1
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Suda M, Saito T, Iwahashi N, Regan C, Oka M. Simulating emergence of novelties using agent-based models. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294228. [PMID: 38079435 PMCID: PMC10712848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the growth and evolution of social networks is an important area of study, as these networks form the foundation for many popular online services such as social networking sites (SNS) and online games. However, previous models developed to explain the growth mechanisms of these networks have struggled to accurately reproduce certain behaviors that are frequently observed in real data, such as waves of novelty, in which new individuals or topics receive more attention than existing ones for a short period of time. In this study, we introduce a new model that incorporates context information into existing agent-based models in order to more accurately capture the structure and growth dynamics of these networks. Context information is introduced through labels based on the timing of appearance and relationships with antecedent agents. New agents are first added to the network when they are called by existing agents, and at this time they are also given a label. Agents added to the network at the same time by the same agent will have the same label. These labels are used to classify agents and give them different selection probabilities. This newly introduced selection probability creates a mechanism in which new agents receive attention beyond preferential attachment. By comparing the results of our model with real data on ten metrics, we demonstrate that it is able to produce behavior that more closely resembles real data. This improved understanding of the dynamics of social networks has important implications for designing effective interventions, including strategies for user acquisition and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikihiro Suda
- Grad. School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takumi Saito
- Grad. School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nanami Iwahashi
- Grad. School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ciaran Regan
- Grad. School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mizuki Oka
- Grad. School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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2
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Igamberdiev AU, Gordon R. Macroevolution, differentiation trees, and the growth of coding systems. Biosystems 2023; 234:105044. [PMID: 37783374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
An open process of evolution of multicellular organisms is based on the rearrangement and growth of the program of differentiation that underlies biological morphogenesis. The maintenance of the final (adult) stable non-equilibrium state (stasis) of a developmental system determines the direction of the evolutionary process. This state is achieved via the sequence of differentiation events representable as differentiation trees. A special type of morphogenetic code, acting as a metacode governing gene expression, may include electromechanical signals appearing as differentiation waves. The excessive energy due to the incorporation of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells resulted not only in more active metabolism but also in establishing the differentiation code for interconnecting cells and forming tissues, which fueled the evolutionary process. The "invention" of "continuing differentiation" distinguishes multicellular eukaryotes from other organisms. The Janus-faced control, involving both top-down control by differentiation waves and bottom-up control via the mechanical consequences of cell differentiations, underlies the process of morphogenesis and results in the achievement of functional stable final states. Duplications of branches of the differentiation tree may be the basis for continuing differentiation and macroevolution, analogous to gene duplication permitting divergence of genes. Metamorphoses, if they are proven to be fusions of disparate species, may be classified according to the topology of fusions of two differentiation trees. In the process of unfolding of morphogenetic structures, microevolution can be defined as changes of the differentiation tree that preserve topology of the tree, while macroevolution represents any change that alters the topology of the differentiation tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Richard Gordon
- Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory & Aquarium, 222 Clark Drive, Panacea, FL, 32346, USA.
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3
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Straccamore M, Bruno M, Monechi B, Loreto V. Urban economic fitness and complexity from patent data. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3655. [PMID: 36871046 PMCID: PMC9984762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, the growing availability of extensive datasets about registered patents allowed researchers to get a deeper insight into the drivers of technological innovation. In this work, we investigate how patents' technological contents characterise metropolitan areas' development and how innovation is related to GDP per capita. Exploiting worldwide data from 1980 to 2014, and through network-based techniques that only use information about patents, we identify coherent distinguished groups of metropolitan areas, either clustered in the same geographical area or similar in terms of their economic features. Moreover, we extend the notion of coherent diversification to patent production and show how it is linked to the economic growth of metropolitan areas. Our findings draw a picture in which technological innovation can play a key role in the economic development of urban areas. We contend that the tools introduced in this paper can be used to further explore the interplay between urban growth and technological innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Straccamore
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Via Panisperna 89/A, 00184, Rome, Italy. .,Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,Sony Computer Science Laboratories Paris, 6, Rue Amyot, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Matteo Bruno
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Via Panisperna 89/A, 00184, Rome, Italy.,Sony Computer Science Laboratories Rome, Joint Initiative CREF-Sony, Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Via Panisperna 89/A, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Bernardo Monechi
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories Paris, 6, Rue Amyot, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Vittorio Loreto
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Via Panisperna 89/A, 00184, Rome, Italy.,Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Sony Computer Science Laboratories Paris, 6, Rue Amyot, 75005, Paris, France.,Sony Computer Science Laboratories Rome, Joint Initiative CREF-Sony, Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Via Panisperna 89/A, 00184, Rome, Italy
