1
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Limavady A, Tu IT, Bedford H. Guarding the gatekeepers: a comprehensive approach to control nosocomial measles. Infection 2024; 52:1195-1206. [PMID: 38353874 PMCID: PMC11289298 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite substantial vaccination progress, persistent measles outbreaks challenge global elimination efforts, particularly within healthcare settings. In this paper, we critically review the factors contributing to measles outbreak and effective control measures for nosocomial transmission of measles. METHODS We systematically searched electronic databases for articles up to 17th May, 2023. This was performed by two independent reviewers, with any disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. We also searched governmental and international health agencies for relevant studies. RESULTS Forty relevant articles were systematically reviewed, revealing key factors fuelling measles outbreak in healthcare settings, including high transmissibility capability; high intensity exposure; delayed care; failure to use protective equipment and implement control measures; vaccine failure; unclear immunisation history and lack of registries; and lacking recommendation on healthcare workers' (HCWs) measles vaccination. To combat these challenges, successful control strategies were identified which include early notification of outbreak and contact tracing; triaging all cases and setting up dedicated isolation unit; strengthening protective equipment use and physical measures; improving case detection; determining immunity status of HCWs; establishing policy for measles vaccination for HCWs; management of exposed personnel; and developing a pre-incident response plan. CONCLUSION A coordinated and comprehensive approach is essential to promptly identify and manage measles cases within healthcare settings, necessitating multifactorial strategies tailored to individual settings. These findings provide a valuable foundation for refining strategies to achieve and maintain measles elimination status in healthcare environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Limavady
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - I-Ting Tu
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Bedford
- Population, Policy and Practice Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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2
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Rachlin A, Hampton LM, Rota PA, Mulders MN, Papania M, Goodson JL, Krause LK, Hanson M, Osborn J, Kelly-Cirino C, Evans B, Sinha A, Warrener L, Featherstone D, Brown D. Use of Measles and Rubella Rapid Diagnostic Tests to Improve Case Detection and Targeting of Vaccinations. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:823. [PMID: 39203949 PMCID: PMC11360261 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Efforts to control and eliminate measles and rubella are aided by high-quality surveillance data-supported by laboratory confirmation-to guide decision-making on routine immunization strategies and locations for conducting preventive supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) and outbreak response. Important developments in rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for measles and rubella present new opportunities for the global measles and rubella surveillance program to greatly improve the ability to rapidly detect and respond to outbreaks. Here, we review the status of RDTs for measles and rubella Immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing, as well as ongoing questions and challenges regarding the operational use and deployment of RDTs as part of global measles and rubella surveillance. Efforts to develop IgM RDTs that can be produced at scale are underway. Once validated RDTs are available, clear information on the benefits, challenges, and costs of their implementation will be critical for shaping deployment guidance and informing country plans for sustainably deploying such tests. The wide availability of RDTs could provide new programmatic options for measles and rubella elimination efforts, potentially enabling improvements and flexibility for testing, surveillance, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Rachlin
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Lee M. Hampton
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Paul A. Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Mick N. Mulders
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mark Papania
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - James L. Goodson
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Matt Hanson
- Sound Global Health Consulting, LLC, Seattle, WA 98199, USA
| | - Jennifer Osborn
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), 1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Beth Evans
- Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Global Health Campus, 1218 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antara Sinha
- Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Global Health Campus, 1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lenesha Warrener
- Public Health Microbiology Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | | | - David Brown
- Public Health Microbiology Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London NW9 5EQ, UK
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses, Exanthematics, Enteroviruses and Viral Emergencies (LVRE), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
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3
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Filardo TD, Crooke SN, Bankamp B, Raines K, Mathis AD, Lanzieri TM, Beard RS, Perelygina L, Sugerman DE, Rota PA. Measles and Rubella Diagnostic and Classification Challenges in Near- and Post-Elimination Countries. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:697. [PMID: 38932426 PMCID: PMC11209053 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Measles and rubella are vaccine-preventable viral diseases and can be prevented by safe, highly effective vaccination with measles- and rubella-containing vaccines. Given the myriad causes of febrile exanthems, laboratory surveillance for both measles and rubella is important to document the incidence of these diseases and to track the progress and maintenance of elimination in near- and post-elimination settings. Diagnostic challenges can hinder effective surveillance and classification challenges can hinder efforts to demonstrate achievement or maintenance of elimination. In this report, we review diagnostic and classification challenges for measles and rubella in near- and post-elimination settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Filardo
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (S.N.C.); (B.B.); (K.R.); (A.D.M.); (T.M.L.); (R.S.B.); (L.P.); (D.E.S.); (P.A.R.)
