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Contemori G, Saccani MS, Bonato M. Cognitive-Cognitive Dual-task in aging: A cross-sectional online study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302152. [PMID: 38848421 PMCID: PMC11161073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly dementia, is on the rise across many countries worldwide. This negative trend calls for improving our understanding of cognitive aging. While motor-cognitive dual-task approaches have already been proven valuable for clinical diagnosis, comparatively less research is available on the application of Cognitive-Cognitive Dual-Tasking (CCDT), across several cognitive domains. Moreover, there is limited understanding about how healthy aging affects performance in such dual-tasks in the general population. CCDT entails engaging individuals in multiple cognitive tasks simultaneously and holds promise for remote e-Health interventions. In this cross-sectional study, our objective was to evaluate the suitability of a newly developed, self-administered, online tool for examining age-related differences in memory performance under dual-tasking. 337 healthy adults aged 50-90 underwent a visual memory test (Memo) under both single and dual-task conditions (attend to auditory letters). Additional measures included questionnaires on subjective memory complaints (MAC-Q), on cognitive reserve (CR), and a cognitive screening (auto-GEMS). As expected, the accuracy of visual memory performance exhibited a negative correlation with age and MAC-Q, and a positive correlation with CR and auto-GEMS scores. Dual-tasking significantly impaired performance, and its detrimental effect decreased with increasing age. Furthermore, the protective effect of cognitive reserve diminished with advancing age. These findings suggest that the commonly observed age-related increase in dual-task costs is not universally applicable across all tasks and cognitive domains. With further refinement, a longitudinal implementation of this approach may assist in identifying individuals with a distinct cognitive trajectory and potentially at a higher risk of developing cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Contemori
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia Saccani
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Bonato
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy
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Kartal Özcan E, Karabulut M, Karakoç K, Müjdeci B. Is There an Association Between Self-Reported Dual-Task Performance and Fear of Falling in Older Adults? J Aging Phys Act 2024; 32:370-375. [PMID: 38262398 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2023-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Is there an association between self-reported dual-task performance and fear of falling in older adults? BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Fear of falling tends to increase with age and can negatively impact dual-task abilities, leading to potential declines in overall quality of life. Therefore, it becomes crucial to evaluate dual-task performance in older adults, particularly prior to the onset of fear of falling. This study aims to investigate the potential association between self-reported dual-task performance and fear of falling in older adults. METHODS A total of 51 individuals (19 females and 32 males) were recruited. The participants met the inclusion criteria were administered the Dual-Task Questionnaire (DTQ), Falls Efficiency Scale International, and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. Multiple linear regression was performed to predict DTQ scores based on age, body mass index, and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. RESULTS A moderate positive correlation was found between Falls Efficiency Scale International scores and self-reported DTQ scores (r: .448, p: .001). Age, body mass index, and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly were not found to be significant predictors of DTQ scores. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a moderate positive association between fear of falling and self-reported dual-task performance in older adults. A direct relationship between physical activity performance, fear of falling, and self-reported dual-task performance was observed among older adults. Significance/Implications: Integrating self-reported measures like the DTQ in clinical evaluations can provide valuable insights into dual-task abilities of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Kartal Özcan
- Department of Audiology, Gulhane Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Karabulut
- Division of Balance Disorders, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kürşad Karakoç
- Audiology and Speech Pathology Doctoral Programme, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Müjdeci
- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
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Ou ZT, Ding Q, Yao ST, Zhang L, Li YW, Lan Y, Xu GQ. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy evidence of cognitive-motor interference in different dual tasks. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:3045-3060. [PMID: 38576168 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Dual tasks (DTs) combining walking with a cognitive task can cause various levels of cognitive-motor interference, depending on which brain resources are recruited in each case. However, the brain activation and functional connectivity underlying cognitive-motor interferences remain to be elucidated. Therefore, this study investigated the neural correlation during different DT conditions in 40 healthy young adults (mean age: 27.53 years, 28 women). The DTs included walking during subtraction or N-Back tasks. Cognitive-motor interference was calculated, and brain activation and functional connectivity were analysed. Portable functional near-infrared spectroscopy was utilized to monitor haemodynamics in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), motor cortex and parietal cortex during each task. Walking interference (decrease in walking speed during DT) was greater than cognitive interference (decrease in cognitive performance during DT), regardless of the type of task. Brain activation in the bilateral PFC and parietal cortex was greater for walking during subtraction than for standing subtraction. Furthermore, brain activation was higher in the bilateral motor and parietal and PFCs for walking during subtraction than for walking alone, but only increased in the PFC for walking during N-Back. Coherence between the bilateral lateral PFC and between the left lateral PFC and left motor cortex was significantly greater for walking during 2-Back than for walking. The PFC, a critical brain region for organizing cognitive and motor functions, played a crucial role in integrating information coming from multiple brain networks required for completing DTs. Therefore, the PFC could be a potential target for the modulation and improvement of cognitive-motor functions during neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Tong Ou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan-Tong Yao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Wen Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Qing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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de Aquino Costa Sousa T, Gagnon IJ, Li KZH, McFadyen BJ, Lamontagne A. Exploring the challenges of avoiding collisions with virtual pedestrians using a dual-task paradigm in individuals with chronic moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:80. [PMID: 38755606 PMCID: PMC11097498 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-024-01378-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with a moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (m/sTBI), despite experiencing good locomotor recovery six months post-injury, face challenges in adapting their locomotion to the environment. They also present with altered cognitive functions, which may impact dual-task walking abilities. Whether they present collision avoidance strategies with moving pedestrians that are altered under dual-task conditions, however, remains unclear. This study aimed to compare between individuals with m/sTBI and age-matched control individuals: (1), the locomotor and cognitive costs associated with the concurrent performance of circumventing approaching virtual pedestrians (VRPs) while attending to an auditory-based cognitive task and; (2) gaze behaviour associated with the VRP circumvention task in single and dual-task conditions. METHODOLOGY Twelve individuals with m/sTBI (age = 43.3 ± 9.5 yrs; >6 mo. post injury) and 12 healthy controls (CTLs) (age = 41.8 ± 8.3 yrs) were assessed while walking in a virtual subway station viewed in a head-mounted display. They performed a collision avoidance task with VRPs, as well as auditory-based cognitive tasks (pitch discrimination and auditory Stroop), both under single and dual-task conditions. Dual-task cost (DTC) for onset distance of trajectory deviation, minimum distance from the VRP, maximum lateral deviation, walking speed, gaze fixations and cognitive task accuracy were contrasted between groups using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS In contrast to CTLs who showed locomotor DTCs only, individuals with m/sTBI displayed both locomotor and cognitive DTCs. While both groups walked slower under dual-task conditions, only individuals with m/sTBI failed to modify their onset distance of trajectory deviation and maintained smaller minimum distances and smaller maximum lateral deviation compared to single-task walking. Both groups showed shorter gaze fixations on the approaching VRP under dual-task conditions, but this reduction was less pronounced in the individuals with m/sTBI. A reduction in cognitive task accuracy under dual-task conditions was found in the m/sTBI group only. CONCLUSION Individuals with m/sTBI present altered locomotor and gaze behaviours, as well as altered cognitive performances, when executing a collision avoidance task involving moving pedestrians in dual-task conditions. Potential mechanisms explaining those alterations are discussed. Present findings highlight the compromised complex walking abilities in individuals with m/sTBI who otherwise present a good locomotor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago de Aquino Costa Sousa
- School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital - CISSS Laval, Site of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), 3205 Place Alton-Goldbloom, Laval, QC, H7V 1R2, Canada.