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4
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5
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Tovo A, Stivanello S, Maritan A, Suweis S, Favaro S, Formentin M. Upscaling human activity data: A statistical ecology approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253461. [PMID: 34197484 PMCID: PMC8248688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Big data require new techniques to handle the information they come with. Here we consider four datasets (email communication, Twitter posts, Wikipedia articles and Gutenberg books) and propose a novel statistical framework to predict global statistics from random samples. More precisely, we infer the number of senders, hashtags and words of the whole dataset and how their abundances (i.e. the popularity of a hashtag) change through scales from a small sample of sent emails per sender, posts per hashtag and word occurrences. Our approach is grounded on statistical ecology as we map inference of human activities into the unseen species problem in biodiversity. Our findings may have applications to resource management in emails, collective attention monitoring in Twitter and language learning process in word databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tovo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica “Tullio Levi-Civita”, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Samuele Stivanello
- Dipartimento di Matematica “Tullio Levi-Civita”, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Amos Maritan
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Samir Suweis
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Favaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Economico-Sociali e Matematico-Statistiche”, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Formentin
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
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6
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Iacopini I, Di Bona G, Ubaldi E, Loreto V, Latora V. Interacting Discovery Processes on Complex Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:248301. [PMID: 33412072 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.248301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Innovation is the driving force of human progress. Recent urn models reproduce well the dynamics through which the discovery of a novelty may trigger further ones, in an expanding space of opportunities, but neglect the effects of social interactions. Here we focus on the mechanisms of collective exploration, and we propose a model in which many urns, representing different explorers, are coupled through the links of a social network and exploit opportunities coming from their contacts. We study different network structures showing, both analytically and numerically, that the pace of discovery of an explorer depends on its centrality in the social network. Our model sheds light on the role that social structures play in discovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Iacopini
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, London W1T 4TJ, United Kingdom
- The Alan Turing Institute, The British Library, London NW1 2DB, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Di Bona
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Scuola Superiore di Catania, Università di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 9, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico Ubaldi
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories, 6 Rue Amyot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vittorio Loreto
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories, 6 Rue Amyot, 75005 Paris, France
- Sapienza University of Rome, Physics Department, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, A-1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vito Latora
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- The Alan Turing Institute, The British Library, London NW1 2DB, United Kingdom
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, A-1080 Vienna, Austria
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia, Università di Catania and INFN, I-95123 Catania, Italy
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7
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Garlaschi S, Fochesato A, Tovo A. Upscaling Statistical Patterns from Reduced Storage in Social and Life Science Big Datasets. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 22:E1084. [PMID: 33286853 PMCID: PMC7597173 DOI: 10.3390/e22101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological and computational advances have enabled the collection of data at an unprecedented rate. On the one hand, the large amount of data suddenly available has opened up new opportunities for new data-driven research but, on the other hand, it has brought into light new obstacles and challenges related to storage and analysis limits. Here, we strengthen an upscaling approach borrowed from theoretical ecology that allows us to infer with small errors relevant patterns of a dataset in its entirety, although only a limited fraction of it has been analysed. In particular we show that, after reducing the input amount of information on the system under study, by applying our framework it is still possible to recover two statistical patterns of interest of the entire dataset. Tested against big ecological, human activity and genomics data, our framework was successful in the reconstruction of global statistics related to both the number of types and their abundances while starting from limited presence/absence information on small random samples of the datasets. These results pave the way for future applications of our procedure in different life science contexts, from social activities to natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Garlaschi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università degli studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Anna Fochesato
- Fondazione The Microsoft Research—University of Trento, Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Piazza Manifattura 1, 38068 Rovereto, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Matematica, Università degli studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Anna Tovo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università degli studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Matematica “Tullio Levi-Civita”, Università degli studi di Padova, Via Trieste 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
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8
