigiosin uptake by the fungus leading to a significant increase in aflatoxin production, suggesting that uptake is endocytosis-dependent. The Vg treatment also reduced hyphal fusion (>98% inhibition) and branching, which are both endosome-dependent processes. Our results, therefore, collectively support our theory that Vg-associated aflatoxin inhibition is mediated by an endocytosis-dependent uptake of Vg-prodigiosin, which possibly leads to a disruption of normal endosomal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey W. Cary
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, USDA/ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Matthew D. Lebar
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, USDA/ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Rajtilak Majumdar
- Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Kimberly, ID, United States
| | - Phani M. Gummadidala
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapell Hill, NC, United States
| | - Travis Dias
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Savannah Chandler
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Paramita Basu
- New York College of Podiatric Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alan W. Decho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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6
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Wang Y, Liu D, Yin H, Wang H, Cao C, Wang J, Zheng J, Liu J. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Response of Resistant Peanut Seeds to Aspergillus flavus Infection. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:414. [PMID: 37505683 PMCID: PMC10467056 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peanut seeds are susceptible to Aspergillus flavus infection, which has a severe impact on the peanut industry and human health. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this defense remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential metabolites during A. flavus infection between Zhonghua 6 and Yuanza 9102 by transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. A total of 5768 DEGs were detected in the transcriptomic study. Further functional analysis showed that some DEGs were significantly enriched in pectinase catabolism, hydrogen peroxide decomposition and cell wall tissues of resistant varieties at the early stage of infection, while these genes were differentially enriched in the middle and late stages of infection in the nonresponsive variety Yuanza 9102. Some DEGs, such as those encoding transcription factors, disease course-related proteins, peroxidase (POD), chitinase and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), were highly expressed in the infection stage. Metabolomic analysis yielded 349 differential metabolites. Resveratrol, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid in phenylalanine metabolism and 13S-HPODE in the linolenic acid metabolism pathway play major and active roles in peanut resistance to A. flavus. Combined analysis of the differential metabolites and DEGs showed that they were mainly enriched in phenylpropane metabolism and the linolenic acid metabolism pathway. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses further confirmed that peanuts infected with A. flavus activates various defense mechanisms, and the response to A. flavus is more rapid in resistant materials. These results can be used to further elucidate the molecular mechanism of peanut resistance to A. flavus infection and provide directions for early detection of infection and for breeding peanut varieties resistant to aflatoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jihong Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Y.W.); (D.L.); (H.Y.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (J.W.); (J.Z.)
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7
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Ahmad MM, Qamar F, Saifi M, Abdin MZ. Natural inhibitors: A sustainable way to combat aflatoxins. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:993834. [PMID: 36569081 PMCID: PMC9773886 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.993834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among a few hundred mycotoxins, aflatoxins had always posed a major threat to the world. Apart from A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius of Aspergillus genus, which are most toxin-producing strains, several fungal bodies including Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria that can biosynthesis aflatoxins. Basically, there are four different types of aflatoxins (Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), Aflatoxin G2 (AFG2)) are produced as secondary metabolites. There are certainly other types of aflatoxins found but they are the by-products of these toxins. The fungal agents generally infect the food crops during harvesting, storing, and/or transporting; making a heavy post-harvest as well as economic loss in both developed and developing countries. And while ingesting the crop products, these toxins get into the dietary system causing aflatoxicosis, liver cirrhosis, etc. Therefore, it is imperative to search for certain ways to control the spread of infections and/or production of these toxins which may also not harm the crop harvest. In this review, we are going to discuss some sustainable methods that can effectively control the spread of infection and inhibit the biosynthesis of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik M. Ahmad
- Department of Agriculture, Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (IIAST), Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Firdaus Qamar
- CTPD, Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Monica Saifi
- CTPD, Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Malik Zainul Abdin
- CTPD, Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Malik Zainul Abdin,
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8
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Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin Contamination, Impact on Health and Food Security, and Management Strategies in Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120845. [PMID: 36548742 PMCID: PMC9781569 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most important toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic fungal toxins that routinely contaminate food and feed. While more than 20 AFs have been identified to date, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), G2 (AFG2), and M1 (AFM1) are the most common. Over 25 species of Aspergillus have been shown to produce AFs, with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius being the most important and well-known AF-producing fungi. These ubiquitous molds can propagate on agricultural commodities to produce AFs in fields and during harvesting, processing, transportation, and storage. Countries with warmer climates and that produce foods susceptible to AF contamination shoulder a substantial portion of the global AF burden. Pakistan's warm climate promotes the growth of toxigenic fungi, resulting in frequent AF contamination of human foods and animal feeds. The potential for contamination in Pakistan is exacerbated by improper storage conditions and a lack of regulatory limits and enforcement mechanisms. High levels of AFs in common commodities produced in Pakistan are a major food safety problem, posing serious health risks to the population. Furthermore, aflatoxin contamination contributes to economic losses by limiting exports of these commodities. In this review, recent information regarding the fungal producers of AFs, prevalence of AF contamination of foods and feed, current regulations, and AF prevention and removal strategies are summarized, with a major focus on Pakistan.