| | - Isabelle J Gagnon
- School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Trauma/Child Development, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Karen Z H Li
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Research in Human Development, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bradford J McFadyen
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS Capitale Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Anouk Lamontagne
- School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital - CISSS Laval, Site of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), 3205 Place Alton-Goldbloom, Laval, QC, H7V 1R2, Canada
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Brauner FDO, Oliveira M, Hausen DO, Schiavo A, Balbinot G, Mestriner RG. Association Between Depressive Symptoms, Cognitive Status, and the Dual-Task Performance Index in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Aging Phys Act 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38729617 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2023-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The Performance Index (P-Index) is a measure for evaluating mobility-related dual-task performance in older adults. The identification of specific clinicodemographic factors predictive of P-Index scores, however, remains unclear. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 120 community-dwelling older adults (average age 71.3 ± 11.23 years) to explore clinicodemographic variables that influence P-Index scores during the instrumented timed up and go test. Unadjusted analyses suggested several factors, including age, gender, body mass index, Mini-Mental Status Examination scores, functional reach test performance, history of falls, ethnicity, Geriatric Depression Scale scores, alcohol consumption, and educational levels, as potential predictors of P-Index. However, adjusted multinomial multiple regression analysis revealed Geriatric Depression Scale and Mini-Mental Status Examination scores as the exclusive independent predictors of P-Index classifications, segmented into high, intermediate, or low (percentiles ≤ 25, 26-74, or ≥ 75, respectively). A significant association was observed between the manifestation of depressive symptoms, lower Mini-Mental Status Examination scores, and reduced cognitive-motor performance. The findings implicate depressive symptoms and low cognitive performance as substantial impediments to optimal dual-task mobility within this cohort. Further studies are warranted to examine the efficacy of cognitive stimulation and antidepressant therapy, in augmenting mobility-related dual-task performance among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane de Oliveira Brauner
- Biomedical Gerontology Program of the School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research Group (NEUROPLAR), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Oliveira
- Biomedical Gerontology Program of the School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research Group (NEUROPLAR), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiane Oliveira Hausen
- Biomedical Gerontology Program of the School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research Group (NEUROPLAR), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aniuska Schiavo
- Biomedical Gerontology Program of the School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research Group (NEUROPLAR), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Balbinot
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Régis Gemerasca Mestriner
- Biomedical Gerontology Program of the School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research Group (NEUROPLAR), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Czoch A, Kaposzta Z, Mukli P, Stylianou O, Eke A, Racz FS. Resting-state fractal brain connectivity is associated with impaired cognitive performance in healthy aging. GeroScience 2024; 46:473-489. [PMID: 37458934 PMCID: PMC10828136 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging affects cognitive functions even in the absence of ongoing pathologies. The neurophysiological basis of age-related cognitive decline (CD), however, is not completely understood. Alterations in both functional brain connectivity and in the fractal scaling of neuronal dynamics have been linked to aging and cognitive performance. Recently, fractal connectivity (FrC) has been proposed - combining the two concepts - for capturing long-term interactions among brain regions. FrC was shown to be influenced by increased mental workload; however, no prior studies investigated how resting-state FrC relates to cognitive performance and plausible CD in healthy aging. We recruited 19 healthy elderly (HE) and 24 young control (YC) participants, who underwent resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) measurements and comprehensive cognitive evaluation using 7 tests of the Cambridge Neurophysiological Test Automated Battery. FrC networks were reconstructed from EEG data using the recently introduced multiple-resampling cross-spectral analysis (MRCSA). Elderly individuals could be characterized with increased response latency and reduced performance in 4-4 tasks, respectively, with both reaction time and accuracy being affected in two tasks. Auto- and cross-spectral exponents - characterizing regional fractal dynamics and FrC, respectively, - were found reduced in HE when compared to YC over most of the cortex. Additionally, fractal scaling of frontoparietal connections expressed an inverse relationship with task performance in visual memory and sustained attention domains in elderly, but not in young individuals. Our results confirm that the fractal nature of brain connectivity - as captured by MRCSA - is affected in healthy aging. Furthermore, FrC appears as a sensitive neurophysiological marker of age-related CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Czoch
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zalan Kaposzta
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Mukli
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orestis Stylianou
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology With Experimental Neurology, Charité-University Hospital Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andras Eke
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Frigyes Samuel Racz
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Mulva Clinic for the Neurosciences, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Rafiee Manesh V, Inanlu M, Yekaninejad MS, Khanmohammadi R. The effect of different types of cognitive tasks on postural sway fluctuations in older and younger adults: A nonlinear study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 37:63-69. [PMID: 38432843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous types of cognitive tasks classified as mental tracking (MT), working memory (WM), reaction time (RT), discrimination and decision-making and verbal fluency (VF). However, limited studies have investigated the effects of cognitive task type on postural control in older adults. PURPOSE s: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aging and several types of cognitive tasks on postural control in terms of nonlinear analysis. METHOD Postural control was investigated under 6 conditions (single task and dual-task with RT; easy and difficult VF; easy and difficult WM; easy and difficult MT. Outcome measurements were the max Lyapunov, entropy, and correlation dimension at anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions. RESULTS The results revealed that within the older group, the AP & ML max Lyapunov at dual-task with difficult WM and MT was significantly higher than all other conditions. In addition, the older group had lower AP entropy at dual-task with easy VF, difficult WM, and easy as well as difficult MT. CONCLUSION The results can be useful to understand the postural control mechanisms and to detect the alterations following aging and applying different types of cognitive tasks. In addition, the investigated parameters can be a basis for identifying postural control deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Rafiee Manesh
- Physical Therapy Department, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Inanlu
- Physical Therapy Department, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Khanmohammadi
- Physical Therapy Department, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Helfer KS, van Emmerik R, Freyman RL, Banks JJ. An Exploratory Study of Walking, Listening, and Remembering in Younger and Middle-Aged Adults. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:4052-4065. [PMID: 37672796 PMCID: PMC10713016 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess how needing to listen and remember information while walking affects speech perception, memory task performance, and gait in younger and middle-aged adults. METHOD Four gait parameters (stride duration, step variability, whole-body center of mass acceleration, and mediolateral head acceleration) were measured when younger and middle-aged participants stood or walked on a treadmill while they simultaneously completed a speech-on-speech perception task and a preload memory task, singly and in combination. RESULTS Speech perception was significantly poorer for middle-aged than for younger participants. Performance on the speech perception measure did not differ significantly between walking and standing for either group of participants, but the additional cognitive load of the memory task reduced performance on the speech perception task. Memory task performance was significantly poorer when combined with the speech perception task than when measured in isolation for both participant groups, but no further declines were noted when participants were also walking. Mediolateral head acceleration, which has been linked to loss of balance, was significantly greater during multitask trials, as compared to when participants were only walking without being required to listen or remember. Post hoc analysis showed that dual- and multitask influences on mediolateral head acceleration were more prominent for middle-aged than for younger participants. Stride duration was longer in the multitask condition than when participants were only walking. CONCLUSIONS Results of this exploratory study indicate that gait may be impacted when individuals (both younger and middle-aged) are listening and remembering while walking. Data also substantiate prior findings of early age-related declines in the perception of speech in the presence of understandable speech maskers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S. Helfer
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | | | - Richard L. Freyman
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | - Jacob J. Banks
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst