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4
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Zubach V, Beirnes J, Hayes S, Severini A, Hiebert J. Diagnostic accuracy of commercially available serological tests for the detection of measles and rubella viruses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0133923. [PMID: 38275299 PMCID: PMC10865830 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01339-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Measles and rubella serological diagnoses are done by IgM detection. The World Health Organization Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network previously endorsed Siemens Enzygnost enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay kits, which have been discontinued. A recommended replacement has not been determined. We aimed to search for suitable replacements by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of IgM detection methods that are currently available for measles and rubella. A systematic literature search was performed in Medline, Embase, Global Health, Cochrane Central, and Scopus on March 22 and on 27 September 2023. Studies reporting measles and/or rubella IgM detection with terms around diagnostic accuracy were included. Risk of bias was assessed using QUADAS tools. Meta-DiSc and R were used for statistical analysis. Clinical samples totalling 5,579 from 28 index tests were included in the measles meta-analysis. Sensitivity and specificity of the individual measles studies ranged from 0.50 to 1.00 and 0.53 to 1.00, respectively. Pooled sensitivity and specificity of all measles IgM detection methods were 0.94 (CI: 0.90-0.97) and 0.94 (CI: 0.91-0.97), respectively. Clinical samples totalling 4,983 from 15 index tests were included in the rubella meta-analysis. Sensitivity and specificity of the individual rubella studies ranged from 0.78 to 1.00 and 0.52 to 1.00, respectively. Pooled sensitivity and specificity of all rubella IgM detection methods were 0.97 (CI: 0.93-0.98) and 0.96 (CI: 0.93-0.98), respectively. Although more studies would be ideal, our results may provide valuable information when selecting IgM detection methods for measles and/or rubella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zubach
- Viral Exanthemata and STD Section, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, JC Wilt infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jennifer Beirnes
- Viral Exanthemata and STD Section, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, JC Wilt infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shannon Hayes
- Corporate Services Branch, Health Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alberto Severini
- Viral Exanthemata and STD Section, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, JC Wilt infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Joanne Hiebert
- Viral Exanthemata and STD Section, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, JC Wilt infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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5
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Durrheim DN, Murray P, Turner N. Resurgent global measles: A threat to Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Island Countries. J Paediatr Child Health 2024; 60:73-75. [PMID: 38426362 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- David N Durrheim
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Murray
- Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nikki Turner
- Deparment of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Yılmaz TD, Üçeş Harmanoğulları L. Infectious Diseases and Migration: Measles Cases in a Province, Turkey Before and After the Pandemic. GÜNCEL PEDIATRI 2022. [DOI: 10.4274/jcp.2022.82246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of eight commercial assays for the detection of rubella virus specific IgM antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 60:e0159721. [PMID: 34705533 PMCID: PMC8769748 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01597-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome are caused by the rubella virus and are preventable through vaccination, making disease eradication possible. Monitoring of progress toward global eradication and local elimination requires high-quality, sensitive disease surveillance that includes laboratory confirmation of cases. Previous evaluations of anti-rubella IgM detection methods resulted in the broad adoption of the Enzygnost (most recently manufactured by Siemens) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits within WHO’s global measles and rubella laboratory network, but they have been discontinued. This study evaluated seven comparable ELISAs from six manufacturers (Trinity Biotech, Euroimmun, Clin-Tech, NovaTec and Virion\Serion) as well as one automated chemiluminescent assay (CLIA) from DiaSorin. These assays include three IgM capture assays and five indirect ELISAs. A panel of 238 sera was used for the evaluation that included 38 archival rubella IgM-positive sera and 200 sera collected from patients with symptomatically similar diseases, such as measles, dengue, parvovirus B19 infection, and roseola. With this panel of sera, the sensitivity of the methods ranged from 63.2% to 100% and the specificity from 80.0% to 99.5%. No single method had both sensitivity and specificity of >90%, unless sera with equivocal results were considered presumptively positive. Some assays, particularly the Serion ELISA, had a large number of false positives with parvovirus B19 IgM-positive sera as well as sera from confirmed measles cases. The performance characteristics identified in this evaluation serve as a reminder to not rely solely on rubella IgM results for case confirmation in elimination settings.