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9
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Ndiaye S, Zhang M, Fall M, Ayessou NM, Zhang Q, Li P. Current Review of Mycotoxin Biodegradation and Bioadsorption: Microorganisms, Mechanisms, and Main Important Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:729. [PMID: 36355979 PMCID: PMC9694041 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. Food/feed contamination by mycotoxins is a great threat to food safety. The contamination can occur along the food chain and can cause many diseases in humans and animals, and it also can cause economic losses. Many detoxification methods, including physical, chemical, and biological techniques, have been established to eliminate mycotoxins in food/feed. The biological method, with mycotoxin detoxification by microorganisms, is reliable, efficient, less costly, and easy to use compared with physical and chemical ones. However, it is important to discover the metabolite's toxicity resulting from mycotoxin biodegradation. These compounds can be less or more toxic than the parent. On the other hand, mechanisms involved in a mycotoxin's biological control remain still unclear. Mostly, there is little information about the method used by microorganisms to control mycotoxins. Therefore, this article presents an overview of the most toxic mycotoxins and the different microorganisms that have a mycotoxin detoxification ability. At the same time, different screening methods for degradation compound elucidation are given. In addition, the review summarizes mechanisms of mycotoxin biodegradation and gives some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyni Ndiaye
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratoire D’Analyses et D’Essai, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Fann-Dakar 5085, Senegal
| | - Minhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Mouhamed Fall
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nicolas M. Ayessou
- Laboratoire D’Analyses et D’Essai, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Fann-Dakar 5085, Senegal
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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10
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Shabeer S, Asad S, Jamal A, Ali A. Aflatoxin Contamination, Its Impact and Management Strategies: An Updated Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:307. [PMID: 35622554 PMCID: PMC9147583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin, a type of mycotoxin, is mostly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. It is responsible for the loss of billions of dollars to the world economy, by contaminating different crops such as cotton, groundnut, maize, and chilies, and causing immense effects on the health of humans and animals. More than eighteen different types of aflatoxins have been reported to date, and among them, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 are the most prevalent and lethal. Early detection of fungal infection plays a key role in the control of aflatoxin contamination. Therefore, different methods, including culture, chromatographic techniques, and molecular assays, are used to determine aflatoxin contamination in crops and food products. Many countries have set a maximum limit of aflatoxin contamination (2-20 ppb) in their food and agriculture commodities for human or animal consumption, and the use of different methods to combat this menace is essential. Fungal infection mostly takes place during the pre- and post-harvest stage of crops, and most of the methods to control aflatoxin are employed for the latter phase. Studies have shown that if correct measures are adopted during the crop development phase, aflatoxin contamination can be reduced by a significant level. Currently, the use of bio-pesticides is the intervention employed in many countries, whereby atoxigenic strains competitively reduce the burden of toxigenic strains in the field, thereby helping to mitigate this problem. This updated review on aflatoxins sheds light on the sources of contamination, and the on occurrence, impact, detection techniques, and management strategies, with a special emphasis on bio-pesticides to control aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Shabeer
- Crop Diseases Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Shahzad Asad
- Crop Diseases Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Atif Jamal
- Crop Diseases Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Akhtar Ali
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
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11
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Ren X, Branà MT, Haidukowski M, Gallo A, Zhang Q, Logrieco AF, Li P, Zhao S, Altomare C. Potential of Trichoderma spp. for Biocontrol of Aflatoxin-Producing Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020086. [PMID: 35202114 PMCID: PMC8875375 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory action of 20 antagonistic Trichoderma isolates against the aflatoxigenic isolate A. flavus ITEM 9 (Af-9) and their efficacy in reducing aflatoxin formation in vitro were examined. Production of metabolites with inhibitory effect by the Trichoderma isolates was also investigated. Antagonistic effect against Af-9 was assessed by inhibition of radial growth of the colonies and by fungal interactions in dual confrontation tests. A total of 8 out of 20 isolates resulted in a significant growth inhibition of 3-day-old cultures of Af-9, ranging from 13% to 65%. A total of 14 isolates reduced significantly the aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) content of 15-day-old Af-9 cultures; 4 were ineffective, and 2 increased AfB1. Reduction of AfB1 content was up to 84.9% and 71.1% in 7- and 15-day-old cultures, respectively. Since the inhibition of Af-9 growth by metabolites of Trichoderma was not necessarily associated with inhibition of AfB1 production and vice versa, we investigated the mechanism of reduction of AfB1 content at the molecular level by examining two strains: one (T60) that reduced both growth and mycotoxin content; and the other (T44) that reduced mycotoxin content but not Af-9 growth. The expression analyses for the two regulatory genes aflR and aflS, and the structural genes aflA, aflD, aflO and aflQ of the aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster indicated that neither strain was able to downregulate the aflatoxin synthesis, leading to the conclusion that the AfB1 content reduction by these Trichoderma strains was based on other mechanisms, such as enzyme degradation or complexation. Although further studies are envisaged to identify the metabolites involved in the biocontrol of A. flavus and prevention of aflatoxin accumulation, as well as for assessment of the efficacy under controlled and field conditions, Trichoderma spp. qualify as promising agents and possible alternative options to other biocontrol agents already in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Ren