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Baek CY, Kim HD, Yoo DY, Kang KY, Woo Lee J. Effect of automaticity induced by treadmill walking on prefrontal cortex activation and dual-task performance in older adults. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287252. [PMID: 37535522 PMCID: PMC10399859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As individuals age, they may experience a decline in gait automaticity, which requires increased attentional resources for the control of gait. This age-related decline in gait automaticity has been shown to contribute to higher prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation and lower dual-task performance during dual-task walking in older adults. This study is to investigate the effect of treadmill walking on PFC activation and dual-task performance in older adults. A total of 20 older adults (mean age, 64.35 ± 2.74 years) and 20 younger adults (mean age, 30.00 ± 3.15 years) performed single- and dual-task walking in overground and treadmill conditions. A wearable functional near-infrared spectroscopy and gait analyzer were used to analyze PFC activation and dual-task performance, respectively. To determine the dual-task (gait and cognitive) performance, the dual-task cost (DTC) was calculated using the following formula: (single-task - dual-task)/single-task × 100. In both groups, dual-task treadmill walking led to reduced PFC activation and reduced DTC compared to dual-task overground walking. Furthermore, despite a higher DTC in gait variability, correct response, total response, response index and a higher error score in older adults than in younger adults during overground walking, there was no difference in treadmill walking. The difference in PFC activation between single- and dual-tasks was also observed only in overground walking. Performing dual-task walking on a treadmill compared to overground walking results in different levels of dual-task performance and PFC activity. Specifically, older adults are able to maintain similar levels of dual-task performance as younger adults while walking on a treadmill, with reduced PFC activation due to the automaticity induced by the treadmill. Therefore, older adults who exhibit low dual-task performance during overground walking may be able to improve their performance while walking on a treadmill with fewer attentional resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yoon Baek
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation medicine, National Health Insurance Ilsan Hospital, Ilsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Dong Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yup Yoo
- Department of Rehabilitation medicine, National Health Insurance Ilsan Hospital, Ilsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Yee Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation medicine, National Health Insurance Ilsan Hospital, Ilsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Woo Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation medicine, National Health Insurance Ilsan Hospital, Ilsan, Republic of Korea
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Baek CY, Kim HD, Yoo DY, Kang KY, Lee JW. Change in activity patterns in the prefrontal cortex in different phases during the dual-task walking in older adults. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2023; 20:86. [PMID: 37420235 PMCID: PMC10327141 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) have shown that dual-task walking leads to greater prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation compared to the single-task walking task. However, evidence on age-related changes in PFC activity patterns is inconsistent. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the changes in the activation patterns of PFC subregions in different activation phases (early and late phases) during both single-task and dual-task walking in both older and younger adults. METHODS Overall, 20 older and 15 younger adults performed a walking task with and without a cognitive task. The activity of the PFC subregions in different phases (early and late phases) and task performance (gait and cognitive task) were evaluated using fNIRS and a gait analyzer. RESULTS The gait (slower speed and lower cadence) and cognitive performance (lower total response, correct response and accuracy rate, and higher error rate) of older adults was poorer during the dual task than that of younger adults. Right dorsolateral PFC activity in the early period in older adults was higher than that in younger adults, which declined precipitously during the late period. Conversely, the activity level of the right orbitofrontal cortex in the dual-task for older adults was lower than for younger adults. CONCLUSIONS These altered PFC subregion-specific activation patterns in older adults would indicate a decline in dual-task performance with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yoon Baek
- Department of Physical Therapy and School of Health and Environmental Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Health Insurance Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-Ro, Ilsandong-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-do 10444 South Korea
| | - Hyeong Dong Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy and School of Health and Environmental Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Yup Yoo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Health Insurance Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-Ro, Ilsandong-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-do 10444 South Korea
| | - Kyoung Yee Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Health Insurance Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-Ro, Ilsandong-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-do 10444 South Korea
| | - Jang Woo Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Health Insurance Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-Ro, Ilsandong-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-do 10444 South Korea
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11
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Villa-Sánchez B, Gandolfi M, Emadi Andani M, Valè N, Rossettini G, Polesana F, Menaspà Z, Smania N, Tinazzi M, Fiorio M. Placebo effect on gait: a way to reduce the dual-task cost in older adults. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:1501-1511. [PMID: 37085646 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability to perform two tasks simultaneously is essential for daily activities. In older adults, this ability is markedly reduced, as evidenced by the dual-task cost on gait. Preliminary evidences indicate that the dual-task cost can be influenced by different types of manipulations. Here, we explored the effectiveness of a new approach to reduce the dual-task cost, based on the placebo effect, a psychobiological phenomenon whereby a positive outcome follows the administration of an inert device thought to be effective. Thirty-five healthy older adults were asked to walk on a sensorized carpet (single-task condition) and to walk while counting backward (dual-task condition) in two sessions (pre-test and post-test). A placebo group, randomly selected, underwent sham transcranial direct current stimulation over the supraorbital areas between sessions, along with information about its positive effects on concentration and attention. A control group did not receive any intervention between sessions. The dual-task cost was significantly reduced in the placebo group at the post-test session compared to the pre-test for several gait parameters (Cohen's d > 1.43). At the post-test session, the dual-task cost was also lower in the placebo group than in the control group (d > 0.73). Cognitive (number of subtractions and number of errors) and subjective (perceived mental fatigability) variables remained stable across sessions. The reduced dual-task cost in the placebo group could indicate the ability to re-establish the allocation of attentional resources between tasks. These findings could contribute to the development of cognitive strategies that leverage positive expectations to boost motor control in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Villa-Sánchez
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy.
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Corso Bettini, 31, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.
| | - Marialuisa Gandolfi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center (CRRNC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mehran Emadi Andani
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Valè
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center (CRRNC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossettini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Polesana
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
| | - Zoe Menaspà
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center (CRRNC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Smania
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center (CRRNC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirta Fiorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy.
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Zhou J, Cattaneo G, Yu W, Lo OY, Gouskova NA, Delgado-Gallén S, Redondo-Camós M, España-Irla G, Solana-Sánchez J, Tormos JM, Lipsitz LA, Bartrés-Faz D, Pascual-Leone A, Manor B. The age-related contribution of cognitive function to dual-task gait in middle-aged adults in Spain: observations from a population-based study. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2023; 4:e98-e106. [PMID: 36870341 PMCID: PMC9992865 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(23)00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor dual-task gait performance is associated with a risk of falls and cognitive decline in adults aged 65 years or older. When and why dual-task gait performance begins to deteriorate is unknown. This study aimed to characterise the relationships between age, dual-task gait, and cognitive function in middle age (ie, aged 40-64 years). METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of data from community-dwelling adults aged 40-64 years that took part in the Barcelona Brain Health Initiative (BBHI) study, an ongoing longitudinal cohort study in Barcelona, Spain. Participants were eligible for inclusion if they were able to walk independently without assistance and had completed assessments of both gait and cognition at the time of analysis and ineligble if they could not understand the study protocol, had any clinically diagnosed neurological or psychiatric diseases, were cognitively impaired, or had lower-extremity pain, osteoarthritis, or rheumatoid arthritis that could cause abnormal gait. Stride time and stride time variability were measured under single-task (ie, walking only) and dual-task (ie, walking while performing serial subtractions) conditions. Dual-task cost (DTC; the percentage increase in the gait outcomes from single-task to dual-task conditions) to each gait outcome was calculated and used as the primary measure in analyses. Global cognitive function and composite scores of five cognitive domains were derived from neuropsychological testing. We used locally estimated scatterplot smoothing to characterise the relationship between age and dual-task gait, and structural equation modelling to establish whether cognitive function mediated the association between observed biological age and dual tasks. FINDINGS 996 people were recruited to the BBHI study between May 5, 2018, and July 7, 2020, of which 640 participants completed gait and cognitive assessments during this time (mean 24 days [SD 34] between first and second visit) and were included in our analysis (342 men and 298 women). Non-linear associations were observed between age and dual-task performance. Starting at 54 years, the DTC to stride time (β=0·27 [95% CI 0·11 to 0·36]; p<0·0001) and stride time variability (0·24 [0·08 to 0·32]; p=0·0006) increased with advancing age. In individuals aged 54 years or older, decreased global cognitive function correlated with increased DTC to stride time (β=-0·27 [-0·38 to -0·11]; p=0·0006) and increased DTC to stride time variability (β=-0·19 [-0·28 to -0·08]; p=0·0002). INTERPRETATION Dual-task gait performance begins to deteriorate in the sixth decade of life and, after this point, interindividual variance in cognition explains a substantial portion of dual-task performance. FUNDING La Caixa Foundation, Institut Guttmann, and Fundació Abertis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Zhou