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8
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Evaluation of Diagnostic Accuracy of Eight Commercial Assays for the Detection of Measles Virus-Specific IgM Antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.03161-20. [PMID: 33731415 PMCID: PMC8315954 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03161-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has targeted measles for global eradication through mass immunization. For effective monitoring of eradication targets, high-quality surveillance is needed. The detection of IgM antibodies, specific to the measles virus, with the use of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA or EIA) is broadly used within the WHO global measles and rubella laboratory network for laboratory confirmation, and in particular, ELISA kits manufactured by Siemens (Enzygnost kits) have been primarily used. Spurred by the discontinuation of these kits, this study aims to report on the clinical sensitivity and specificity of comparable commercial ELISA kits and one automated chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) method. A panel of 239 serum samples was assembled that included sera from confirmed measles cases (n = 50) and probable post-MMR vaccine response (n = 2). Measles-negative sera (n = 187) were collected from individuals presenting with other fever and rash illnesses. A total of 7 ELISA kits (Euroimmun native antigens and recombinant nucleoprotein, IBL, Clin-Tech Microimmune, NovaTec NovaLisa, Serion, and Siemens Enzygnost) and one CLIA method (DiaSorin LIAISON XL) were evaluated. The ELISA kits included two IgM capture methods and five indirect methods. Calculated sensitivities and specificities ranged from 75.0% to 98.1% and 86.6% to 99.5%, respectively. The parvovirus B19 IgM positive sera were noted to cause false-positive results, particularly for the ELISA kits from Serion and NovaLisa; specificities for this subset of samples ranged from 51.4% to 100.0%. The capture IgM ELISA methods provided the best combination of sensitivity and specificity.
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9
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Performance of Four IgM Antibody Assays in the Diagnosis of Measles Virus Primary Infection and Cases with a Serological Profile Indicating Reinfection. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.02047-20. [PMID: 33627321 PMCID: PMC8091831 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02047-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The object of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of four commercially available IgM tests in the diagnosis of measles virus (MeV) primary infection and cases with a serological profile indicating reinfection. Sera from 187 patients with MeV primary infection, 30 patients with suspected reinfection (after vaccine failure), and 153 patients with rash-like symptoms after exclusion of MeV infection were retested with four IgM tests. The object of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of four commercially available IgM tests in the diagnosis of measles virus (MeV) primary infection and cases with a serological profile indicating reinfection. Sera from 187 patients with MeV primary infection, 30 patients with suspected reinfection (after vaccine failure), and 153 patients with rash-like symptoms after exclusion of MeV infection were retested with four IgM tests. MeV infection was verified by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and primary and suspected reinfections were differentiated by IgG avidity and neutralization assays. All IgM assays displayed significant agreement (Cohen’s κ, ≥0.604; all P < 0.001) and a higher diagnostic accuracy in primary infection than in suspected reinfection (indicated by high IgG avidity and significantly higher anti-MeV-IgG and neutralizing titers). In the overall cohort, the areas under the curve (AUC) were comparable among all tests, ranging from 0.875 to 0.931, with ranges increasing to 0.911 to 0.930 in the primary infection and decreasing to 0.765 to 0.940 in the setting of high anti-MeV-IgG avidity, and all tests displayed high specificity (81.1 to 92.2%). Of note, IgM tests with the highest diagnostic accuracy had discriminatory abilities not significantly different than PCR from serum. Although reinfections pose a challenge for IgM testing, IgM assays remain a cornerstone in the diagnosis of MeV infections. Especially in samples with a serological profile indicating reinfections, IgM tests displayed an equal or even superior diagnostic ability compared to PCR from serum.