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China;
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Maria Teresa Branà
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.T.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Miriam Haidukowski
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.T.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.G.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (Q.Z.); (P.L.)
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.G.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (Q.Z.); (P.L.)
| | - Shancang Zhao
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China;
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (C.A.); Tel.: +86-27-868-12943 (S.Z.); +39-80-592-9318 (C.A.)
| | - Claudio Altomare
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.T.B.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (C.A.); Tel.: +86-27-868-12943 (S.Z.); +39-80-592-9318 (C.A.)
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12
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Aflatoxin contamination in food crops: causes, detection, and management: a review. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-021-00064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species and molds. Under favorable conditions like high temperature and moisture, they contaminate a large number of food commodities and regional crops during pre and post-harvesting. Aflatoxin is the main mycotoxin that harm animal and human health due to its carcinogenic nature. Aflatoxins are mainly released by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. AFB1 constitutes the most harmful type of aflatoxins and is a potent hepato-carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and it suppresses the immune system. To maintain food safety and to prevent aflatoxin contamination in food crops, combined approaches of using resistant varieties along with recommended farming practices should be followed. This review concentrates on various aspects of mycotoxin contamination in crops and recent methods to prevent or minimize the contamination.
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13
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Yu J, Yang M, Han J, Pang X. Fungal and mycotoxin occurrence, affecting factors, and prevention in herbal medicines: a review. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1925696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Yu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Pang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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14
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Zhang Y, Wu D, Su Y, Xie B. Occurrence, influence and removal strategies of mycotoxins, antibiotics and microplastics in anaerobic digestion treating food waste and co-digestive biosolids: A critical review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 330:124987. [PMID: 33757678 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Food waste anaerobic digestion (FWAD) can be assisted with the co-digestion of manures, agricultural waste, and sewage sludge. Nevertheless, contaminants like mycotoxins, antibiotics, and microplastics (MPs) could be introduced and negatively affect the AD system. Over 180 literatures involved the occurrence, influence and removal strategies of these three types of pollutants in AD were summarized in this review. Aflatoxin B1(AFB1) as the most concerned mycotoxins were poorly degraded and brought about inhibitions in short-term. Considering methanogenesis inhibition and occurrence concentration, the risk of oxytetracycline and norfloxacin were identified as priority among antibiotics. Leaching toxic additives from MPs could be responsible for the AD inhibition, while their materials and sizes could also prolong the acidification and methanation processes in FWAD. Strategies of bioaugmentation technologies and bioreactors to enhance the removal were suggested. Perspectives were provided for a better understanding of the fates of reviewed contaminants and their elimination in FWAD systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation on Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation on Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yinglong Su
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation on Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation on Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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15
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Rodrigues AI, Gudiña EJ, Abrunhosa L, Malheiro AR, Fernandes R, Teixeira JA, Rodrigues LR. Rhamnolipids inhibit aflatoxins production in Aspergillus flavus by causing structural damages in the fungal hyphae and down-regulating the expression of their biosynthetic genes. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 348:109207. [PMID: 33930837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are hepatotoxic and carcinogenic fungal secondary metabolites that usually contaminate crops and represent a serious health hazard for humans and animals worldwide. In this work, the effect of rhamnolipids (RLs) produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa #112 on the growth and aflatoxins production by Aspergillus flavus MUM 17.14 was studied in vitro. At concentrations between 45 and 1500 mg/L, RLs reduced the mycelial growth of A. flavus by 23-40% and the production of aflatoxins by 93.9-99.5%. Purified mono-RLs and di-RLs exhibited a similar inhibitory activity on fungal growth. However, the RL mixture had a stronger inhibitory effect on aflatoxins production at concentrations up to 190 mg/L, probably due to a synergistic effect resulting from the combination of both congeners. Using transmission electron microscopy, it was demonstrated that RLs damaged the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane of the fungus, leading to the loss of intracellular content. This disruptive phenomenon explains the growth inhibition observed. Furthermore, RLs down-regulated the expression of genes aflC, aflE, aflP and aflQ involved in the aflatoxins biosynthetic pathway (6.4, 44.3, 38.1 and 2.0-fold, respectively), which is in agreement with the almost complete inhibition of aflatoxins production. Overall, the results herein gathered demonstrate for the first time that RLs could be used against aflatoxigenic fungi to attenuate the production of aflatoxins, and unraveled some of their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Eduardo J Gudiña