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, USA; Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gabriele Cattaneo
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wanting Yu
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, USA
| | - On-Yee Lo
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, USA; Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalia A Gouskova
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, USA; Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Selma Delgado-Gallén
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Redondo-Camós
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Goretti España-Irla
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Solana-Sánchez
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Tormos
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lewis A Lipsitz
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, USA; Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Bartrés-Faz
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences and August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, USA; Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brad Manor
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, USA; Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Haggard AV, Tennant JE, Shaikh FD, Hamel R, Kline PW, Zukowski LA. Including cognitive assessments with functional testing predicts capabilities relevant to everyday walking in older adults. Gait Posture 2023; 100:75-81. [PMID: 36493686 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual-task (DT) testing reflects real-world walking demands in older adults but is not always feasible to perform in clinic. Whether clinical measures that predict single-task (ST) performance also predict DT performance or dual-task effects (DTEs) has not been fully explored. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the relationships between cognitive performance, functional mobility, and self-reported physical activity and balance confidence and ST and DT Gait Speed and Cognitive Reaction Time, as well as DTEs on Gait Speed (DTEGS) and Cognitive Reaction Time (DTERT), in older adults? METHODS Sixty-two older adults (71.5 ± 7.1 years, 17 males) completed cognitive performance, functional mobility, and self-report physical activity and balance confidence assessments. Three 1-min trials were performed: 1) ST Cognition (clock task), 2) ST Gait and 3) DT Cognition + Gait, with Cognitive Reaction Time (recorded during clock task performance via DirectRT) and Gait Speed (measured during walking trial via APDM system) recorded, and DTEGS and DTERT calculated, as the cognitive and gait outcomes. Six multivariate regressions were conducted to test whether cognitive performance, functional mobility, and self-report assessments predicted Gait Speed and Cognitive Reaction Time in ST and DT conditions and DTEs. RESULTS The Comprehensive Trail Making Test (CTMT) predicted Reaction Time in ST cognitive (β = - 0.525, p = .003) and DT (β = - 0.510, p = .006) trials. The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) predicted DTERT (β = - 0.397, p = .008). The 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) predicted Gait Speed in ST gait (β = 0.692, p < .001) and DT (β = 0.715, p < .001) trials. The Four Square Step Test (FSST) predicted ST Gait Speed (β = - 0.233, p = .034). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (β = 0.293, p = .027), 10MWT (β = 0.322, p = .046), and the FSST (β = 0.378, p = .019) predicted DTEGS. SIGNIFICANCE The 10MWT, CTMT, and MoCA can be easily implemented in the clinic and may be good choices to assess cognitive and functional abilities necessary for ambulation in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa V Haggard
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | | | - Faisal D Shaikh
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Renee Hamel
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA; School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paul W Kline
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Lisa A Zukowski
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA.
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14
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Trombini-Souza F, de Moura VTG, da Silva LWN, Leal IDS, Nascimento CA, Silva PST, Perracini MR, Sacco ICN, de Araújo RC, Nascimento MDM. Effects of two different dual-task training protocols on gait, balance, and cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults: a 24-week randomized controlled trial. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15030. [PMID: 37101796 PMCID: PMC10124542 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although alternating dual-task (ADT) training is functionally easier for older adults, a large part of the motor and cognitive tasks is simultaneously performed, especially during activities of daily living that require maintaining body balance. Objective To evaluate the effects of mixed dual-task training on mobility, cognitive function, and balance in community-dwelling older adults. Methods Sixty participants were randomly allocated at a 1:1 ratio into the experimental group-single motor task (SMT) and simultaneous dual task (SDT) interchangeably in stage 1 (for 12 weeks) and after strictly with SDT in stage 2 (the last 12 weeks)-or into the control group-only SMT and SDT interchangeably in stages 1 and 2. Gait parameters were acquired by two inertial sensors. Physical and cognitive performance were acquired by specific questionnaires. Generalized linear mixed models were used for analyzing interaction and main effects. Results No between-group difference was observed for gait performance. Both protocols improved mobility (mean change ((MC) = 0.74)), dual-task effect (MC = -13.50), lower limb function (MC = 4.44), static (MC = -0.61), and dynamic balance (MC = -0.23), body sway (MC = 4.80), and cognitive function (MC = 41.69). Conclusion Both dual-task training protocols improved these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Trombini-Souza
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pernambuco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Master’s and Doctoral Programs in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, University of Pernambuco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Iara dos Santos Leal
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pernambuco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Master’s and Doctoral Programs in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, University of Pernambuco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Monica Rodrigues Perracini
- Master’s and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel CN Sacco
- School of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cappato de Araújo
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pernambuco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Master’s and Doctoral Programs in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, University of Pernambuco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Maio Nascimento
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Paas Oliveros LK, Pieczykolan A, Pläschke RN, Eickhoff SB, Langner R. Response-code conflict in dual-task interference and its modulation by age. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:260-280. [PMID: 35122495 PMCID: PMC9352817 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Difficulties in performing two tasks at once can arise from several sources and usually increase in advanced age. Tasks with concurrent bimodal (e.g., manual and oculomotor) responding to single stimuli consistently revealed crosstalk between conflicting response codes as a relevant source. However, how this finding translates to unimodal (i.e., manual only) response settings and how it is affected by age remains open. To address this issue, we had young and older adults respond to high- or low-pitched tones with one (single task) or both hands concurrently (dual task). Responses were either compatible or incompatible with the pitch. When responses with the same level of compatibility were combined in dual-task conditions, their response codes were congruent to each other, whereas combining a compatible and an incompatible response created mutually incongruent (i.e., conflicting) response codes, potentially inducing detrimental crosstalk. Across age groups, dual-task costs indeed were overall highest with response-code incongruency. In these trials, compatible responses exhibited higher costs than incompatible ones, even after removing trials with strongly synchronized responses. This underadditive cost asymmetry argues against mutual crosstalk as the sole source of interference and corroborates notions of strategic prioritization of limited processing capacity based on mapping-selection difficulty. As expected, the effects of incongruent response codes were found to be especially deleterious in older adults, supporting assumptions of age-related deficits in multiple-action control at the level of task-shielding. Overall, our results suggest that aging is linked to higher response confusability and less efficient flexibility for capacity sharing in dual-task settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lya K. Paas Oliveros
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany ,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aleks Pieczykolan
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ,Human Technology Center, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rachel N. Pläschke
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany ,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany ,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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16
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Salzman T, Tobón DP, Perreault H, Farhat F, Fraser S. Using Cognitive-Motor Dual-Tasks and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Characterize Older Adults with and without Subjective Cognitive Decline. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:1497-1508. [PMID: 37718810 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) refers to individuals who report persistent cognitive deficits but perform normally on neuropsychological tests. Performance may be facilitated by increased prefrontal cortex activation, known as neural compensation, and could be used to differentiate between older adults with and without SCD. OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional pilot study measured changes in the hemodynamic response (ΔHbO2) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as well as cognitive and motor performance during fine and gross motor dual-tasks in older adults with and without SCD. METHODS Twenty older adults over 60 years old with (n = 10) and without (n = 10) SCD were recruited. Two experiments were conducted using 1) gross motor walking and 2) fine motor finger tapping tasks that were paired with an n-back working memory task. Participants also completed neuropsychological assessments and questionnaires on everyday functioning. RESULTS Repeated measures ANOVAs demonstrated slower response times during dual-task gait compared to the single task (p = 0.032) and in the non-SCD group, slower gait speed was also observed in the dual compared to single task (p = 0.044). Response times during dual-task finger tapping were slower than the single task (p = 0.049) and greater ΔHbO2 was observed overall in the SCD compared to non-SCD group (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Examining neural and performance outcomes revealed differences between SCD and non-SCD groups and single and dual-tasks. Greater brain activation during dual-task finger tapping may reflect neural compensation, which should be examined in a larger sample and longitudinally to better characterize SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Salzman