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10
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Broadhurst MJ, Garamani N, Hahn Z, Jiang B, Weber J, Huang C, Sahoo MK, Kurzer J, Hogan CA, Pinsky BA. Evaluation of a measles virus multiplex, triple-target real-time RT-PCR in three specimen matrices at a U.S. academic medical center. J Clin Virol 2021; 136:104757. [PMID: 33639409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles virus (MeV) is an important cause of acute febrile illness and pediatric mortality globally, with recent U.S. outbreaks associated with under-vaccination. MeV is highly contagious and timely diagnosis is critical to limit spread. RNA detection is the most sensitive method for acute measles diagnosis; however, MeV nucleic acid amplification assays are not widely available. METHODS We performed a diagnostic accuracy study of a triple-target, real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assay for simultaneous detection of MeV N, H, and L genes. RESULTS The MeV triple-target rRT-PCR was tested against serial dilutions (7.0-2.0 log10 copies/mL) of five MeV isolates representing circulating genotypes, and detected 98.7% (74/75) of nasopharyngeal (NP) swab dilutions, 100% (75/75) of plasma dilutions, and 85.3% (64/75) of urine dilutions. MeV RNA detection in urine was markedly improved with the addition of a nucleic acid stabilizing agent. A 95% lower limit of detection (LLOD) of < 3.0 log10 copies/mL was established in each specimen matrix. No cross-reactivity with relevant viruses or interfering substances were identified in specificity studies. The MeV triple-target rRT-PCR detected all three gene targets in a clinical NP swab from an individual with confirmed measles infection. Furthermore, pooled testing from 798 influenza A/B/RSV-negative pediatric NP swabs identified two specimens positive for MeV RNA, confirmed by N gene sequencing to represent shedding of the vaccine-type measles virus. CONCLUSIONS The MeV triple-target rRT-PCR assay showed high analytic sensitivity across circulating MeV genotypes in three clinically-relevant matrices. Implementation of this assay in the clinical laboratory may facilitate timely diagnosis of acute measles infection and implementation of appropriate infection control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jana Broadhurst
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Natasha Garamani
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Zoe Hahn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Becky Jiang
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, California, United States
| | - Jenna Weber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - ChunHong Huang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Malaya K Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Jason Kurzer
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Catherine A Hogan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States; Clinical Virology Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, California, United States
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States; Clinical Virology Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, California, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States.
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11
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Gibney KB, Attwood LO, Nicholson S, Tran T, Druce J, Healy J, Strachan J, Franklin L, Hall R, Cross GB. Emergence of Attenuated Measles Illness Among IgG-positive/IgM-negative Measles Cases: Victoria, Australia, 2008-2017. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1060-1067. [PMID: 31056637 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waning measles immunity among vaccinated individuals may result in an attenuated illness. This study compares the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory profile of measles cases with waning immunity with other measles cases. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction-positive (+) measles cases notified to Victoria's Department of Health and Human Services from 2008 to 2017 with immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG tested at diagnosis were classified according to serology at diagnosis: IgG negative (-) (nonimmune), IgM+/IgG+ (indeterminate), or IgM-/IgG+ (waning immunity). RESULTS Between 2008 and 2017, 297 measles cases were notified, of whom 190 (64%) were included; 151 of 190 (79%) were nonimmune at diagnosis, 26 (14%) were indeterminate, and 13 (7%) had waning immunity. Between 2008-2013 and 2014-2017, the proportion of cases with waning immunity increased from 0 of 87 (0%) to 13 of 103 (13%) (P < .001) and the diagnostic sensitivity of initial IgM fell from 93% to 81% (P = .012), respectively. Seven (54%) waning immunity cases reported receiving measles-containing vaccines; 1 case had 2 documented doses. Compared with nonimmune and indeterminate cases, waning immunity cases were more likely to be male; less likely to report fever, coryza, and cough; and had lower burden of virus (higher cycle threshold values). Waning immunity cases had higher IgG titers than indeterminate cases (mean optical density values, 1.96 vs 0.71; P = .004). Onward transmission from 1 waning immunity case was documented. CONCLUSIONS Waning immunity among measles cases, associated with secondary vaccine failure and modified clinical illness, is emerging in Victoria with transmission potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Gibney
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy O Attwood
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suellen Nicholson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Tran
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julia Healy
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janet Strachan
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucinda Franklin
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Hall
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gail B Cross
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.,Department of Infectious Diseases, National University Hospital, Singapore
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12
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Brown DW, Warrener L, Scobie HM, Donadel M, Waku-Kouomou D, Mulders MN, Rota PA. Rapid diagnostic tests to address challenges for global measles surveillance. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 41:77-84. [PMID: 32615510 PMCID: PMC7492366 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a lateral flow rapid diagnostic test (RDT) with good accuracy has been described. This test enables measles specific IgM antibody detection in serum, capillary blood and oral fluid. RDTs have the potential to transform measles surveillance by allowing real-time case confirmation outside of central/regional laboratories and by facilitating a timely public health response. Measles virus genes can also be amplified and sequenced consistently from dried IgM-positive RDTs stored outside of cold chain, which will enable more complete virologic surveillance. Critical questions remain regarding operational use of RDTs as part of global measles surveillance. Projects to evaluate RDT use as part of national surveillance programs and to commercialize the RDT are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Brown
- Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK; Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Lenesha Warrener
- Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Heather M Scobie
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Morgane Donadel
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Mick N Mulders
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul A Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Eshtiaghi P, Weinstein M. Where in the World Did You Get That Rash? Pediatr Rev 2020; 41:184-195. [PMID: 32238547 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2018-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panteha Eshtiaghi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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den Hartog G, van Binnendijk R, Buisman AM, Berbers GAM, van der Klis FRM. Immune surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:327-339. [PMID: 32223469 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1745071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunesurveillance is an important tool to monitor the protection of the population against vaccine-preventable diseases, which is currently mostly based on the detection of specific serum antibodies. However, the landscape of immune surveillance is changing, driven by emerging and evolving pathogens, changes in the age distribution of the population and scientific understanding of protective immunity, necessitating a comprehensive review. AREAS COVERED To anticipate these changes, reliable and high-throughput detection of antibody levels is desired to enable screening in larger population settings. Antibody levels alone do not always equate with protection and may require additional functional testing of the antibodies or immune cell-based assays. In addition, the location (systemic or locally mucosal) of the infection and whether the antibodies are induced through infection or vaccination have implications for both immune protection and assessing immune status. EXPERT COMMENTARY In order to perform multicenter studies on many samples for multiple antigens, more validated reference materials and wider adoption of high-throughput techniques are needed. The field of serosurveillance will also benefit from better correlates of protection and understanding of (local) mechanisms of protection. Here we give an overview of the current state-of-the-art of serosurveillance and how the field could move forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerco den Hartog
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Buisman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Guy A M Berbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona R M van der Klis
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the epidemiology, natural history, evaluation, and prevention of rubella infection during pregnancy. This will aid obstetric care providers in counseling their patients regarding potentially devastating effects on the developing fetus and the importance of vaccinating susceptible women as appropriate. OUTCOMES Outcomes evaluated include fetal rubella infection, maternal seroconversion and response to rubella-containing vaccines. EVIDENCE Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for articles in English on subjects related to rubella infection during pregnancy betweenn 1985 and 2017. Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. Other (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology assessment-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. VALUATION METHODS The quality of the evidence is rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table 1). Recommendations for practice are ranked according to the method described in this Report. GUIDELINE UPDATE The guideline will be reviewed 5 years after publication to decide if an update is required. However, if important new evidence is published prior to the 5-year cycle, the review process may be accelerated for a more rapid update of some recommendations SPONSOR: Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. RECOMMENDATIONS
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Moss W. Measles in Vaccinated Individuals and the Future of Measles Elimination. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:1320-1321. [PMID: 29878095 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William Moss
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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17
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Boucoiran I, Castillo E. No 368 - La rubéole durant la grossesse. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2018; 40:1657-1668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Gastañaduy PA, Banerjee E, DeBolt C, Bravo-Alcántara P, Samad SA, Pastor D, Rota PA, Patel M, Crowcroft NS, Durrheim DN. Public health responses during measles outbreaks in elimination settings: Strategies and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2222-2238. [PMID: 29932850 PMCID: PMC6207419 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1474310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In late September 2016, the Americas became the first region in the world to have eliminated endemic transmission of measles virus. Several other countries have also verified measles elimination, and countries in all six World Health Organization regions have adopted measles elimination goals. The public health strategies used to respond to measles outbreaks in elimination settings are thus becoming relevant to more countries. This review highlights the strategies used to limit measles spread in elimination settings: (1) assembly of an outbreak control committee; (2) isolation of measles cases while infectious; (3) exclusion and quarantining of individuals without evidence of immunity; (4) vaccination of susceptible individuals; (5) use of immunoglobulin to prevent measles in exposed susceptible high-risk persons; (6) and maintaining laboratory proficiency for confirmation of measles. Deciding on the extent of containment efforts should be based on the expected benefit of reactive interventions, balanced against the logistical challenges in implementing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Gastañaduy
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Banerjee
- Vaccine Preventable Disease Surveillance Unit, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Chas DeBolt
- Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Pamela Bravo-Alcántara
- Comprehensive Family Immunization Unit, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Desiree Pastor
- Comprehensive Family Immunization Unit, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul A. Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Natasha S. Crowcroft
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David N. Durrheim
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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