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Erwin DH. A conceptual framework of evolutionary novelty and innovation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:1-15. [PMID: 32869437 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since 1990 the recognition of deep homologies among metazoan developmental processes and the spread of more mechanistic approaches to developmental biology have led to a resurgence of interest in evolutionary novelty and innovation. Other evolutionary biologists have proposed central roles for behaviour and phenotypic plasticity in generating the conditions for the construction of novel morphologies, or invoked the accessibility of new regions of vast sequence spaces. These approaches contrast with more traditional emphasis on the exploitation of ecological opportunities as the primary source of novelty. This definitional cornucopia reflects differing stress placed on three attributes of novelties: their radical nature, the generation of new taxa, and ecological and evolutionary impact. Such different emphasis has led to conflating four distinct issues: the origin of novel attributes (genes, developmental processes, phenotypic characters), new functions, higher clades and the ecological impact of new structures and functions. Here I distinguish novelty (the origin of new characters, deep character transformations, or new combinations) from innovation, the ecological and evolutionary success of clades. Evidence from the fossil record of macroevolutionary lags between the origin of a novelty and its ecological success demonstrates that novelty may be decoupled from innovation, and only definitions of novelty based on radicality (rather than generativity or consequentiality) can be assessed without reference to the subsequent history of the clade to which a novelty belongs. These considerations suggest a conceptual framework for novelty and innovation, involving: (i) generation of the potential for novelty; (ii) the formation of novel attributes; (iii) refinement of novelties through adaptation; (iv) exploitation of novelties by a clade, which may coincide with a new round of ecological or environmental potentiation; followed by (v) the establishment of innovations through ecological processes. This framework recognizes that there is little empirical support for either the dominance of ecological opportunity, nor abrupt discontinuities (often caricatured as 'hopeful monsters'). This general framework may be extended to aspects of cultural and social innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121 National Museum of Natural History, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, U.S.A.,Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, U.S.A
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9
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Tria F, Crimaldi I, Aletti G, Servedio VDP. Taylor's Law in Innovation Processes. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 22:e22050573. [PMID: 33286342 PMCID: PMC7517092 DOI: 10.3390/e22050573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Taylor's law quantifies the scaling properties of the fluctuations of the number of innovations occurring in open systems. Urn-based modeling schemes have already proven to be effective in modeling this complex behaviour. Here, we present analytical estimations of Taylor's law exponents in such models, by leveraging on their representation in terms of triangular urn models. We also highlight the correspondence of these models with Poisson-Dirichlet processes and demonstrate how a non-trivial Taylor's law exponent is a kind of universal feature in systems related to human activities. We base this result on the analysis of four collections of data generated by human activity: (i) written language (from a Gutenberg corpus); (ii) an online music website (Last.fm); (iii) Twitter hashtags; (iv) an online collaborative tagging system (Del.icio.us). While Taylor's law observed in the last two datasets agrees with the plain model predictions, we need to introduce a generalization to fully characterize the behaviour of the first two datasets, where temporal correlations are possibly more relevant. We suggest that Taylor's law is a fundamental complement to Zipf's and Heaps' laws in unveiling the complex dynamical processes underlying the evolution of systems featuring innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tria
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Crimaldi
- IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Piazza San Ponziano 6, 55100 Lucca, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Aletti
- ADAMSS Center, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Vito D. P. Servedio
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstädter Strasse 39, A-1080 Vienna, Austria;
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10
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Tinits P, Sobchuk O. Open-ended cumulative cultural evolution of Hollywood film crews. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2020; 2:e26. [PMID: 37588342 PMCID: PMC10427440 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2020.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Are there large-scale trends in art history that surpass individual creativity or relatively short artistic movements? Many theories describe art history as a process similar to a change of fashions, while others suggest that art can be progressive - getting better, in some sense, over time. We approach this question anew with the theory of cumulative cultural evolution, which describes cultural accomplishments in terms of innovations that are maintained across generations and accumulated to support ever greater creative potential. In this paper, we empirically test the possibility for cumulative evolution in the techniques used to make an artistic product. Specifically, we measure the size and structure of the production crews in American films in 1910-2010 based on a dataset of 1000 popular films across the century. We find that film crews become exponentially more complex, with a growing set of core jobs, and more innovative in creating new jobs in filmmaking. Our study shows that art history can be cumulative, showing the progressive maintenance of innovative techniques, and thus providing an alternative to the widespread view of art history as a mere fluctuation of trends and fashions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeter Tinits
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- School of Humanities, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Oleg Sobchuk
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Cultural Research, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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11
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Abstract
Predicting innovation is a peculiar problem in data science. Following its definition, an innovation is always a never-seen-before event, leaving no room for traditional supervised learning approaches. Here we propose a strategy to address the problem in the context of innovative patents, by defining innovations as never-seen-before associations of technologies and exploiting self-supervised learning techniques. We think of technological codes present in patents as a vocabulary and the whole technological corpus as written in a specific, evolving language. We leverage such structure with techniques borrowed from Natural Language Processing by embedding technologies in a high dimensional euclidean space where relative positions are representative of learned semantics. Proximity in this space is an effective predictor of specific innovation events, that outperforms a wide range of standard link-prediction metrics. The success of patented innovations follows a complex dynamics characterized by different patterns which we analyze in details with specific examples. The methods proposed in this paper provide a completely new way of understanding and forecasting innovation, by tackling it from a revealing perspective and opening interesting scenarios for a number of applications and further analytic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tacchella