- School of Human Kinetics University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Diana P Tobón
- Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering Department, Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Hannah Perreault
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Farah Farhat
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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17
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da Silva DJF, Torres JL, Ericeira LP, Jardim NYV, da Costa VO, Carvalho JPR, Corrêa PGR, Bento-Torres J, Picanço-Diniz CW, Bento-Torres NVO. Pilates and Cognitive Stimulation in Dual Task an Intervention Protocol to Improve Functional Abilities and Minimize the Rate of Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Postmenopausal Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13333. [PMID: 36293914 PMCID: PMC9603464 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED It is already known the effectiveness of Pilates training on cognitive and functional abilities. It is also known that dual-task exercise and cognitive stimuli improve cognition and functional capacity. However, no previous report combined cognitive stimuli and Pilates in dual task and measured its effects on the cognitive and physical performances of postmenopausal women. OBJECTIVE To apply an interventional dual-task (PILATES-COG) protocol and to evaluate its influence on memory, language, and functional physical performances on healthy, community-dwelling postmenopausal older women. METHODS 47 women with amenorrhea for at least 12 months participated in this study. Those allocated on the PILATES-COG group underwent a 12-week, twice a week regimen of 50 min sessions of simultaneous mat Pilates exercise program and cognitive tasks. Cognitive and physical functional performance were assessed. Two-way mixed ANOVA was used for data analysis, and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for within- and between-group comparisons. RESULTS The PILATES-COG group showed significant improvement after the intervention in semantic verbal fluency (p < 0.001; ηρ² = 0.268), phonological verbal fluency (p < 0.019; ηρ² = 0.143), immediate memory (p < 0.001; ηρ² = 0.258), evocation memory (p < 0.001 ηρ² = 0.282), lower-limb muscle strength (p < 0.001; ηρ² = 0.447), balance (p < 0.001; ηρ² = 0.398), and dual-ask cost (p < 0.05; ηρ² = 0.111) assessments on healthy, community-dwelling postmenopausal older women. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a feasible and effective approach using Pilates and cognitive stimulation in dual task for the reduction of age-related cognitive decline and the improvement of physical functional performance in healthy postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel José Fontel da Silva
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lima Torres
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil
| | - Luiza Pimentel Ericeira
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil
| | - Naina Yuki Vieira Jardim
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil
| | - Victor Oliveira da Costa
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil
| | - Josilayne Patrícia Ramos Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil
| | - Paola Geaninne Reis Corrêa
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil
| | - João Bento-Torres
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço-Diniz
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil
| | - Natáli Valim Oliver Bento-Torres
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil
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18
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Renaux A, Muhla F, Clanché F, Meyer P, Maïaux S, Colnat-Coulbois S, Gauchard G. Effects of using immersive virtual reality on time and steps during a locomotor task in young adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275876. [PMID: 36215277 PMCID: PMC9550093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immersive virtual reality makes possible to perceive and interact in a standardized, reproductible and digital environment, with a wide range of simulated situations possibilities. This study aimed to measure the potential effect of virtual reality on time and number of steps when performing a locomotor task, in a young adult’s population. Sixty young adults (32W, 28M, mean age 21.55 ± 1.32), who had their first immersive virtual reality experience, performed a locomotor task based on "Timed Up and Go" (TUG) task in real, in virtual reality in a stopped train and in virtual reality in a moving train. Time and number of steps variables representing primary locomotion indicators were measured and compared between each condition. Results showed significant increases in time and number of steps in the two virtual reality conditions compared to real but not between the two virtual reality conditions. There was an effect of virtual reality in young adults when performing the locomotor task. It means that technological and digital characteristics of the immersive virtual reality experience led to modify motor strategies employed. Adding a plausible visual optic flow did not appear to affect motor control further when the information is negligible and not essential for performing the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Renaux
- EA 3450 DevAH, Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, CS 50184, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- CARE Grand Est, Research and Expertise Support Center, Nancy, France
| | - Frédéric Muhla
- CARE Grand Est, Research and Expertise Support Center, Nancy, France
- UFR STAPS, Faculty of Sport Science, Université de Lorraine, CS 30156, Villers-lès- Nancy, France
| | - Fabien Clanché
- UFR STAPS, Faculty of Sport Science, Université de Lorraine, CS 30156, Villers-lès- Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Sophie Colnat-Coulbois
- EA 3450 DevAH, Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, CS 50184, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Gérome Gauchard
- EA 3450 DevAH, Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, CS 50184, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- CARE Grand Est, Research and Expertise Support Center, Nancy, France
- UFR STAPS, Faculty of Sport Science, Université de Lorraine, CS 30156, Villers-lès- Nancy, France
- * E-mail:
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19
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Bianchini E, Warmerdam E, Romijnders R, Hansen C, Pontieri FE, Maetzler W. Cognitive dual-task cost depends on the complexity of the cognitive task, but not on age and disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:964207. [PMID: 36313514 PMCID: PMC9615561 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.964207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dual-tasking (DT) while walking is common in daily life and can affect both gait and cognitive performance depending on age, attention prioritization, task complexity and medical condition. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of DT on cognitive DT cost (DTC) (i) in a dataset including participants of different age groups, with different neurological disorders and chronic low-back pain (cLBP) (ii) at different levels of cognitive task complexity, and (iii) in the context of a setting relevant to daily life, such as combined straight walking and turning. Materials and methods Ninety-one participants including healthy younger and older participants and patients with Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke and cLBP performed a simple reaction time (SRT) task and three numerical Stroop tasks under the conditions congruent (StC), neutral (StN) and incongruent (StI). The tasks were performed both standing (single task, ST) and walking (DT), and DTC was calculated. Mixed ANOVAs were used to determine the effect of group and task complexity on cognitive DTC. Results A longer response time in DT than in ST was observed during SRT. However, the response time was shorter in DT during StI. DTC decreased with increasing complexity of the cognitive task. There was no significant effect of age and group on cognitive DTC. Conclusion Our results suggest that regardless of age and disease group, simple cognitive tasks show the largest and most stable cognitive effects during DT. This may be relevant to the design of future observational studies, clinical trials and for clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Bianchini
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elke Warmerdam
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Division of Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Robbin Romijnders
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Clint Hansen
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Francesco E. Pontieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Walter Maetzler
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20
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McPhee AM, Cheung TCK, Schmuckler MA. Dual-task interference as a function of varying motor and cognitive demands. Front Psychol 2022; 13:952245. [PMID: 36248521 PMCID: PMC9558828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.952245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multitasking is a critical feature of our daily lives. Using a dual-task paradigm, this experiment explored adults’ abilities to simultaneously engage in everyday motor and cognitive activities, counting while walking, under conditions varying the difficulty of each of these tasks. Motor difficulty was manipulated by having participants walk forward versus backward, and cognitive difficulty was manipulated by having participants count forward versus backward, employing either a serial 2 s or serial 3 s task. All of these manipulations were performed in single-task conditions (walk only, count only) and dual-task conditions (walk and count simultaneously). Both motor performance variables (cycle time, stride length, walking velocity) and cognitive variables (counting fluency, counting accuracy) were assessed in these conditions. Analyses of single-task conditions revealed that both motor and cognitive manipulations predictably influenced performance. Analyses of dual-task performance revealed influences of motor and cognitive factors on both motor and cognitive performance. Most centrally, dual-task costs (normalized difference between single- and dual-task conditions) for motor variables revealed that such costs occurred primarily for temporal or spatiotemporal gait parameters (cycle time, walking velocity) and were driven by cognitive manipulations. Dual-task cost analyses for cognitive measures revealed negative dual-task costs, or dual-task benefits, for cognitive performance. Finally, the effects of dual-task manipulations were correlated for motor and cognitive measures, indicating dual-task performance as a significant individual difference variable. These findings are discussed with reference to theories of attentional allocation, as well as the possible role of auditory–motor entrainment in dual-task conditions.