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Luís Abrunhosa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana R Malheiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Fernandes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - José A Teixeira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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16
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Dong X, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Yue X, Zhang L, Chen X, Zhang W, Chen L, Li P. Inhibitory effect ofEnterobacter cloacae 3J1EC onAspergillus flavus 3.4408 growth and aflatoxin production. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020; 13:259-266. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus can easily infect major agricultural products and produce aflatoxin. In this study, we investigated the effect of the biocontrol bacteriumEnterobacter cloacae 3J1EC on the growth ofA. flavus strain 3.4408. The biocontrol bacterium played a key role in preventing infection byA. flavus. E. cloacae 3J1EC was found to inhibit the growth ofA. flavus 3.4408 mycelial pellets and reduce the production of aflatoxin by 96.9%. We found differential expression between the control and the treatment groups in the transcriptome ofA. flavus 3.4408. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated thatE. cloacae 3J1EC induced the down-regulated expression of cellular component and molecular function, while its effects on the up-regulated expression indicated the relationship of biological process and molecular function. Thus, these results suggest thatE. cloacae 3J1EC decreased aflatoxin production via down-regulated gene expression in terms of aflatoxin biosynthesis. In summary,E. cloacae 3J1EC can be employed as an alternative for the biological control ofA. flavus 3.4408.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Dong
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - Q. Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - Z. Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - X. Yue
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - L. Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - X. Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - W. Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - L. Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - P. Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
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17
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Tumukunde E, Ma G, Li D, Yuan J, Qin L, Wang S. Current research and prevention of aflatoxins in China. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1960s, aflatoxins were found to have a considerable impact on the health of humans and animals as well as the country’s economy and international trade. Aflatoxins are often found in nuts, cereals and animal feeds, which has a significant danger to the food industry. Over the years, several steps have been undertaken worldwide to minimise their contamination in crops and their exposure to humans and animals. China is one of the largest exporters and importers of food and animal feed. As a result, many studies have been carried out in China related to aflatoxins, including their distribution, pollution, detection methods, monitoring, testing and managing. Chinese scientists studied aflatoxins in microbiological, toxicological, ecological effects as well as policies relating to their controlling. China has thus put into practice a number of strategies aiming at the prevention and control of aflatoxins in order to protect consumers and ensure a safe trade of food and feed, and the status and enlargement of these strategies are very important and useful for many consumers and stakeholders in China. Therefore, this article aims at the detriment assessments, regulations, distribution, detection methods, prevention and control of aflatoxins in China. It equally provides useful information about the recent safety management systems in place to fight the contamination of aflatoxins in food and feed in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Tumukunde
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - G. Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - D. Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - J. Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - L. Qin
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - S. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
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18
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Ren X, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Mao J, Li P. Control of Aflatoxigenic Molds by Antagonistic Microorganisms: Inhibitory Behaviors, Bioactive Compounds, Related Mechanisms, and Influencing Factors. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E24. [PMID: 31906282 PMCID: PMC7020460 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination has been causing great concern worldwide due to the major economic impact on crop production and their toxicological effects to human and animals. Contamination can occur in the field, during transportation, and also in storage. Post-harvest contamination usually derives from the pre-harvest infection of aflatoxigenic molds, especially aflatoxin-producing Aspergilli such as Aspergillusflavus and A. parasiticus. Many strategies preventing aflatoxigenic molds from entering food and feed chains have been reported, among which biological control is becoming one of the most praised strategies. The objective of this article is to review the biocontrol strategy for inhibiting the growth of and aflatoxin production by aflatoxigenic fungi. This review focuses on comparing inhibitory behaviors of different antagonistic microorganisms including various bacteria, fungi and yeasts. We also reviewed the bioactive compounds produced by microorganisms and the mechanisms leading to inhibition. The key factors influencing antifungal activities of antagonists are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Ren
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.R.); (W.Z.); (J.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.R.); (W.Z.); (J.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.R.); (W.Z.); (J.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jin Mao
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.R.); (W.Z.); (J.M.)