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Seville, Spain
- Institute for Complex Systems, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Napoletano
- Institute for Complex Systems, CNR, Rome, Italy
- Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Pietronero
- Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Compendio del Viminale, Rome, Italy
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12
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Efficient team structures in an open-ended cooperative creativity experiment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22088-22093. [PMID: 31611417 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909827116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Creativity is progressively acknowledged as the main driver for progress in all sectors of humankind's activities: arts, science, technology, business, and social policies. Nowadays, many creative processes rely on many actors collectively contributing to an outcome. The same is true when groups of people collaborate in the solution of a complex problem. Despite the critical importance of collective actions in human endeavors, few works have tackled this topic extensively and quantitatively. Here we report about an experimental setting to single out some of the key determinants of efficient teams committed to an open-ended creative task. In this experiment, dynamically forming teams were challenged to create several artworks using LEGO bricks. The growth rate of the artworks, the dynamical network of social interactions, and the interaction patterns between the participants and the artworks were monitored in parallel. The experiment revealed that larger working teams are building at faster rates and that higher commitment leads to higher growth rates. Even more importantly, there exists an optimal number of weak ties in the social network of creators that maximizes the growth rate. Finally, the presence of influencers within the working team dramatically enhances the building efficiency. The generality of the approach makes it suitable for application in very different settings, both physical and online, whenever a creative collective outcome is required.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H. Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico
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14
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Lin H, Vartanian O. A Neuroeconomic Framework for Creative Cognition. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018; 13:655-677. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691618794945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroeconomics is the study of the neurobiological bases of subjective preferences and choices. We present a novel framework that synthesizes findings from the literatures on neuroeconomics and creativity to provide a neurobiological description of creative cognition. We propose that value-based decision-making processes and activity in the locus ceruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) neuromodulatory system underlie creative cognition, as well as the large-scale brain network dynamics shown to be associated with creativity. This reconceptualization leads to several falsifiable hypotheses that can further understanding of creativity, decision making, and brain network dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hause Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
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15
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Zipf's, Heaps' and Taylor's Laws are Determined by the Expansion into the Adjacent Possible. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20100752. [PMID: 33265841 PMCID: PMC7512314 DOI: 10.3390/e20100752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zipf’s, Heaps’ and Taylor’s laws are ubiquitous in many different systems where innovation processes are at play. Together, they represent a compelling set of stylized facts regarding the overall statistics, the innovation rate and the scaling of fluctuations for systems as diverse as written texts and cities, ecological systems and stock markets. Many modeling schemes have been proposed in literature to explain those laws, but only recently a modeling framework has been introduced that accounts for the emergence of those laws without deducing the emergence of one of the laws from the others or without ad hoc assumptions. This modeling framework is based on the concept of adjacent possible space and its key feature of being dynamically restructured while its boundaries get explored, i.e., conditional to the occurrence of novel events. Here, we illustrate this approach and show how this simple modeling framework, instantiated through a modified Pólya’s urn model, is able to reproduce Zipf’s, Heaps’ and Taylor’s laws within a unique self-consistent scheme. In addition, the same modeling scheme embraces other less common evolutionary laws (Hoppe’s model and Dirichlet processes) as particular cases.
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16
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Iacopini I, Milojević S, Latora V. Network Dynamics of Innovation Processes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:048301. [PMID: 29437427 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.048301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a model for the emergence of innovations, in which cognitive processes are described as random walks on the network of links among ideas or concepts, and an innovation corresponds to the first visit of a node. The transition matrix of the random walk depends on the network weights, while in turn the weight of an edge is reinforced by the passage of a walker. The presence of the network naturally accounts for the mechanism of the "adjacent possible," and the model reproduces both the rate at which novelties emerge and the correlations among them observed empirically. We show this by using synthetic networks and by studying real data sets on the growth of knowledge in different scientific disciplines. Edge-reinforced random walks on complex topologies offer a new modeling framework for the dynamics of correlated novelties and are another example of coevolution of processes and networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Iacopini
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- The Alan Turing Institute, The British Library, London NW1 2DB, United Kingdom
| | - Staša Milojević
- Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA
| | - Vito Latora
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia, Università di Catania and INFN, I-95123 Catania, Italy
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