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21
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Shapiro M, Shaki S, Gottlieb U, Springer S. Random walk: Random number generation during backward and forward walking- the role of aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:888979. [PMID: 36247999 PMCID: PMC9554272 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.888979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in executive function, visuospatial abilities, and cognitive embodiment may impair gait performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of age on random number generation (RNG) performance during forward and backward locomotion to assess cognitive flexibility and cognitive embodiment during walking. Another aim was to examine the effect of age on the associations of RNG performance during walking with stride time variability (STV), the percentage of double support (DS%), and visuospatial abilities as measured by a spatial orientation test (SOT). Twenty old (age 68.8 ± 5.3, 65% female) and 20 young (age 25.2 ± 2.2, 45% female) adults generated random numbers during backward walking (BW) and forward walking (FW) over-ground and over a treadmill with an internal focus of attention and visual-attentive distraction; six walking conditions in total. To assess cognitive flexibility, sample entropy was calculated for each RNG sequence. The average of the first 5 numbers in each RNG task was calculated to assess the relationship between small/large numbers and movement direction. STV and DS% were recorded using inertial measurement units, and spatial orientation was measured using a computerized test. The older subjects had less flexibility in generating random numbers in three of the six walking conditions. A negative correlation between RNG flexibility and STV was found in older adults during treadmill BW with visual-attentive distraction and forward over-ground walking, whereas no correlations were demonstrated in the young group. The spatial orientation score (a higher value means a worse outcome) correlated positively with RNG flexibility in the older group under all walking conditions, suggesting that older adults with better visuospatial orientation have lower cognitive flexibility, and vice versa. There was no correlation between small/large numbers and direction of motion in either group. The correlation between RNG flexibility and STV may indicate similar executive control of verbal and gait rhythmicity in old adults. Conversely, our results suggest that cognitive flexibility and visuospatial ability may decline differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Shapiro
- The Neuromuscular and Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Samuel Shaki
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Uri Gottlieb
- The Neuromuscular and Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Shmuel Springer
- The Neuromuscular and Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- *Correspondence: Shmuel Springer,
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22
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Multitasking Effects on Perception and Memory in Older Adults. Vision (Basel) 2022; 6:vision6030048. [PMID: 35997379 PMCID: PMC9396999 DOI: 10.3390/vision6030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing multiple tasks in parallel is detrimental to performance, a phenomenon generically referred to as dual-task interference (DTi). Several variables can modulate DTi at the individual level, and increasing age is typically described as negatively affecting response costs. In this study, we investigated, in 252 healthy adults aged between 50 and 89 years, how age modulates the detrimental effect of DTi during the encoding of images. We combined a visual memory task and a sustained attention task (i.e., an auditory version of the continuous performance task, ACPT) in three separate blocks. In the first block, participants had to perform a four-alternative forced-choice recognition of previously memorized images without having attended to ACPT sounds during the encoding. In the second block, during memorization, participants had to press a response key when detecting the letter “X” within a stream of letters (Low Load). In the third block, they had to respond only when the letter “X” was preceded by the letter “A” (High Load). The results showed that overall performance linearly decreased with age. In contrast with our predictions, DTi was stable across different ages. Finally, using a cluster-based approach, we found that participants who paid the highest costs when dual-tasking also demonstrated, on a self-administered cognitive screening significantly lower scores than peers. These new types of tests, which ask for concurrent task performance, might become useful for detecting outlier performance that might anticipate or correlate with aging–related cognitive decline.
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23
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Van Hove O, Pichon R, Pallanca P, Cebolla AM, Noel S, Feipel V, Deboeck G, Bonnechère B. Influence of Speech and Cognitive Load on Balance and Timed Up and Go. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081018. [PMID: 36009081 PMCID: PMC9405849 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between oral and/or mental cognitive tasks and postural control and mobility remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of speech production and cognitive load levels on static balance and timed up and go (TUG) during dual-task activities. Thirty healthy young subjects (25 ± 4 years old, 17 women) participated in this study. A control situation and two different cognitive arithmetic tasks were tested: counting backward in increments of 3 and 7 under oral (O) and mental (M) conditions during static balance and the TUG. We evaluated the dual-task cost (DTC) and the effect of speech production (SP) and the level of cognitive load (CL) on these variables. There was a significant increase in the centre of pressure oscillation velocity in static balance when the dual task was performed orally compared to the control situation The DTC was more pronounced for the O than for the M. The SP, but not the CL, had a significant effect on oscillation velocity. There was an increase in TUG associated with the cognitive load, but the mental or oral aspect did not seem to have an influence. Mobility is more affected by SP when the cognitive task is complex. This may be particularly important for the choice of the test and understanding postural control disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Van Hove
- Department of Pneumology, Erasme Hospital, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Romain Pichon
- Institut de Formation en Pédicurie-Podologie, Ergothérapie Kinésithérapie (IFPEK), 35000 Rennes, France;
- M2S Laboratory—EA7470, University Rennes 2, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pauline Pallanca
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Ana Maria Cebolla
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (A.M.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Sarah Noel
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (A.M.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Véronique Feipel
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Gaël Deboeck
- Research Unit in Rehabilitation, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Bruno Bonnechère
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
- Technology-Supported and Data-Driven Rehabilitation, Data Sciences Institute, University of Hasselt, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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24
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Kimura D, Hosokawa T, Ujikawa T, Ito T. Effects of different exercise intensities on prefrontal activity during a dual task. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13008. [PMID: 35906385 PMCID: PMC9338235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of physical exercise on cognitive tasks have been investigated. However, it is unclear how different exercise intensities affect the neural activity. In this study, we investigated the neural activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by varying the exercise intensity while participants performed a dual task (DT). Twenty healthy young adults performed serial subtraction while driving a cycle ergometer. Exercise intensity was set to one of three levels: low, moderate, or high intensity. We did not find any significant change in PFC activity during DT under either the control (no exercise) or low-intensity conditions. In contrast, we observed a significant increase in PFC activity during DT under moderate- and high-intensity conditions. In addition, we observed complex hemodynamics after DT. PFC activity decreased from baseline after DT under the control condition, while it increased under the low-intensity condition. PFC activity remained higher than the baseline level after DT under the moderate-intensity condition but returned to baseline under the high-intensity condition. The results suggest that moderate-intensity exercise with a cognitive load effectively increases PFC activity, and low-intensity exercise may increase PFC activity when combined with a cognitive load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kimura
- Graduate School of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan. .,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Hosokawa
- Department of Orthoptics, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takuya Ujikawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Ito
- Graduate School of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
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25
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Wang J, Hong JT, Xiang Y, Zhang C. Do the dual-task "8-foot up and go" tests provide additional predictive value for early detection of cognitive decline in community-dwelling older women? Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:2431-2439. [PMID: 35838984 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 8-Foot Up and Go (8UG) test is a widely used mobility assessment. Some dual-task mobility assessments have been developed to help detect cognitive decline. AIMS This study developed a dual-task version of 8UG test to investigate the dual-task 8UG performance and to evaluate the ability of dual-task 8UG test in detecting cognitive decline. METHODS A total of 101 eligible community-dwelling women aged 60-74 years were grouped into the mild cognitive impairment group (MCI, n = 49) and the non-cognitive impairment group (NCI, n = 52). The 8UG tests under single-task (ST), manual dual-task (MT), and cognitive dual-task (CT) conditions were performed respectively. The dual-task cost (DTC) and the correct response rate (CRR) were calculated to quantify the dual-task interference. RESULTS Participants spent more time in performing the 8UG test under dual-task conditions. No differences were observed between NCI and MCI groups for 8UG parameters under ST and MT conditions (p > 0.05). When executing CT, significant differences were found in the number of correct answers and CRR (p < 0.05). CRR showed the strongest ability to predict MCI with a cut-off point of 0.50 (71.2% sensitivity and 61.2% specificity). DISCUSSION Both manual and cognitive dual-task were found to interfere with the 8UG performance. CRR with cutoff point of 0.50 could be a potential predictor of MCI in community-dwelling older women. CONCLUSIONS The CRR of the cognitive dual-task 8UG test could be recommended as a potential predictor for the early detection of MCI in community-dwelling older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, 650 Qing Yuan Huan Rd, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jin-Tao Hong