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.R.); (W.Z.); (J.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
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19
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Mwakinyali SE, Ming Z, Xie H, Zhang Q, Li P. Investigation and Characterization of Myroides odoratimimus Strain 3J2MO Aflatoxin B 1 Degradation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4595-4602. [PMID: 30907589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), is a type I carcinogen that is one of the strongest naturally occurring aflatoxins and can be injurious to humans and livestock upon ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact, with carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. It causes significant hazardous effects to the food- and animal-production industries. We found a bacterial strain, 3J2MO, that degraded AFB1 well, and here we tested and characterized its AFB1-degradation ability. The strain degraded about 93.82% of the AFB1 after incubation for 48 h in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium at 37 °C with a final concentration of 100 ppb and an inoculation quantity of 1 × 107 cfu/mL. High-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was used to determine AFB1 amounts. The maximum degradation rates were 89.23% at pH 8.5; 55.78% at an inoculation quantity of 1 × 108 cfu/mL; and 71.50 and 71.21% at 34 and 37 °C, respectively. Treatment with sucrose and soluble starch as carbon sources and beef extract and ammonium acetate as nitrogen sources stimulated the degradation rate. Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions were activators for AFB1 degradation; however, Mn2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ were strong inhibitors. This bacterial strain has potential in bioremediation and the detoxification of aflatoxin contamination for biocontrol strategies in both agricultural products and food-industry matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silivano E Mwakinyali
- Oil Crops Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
- National Food Reserve Agency (NFRA) , Ministry of Agriculture , P.O Box 1050, Dodoma 41000 , United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Zhang Ming
- Oil Crops Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
| | - Huali Xie
- Oil Crops Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
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20
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Ding T, Li T, Li J. Identification of natural product compounds as quorum sensing inhibitors in Pseudomonas fluorescens P07 through virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4088-4099. [PMID: 30100021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens, a Gram-negative psychrotrophic bacteria, is the main microorganism causing spoilage of chilled raw milk and aquatic products. Quorum sensing (QS) widely exists in bacteria to monitor their population densities and regulate numerous physiological activities, such as the secretion of siderophores, swarming motility and biofilm formation. Thus, searching for quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) may be another promising way to control the deterioration of food caused by P. fluorescens. Here, we screened a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) database to discover potential QSIs with lesser toxicity. The gene sequences of LuxI- and LuxR-type proteins of P. fluorescens P07 were obtained through whole-genome sequencing. In addition, the protein structures built by homology modelling were used as targets to screen for QSIs. Twenty-one compounds with a dock score greater than 6 were purchased and tested by biosensor strains (Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens A136). The results showed that 10 of the compounds were determined as hits (hit rate: 66.67%). Benzyl alcohol, rhodinyl formate and houttuynine were effective QSIs. The impact of the most active compound (benzyl alcohol) on the phenotypes of P. fluorescens P07, including swimming and swarming motility, production of extracellular enzymes and siderophores, N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHLs) content and biofilm formation were determined. The inhibitory mechanism of benzyl alcohol on the QS system of P. fluorescens P07 is further discussed. This study reveals the feasibility of searching for novel QSIs through virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ding
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, Liaoning 116600, China
| | - Jianrong Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University; Food Safety Key Lab of Liaoning Province; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China.
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