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, 650 Qing Yuan Huan Rd, Shanghai, 200438, China.,School of Physical Education, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, Hubei, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, 650 Qing Yuan Huan Rd, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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26
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Deblock-Bellamy A, Lamontagne A, McFadyen BJ, Ouellet MC, Blanchette AK. Dual-Task Abilities During Activities Representative of Daily Life in Community-Dwelling Stroke Survivors: A Pilot Study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:855226. [PMID: 35592466 PMCID: PMC9110886 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.855226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to several physical skills, being able to walk in the community, walking independently and safely in the community requires the ability to divide attention between walking and other tasks performed simultaneously. The aims of the present pilot study were to measure cognitive-locomotor dual-task (DT) abilities during activities representative of daily living in stroke survivors and to compare them with age- and gender-matched healthy individuals. Methods To assess DT abilities, all participants walked along a virtual shopping mall corridor and memorized a 5-item shopping list. Two levels of task complexity were used for the walking task (with or without virtual agents to avoid) and the cognitive task to recall a list of items (with or without a modification at mid-course). The assessment was conducted using an omnidirectional platform and a virtual reality (VR) headset. Locomotor and cognitive DT costs (DTC) were calculated as the percent change from single-task (ST) performance. Walking speed and minimal distance between the participant and the virtual agents were used to characterize locomotor performance. Cognitive performance was assessed by the number of correctly recalled items. One-sample Wilcoxon tests were used to determine the presence of DTCs and Mann-Whitney tests were performed to compare DTCs between the 2 groups. Results Twelve community-dwelling stroke survivors [60.50 years old (25-75th percentiles: 53.50–65.75); 5 women; 13.41 months post-stroke (5.34–48.90)] and 12 age- and gender- matched healthy individuals were recruited. Significant cognitive or mutual (cognitive and locomotor) interferences were observed in participants with stroke in all DT conditions, except the simplest (no virtual agents, no modifications to the list). For the control group, significant mutual interferences were only observed during the most complex DT condition. A group difference was detected in cognitive DTCs during the most complex DT condition (virtual agents and list modifications; p = 0.02). Stroke survivors had greater cognitive DTCs than the control group. Conclusions Using an ecological perspective contributes to understanding behavior of stroke survivors in daily activities. Virtual scenarios appear to be an interesting avenue for a more comprehensive understanding of DT abilities during activities representative of daily living in stroke survivors. The usability and feasibility of such an approach will have to be studied before considering implementation in rehabilitation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Deblock-Bellamy
- Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris)–CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Anouk Lamontagne
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital-CISSS de Laval, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Bradford J. McFadyen
- Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris)–CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Ouellet
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris)–CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychology, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Andréanne K. Blanchette
- Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris)–CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Andréanne K. Blanchette
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27
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Longhurst JK, Rider JV, Cummings JL, John SE, Poston B, Held Bradford EC, Landers MR. A Novel Way of Measuring Dual-Task Interference: The Reliability and Construct Validity of the Dual-Task Effect Battery in Neurodegenerative Disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2022; 36:346-359. [PMID: 35387509 DOI: 10.1177/15459683221088864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased automaticity is common among individuals with neurodegenerative disease and is often assessed using dual-task (DT) paradigms. However, the best methods for assessing performance changes related to DT demands remain inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To investigate the reliability and validity of a novel battery of DT measures (DT Effect-Battery (DTE-B)) encompassing three domains: task-specific interference, task prioritization, and automaticity. METHODS Data for this retrospective cross-sectional study included 125 participants with Parkinson's disease (PD), 127 participants with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 84 healthy older adults. Reliability analyses were conducted using a subset of each population. DTE-B measures were calculated from single and DT performance on the Timed Up and Go test and a serial subtraction task. Construct validity was evaluated via associations within the DTE-B and with theoretically supported measures as well as known-groups validity analyses. RESULTS Good to excellent reliability was found for DTE-B measures of task interference (motor and cognitive DT effects) (ICCs≥.658) and automaticity (combined DT effect (cDTE)) (ICCs≥.938). Evidence for convergent validity was found with associations within the hypothesized constructs. Known-groups validity analyses revealed differences in the DTE-B among the healthy group and PD and AD groups (ps≤.001), excepting task prioritization (ps≥.061). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence to support the DTE-B as a reliable measure of multiple constructs pertinent to DT performance. The cDTE demonstrated evidence to support its validity as a measure of automaticity. Further investigation of the utility of the DTE-B in both PD and AD, as well as other populations, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Longhurst
- 15994Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,59432University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - John V Rider
- 15994Touro University Nevada, Henderson, NV, USA.,59432University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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28
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Blodgett JM, Cooper R, Davis DHJ, Kuh D, Hardy R. Associations of Word Memory, Verbal Fluency, Processing Speed, and Crystallized Cognitive Ability With One-Legged Balance Performance in Mid- and Later Life. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:807-816. [PMID: 34125203 PMCID: PMC8974350 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive integration of sensory input and motor output plays an important role in balance. Despite this, it is not clear if specific cognitive processes are associated with balance and how these associations change with age. We examined longitudinal associations of word memory, verbal fluency, search speed, and reading ability with repeated measures of one-legged balance performance. METHOD Up to 2 934 participants in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, a British birth cohort study, were included. At age 53, word memory, verbal fluency, search speed, and reading ability were assessed. One-legged balance times (eyes closed) were measured at ages 53, 60-64, and 69 years. Associations between each cognitive measure and balance time were assessed using random-effects models. Adjustments were made for sex, death, attrition, height, body mass index, health conditions, health behaviors, education, and occupational class. RESULTS In sex-adjusted models, 1 SD higher scores in word memory, search speed, and verbal fluency were associated with 14.1% (95% CI: 11.3, 16.8), 7.2% (4.4, 9.9), and 10.3% (7.5, 13.0) better balance times at age 53, respectively. Higher reading scores were associated with better balance, although this association plateaued. Associations were partially attenuated in mutually adjusted models and effect sizes were smaller at ages 60-64 and 69. In fully adjusted models, associations were largely explained by education, although remained for word memory and search speed. CONCLUSIONS Higher cognitive performance across all measures was independently associated with better balance performance in midlife. Identification of individual cognitive mechanisms involved in balance could lead to opportunities for targeted interventions in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
| | | | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
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29
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Pinto SM, Newman MA, Runyon MS, Gibbs M, Grafton LM, Hirsch MA. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Is Associated With Increased Dual-Task Cost During Ambulation: A Preliminary Study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101:367-371. [PMID: 34173774 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine the impact of dual-task conditions on mobility after mild traumatic brain injury. DESIGN Eleven adults with mild traumatic brain injury within 1 wk of injury and 10 age- and sex-matched healthy controls completed gait trials with a single-task condition and three separate dual-task conditions: counting by 1 (low), serial subtraction by 3 (medium), and alternating letters and numbers (high). Dual-task cost was calculated as dual-task cost = ([dual-task performance] - [single-task performance]) / [single-task performance] × 100%. RESULTS Participants with mild traumatic brain injury ambulated slower than control subjects (P < 0.001). Significant differences in dual-task cost were noted for both group (P < 0.001) and dual-task condition (P = 0.005). Dual-task cost was greater for those with mild traumatic brain injury compared with controls with significant group differences for the low and high cognitive loads (P < 0.05). Only 1 of the 11 individuals with mild traumatic brain injury and 1 of the 10 controls demonstrated gait speed less than 80 cm/sec, which is predictive of community mobility, during any dual-task condition. Dual-task cost exceeded 11.9%, previously determined to be the minimal detectable change in healthy adults, for 9 of the 11 individuals with mild traumatic brain injury compared with 3 of the 10 controls. CONCLUSIONS Dual-task cost may be a more sensitive measure for impairment during dual-task conditions than gait speed after mild traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti M Pinto
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Carolinas Rehabilitation, Charlotte, North Carolina (SMP, MAN, MAH); Department of Emergency Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina (MSR, MG); and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Penn State Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (LMG)
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Vaughan BA, Simon JE, Grooms DR, Clark LA, Wages NP, Clark BC. Brain-Predicted Age Difference Moderates the Association Between Muscle Strength and Mobility. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:808022. [PMID: 35173606 PMCID: PMC8841783 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.808022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 35% of individuals over age 70 report difficulty with mobility. Muscle weakness has been demonstrated to be one contributor to mobility limitations in older adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effect of brain-predicted age difference (an index of biological brain age/health derived from structural neuroimaging) on the relationship between leg strength and mobility. Methods In community dwelling older adults (N = 57, 74.7 ± 6.93 years; 68% women), we assessed the relationship between isokinetic leg extensor strength and a composite measure of mobility [mobility battery assessment (MBA)] using partial Pearson correlations and multifactorial regression modeling. Brain predicted age (BPA) was calculated from T1 MR-images using a validated machine learning Gaussian Process regression model to explore the moderating effect of BPA difference (BPAD; BPA minus chronological age). Results Leg strength was significantly correlated with BPAD (r = −0.317, p < 0.05) and MBA score (r = 0.541, p < 0.001). Chronological age, sex, leg strength, and BPAD explained 63% of the variance in MBA performance (p < 0.001). BPAD was a significant moderator of the relationship between strength and MBA, accounting for 7.0% of MBA score variance [△R2 = 0.044, F(1,51) = 6.83, p = 0.01]. Conditional moderation effects of BPAD indicate strength was a stronger predictor of mobility in those with a great BPAD. Conclusion The relationship between strength and mobility appears to be influenced by brain aging, with strength serving as a possible compensation for decline in neural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A. Vaughan
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- School of Rehabilitation and Communication Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Brooke A. Vaughan,
| | - Janet E. Simon
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Dustin R. Grooms
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- School of Rehabilitation and Communication Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Leatha A. Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Family Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Nathan P. Wages
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Brian C. Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
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Dual Tasking during Trip Recovery and Obstacle Clearance among Young, Healthy Adults in Human Factors Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910144. [PMID: 34639448 PMCID: PMC8507707 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trip-induced falls are extremely common in ergonomic settings. Such situations can lead to fatal or non-fatal injuries, affecting the workers’ quality of life and earning capacity. Dual tasking (DT) is a leading cause of trips and ineffective obstacle clearance among workers. DT increases their attentional demand, challenging both postural control and concurrent secondary tasks. As the human brain has limited attentional processing capacity, even young, healthy adults need to prioritize duties during DT. This article aimed to analyze these secondary task types and their applications in recent trip-related studies conducted on young, healthy adults. An extensive review of the recent trip-related literature was performed to provide a condensed summary of the dual tasks used. In previous trip-related literature, distinct types of secondary tasks were used. The choice of the concurrent task must be made vigilantly depending on the occupation, environmental context, available resources, and feasibility. DT can be used as a tool to train workers on selective attention, which is a lifesaving skill in ergonomic settings, especially in the occupations of roofers, construction workers, or truck drivers. Such training can result in successful obstacle clearance and trip recovery skills, which eventually minimizes the number of falls at the workplace.
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Goh HT, Pearce M, Vas A. Task matters: an investigation on the effect of different secondary tasks on dual-task gait in older adults. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:510. [PMID: 34563129 PMCID: PMC8465774 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dual-task gait performance declines as humans age, leading to increased fall risk among older adults. It is unclear whether different secondary cognitive tasks mediate age-related decline in dual-task gait. This study aimed to examine how type and difficulty level of the secondary cognitive tasks differentially affect dual-task gait in older adults. Methods Twenty young and twenty older adults participated in this single-session study. We employed four different types of secondary tasks and each consisted of two difficulty levels, yielding eight different dual-task conditions. The dual-task conditions included walking and 1) counting backward by 3 s or by 7 s; 2) remembering a 5-item or 7-item lists; 3) responding to a simple or choice reaction time tasks; 4) generating words from single or alternated categories. Gait speed and cognitive task performance under single- and dual-task conditions were used to compute dual-task cost (DTC, %) with a greater DTC indicating a worse performance. Results A significant three-way interaction was found for the gait speed DTC (p = .04). Increased difficulty in the reaction time task significantly increased gait speed DTC for older adults (p = .01) but not for young adults (p = .90). In contrast, increased difficulty level in the counting backward task significantly increased gait speed DTC for young adults (p = .03) but not for older adults (p = .85). Both groups responded similarly to the increased task difficulty in the other two tasks. Conclusions Older adults demonstrated a different response to dual-task challenges than young adults. Aging might have different impacts on various cognitive domains and result in distinctive dual-task gait interference patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Goh
- School of Physical Therapy-Dallas, Texas Woman's University, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Miranda Pearce
- School of Physical Therapy-Dallas, Texas Woman's University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Asha Vas
- School of Occupational Therapy-Dallas, Texas Woman's University, Dallas, TX, USA
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Paul AP, McNulty B, Parcetich KM. Influence of Single Bouts of Aerobic Exercise on Dual-Tasking Performance in Healthy Adults. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:372-381. [PMID: 34547989 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.1980366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dual-tasking performance (DTP) is critical for most real-life activities. Interventions to improve DTP would be clinically valuable. This study investigated effects of single-bouts of two different aerobic exercises on the performance of Extended cognitive Timed-Up and Go (ETUGcog), a dual-task test involving concurrent performance of a physical (ETUG) and cognitive (counting backwards serial 7 s) task. Twenty-two adults performed single bouts of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity exercise (MIE), separately. ETUGcog was performed before, immediately following, and 24 hours after each exercise. Number and rates of correct serial 7 s were significantly higher 24 hours after HIIT, with no difference in times to complete ETUGcog. No such effects were found for MIE. Single bouts of HIIT could provide delayed improvements in DTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arco P Paul
- Department of Physical Therapy, Radford University Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Carilion Roanoke Community Hospital, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Brendan McNulty
- Genesis Rehab Services, Envoy of Staunton, Staunton, Virginia, USA
| | - Kevin M Parcetich
- Department of Physical Therapy, Radford University Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
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Poptsi E, Moraitou D, Tsardoulias E, Symeonidisd AL, Tsolaki M. Is the Discrimination of Subjective Cognitive Decline from Cognitively Healthy Adulthood and Mild Cognitive Impairment Possible? A Pilot Study Utilizing the R4Alz Battery. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:715-732. [PMID: 32741834 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early diagnosis of neurocognitive disorders before the symptoms' onset is the ultimate goal of the scientific community. REMEDES for Alzheimer (R4Alz) is a battery, designed for assessing cognitive control abilities in people with minor and major neurocognitive disorders. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the R4Alz battery's tasks differentiate subjective cognitive decline (SCD) from cognitively healthy adults (CHA) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS The R4Alz battery was administered to 175 Greek adults, categorized in five groups a) healthy young adults (HYA; n = 42), b) healthy middle-aged adults (HMaA; n = 33), c) healthy older adults (HOA; n = 14), d) community-dwelling older adults with SCD (n = 34), and e) people with MCI (n = 52). RESULTS Between the seven R4Alz subtasks, four showcased the best results for differentiating HOA from SCD: the working memory updating (WMCUT-S3), the inhibition and switching subtask (ICT/RST-S1&S2), the failure sets (FS) of the ICT/RST-S1&S2, and the cognitive flexibility subtask (ICT/RST-S3). The total score of the four R4Alz subtasks (R4AlzTot4) leads to an excellent discrimination among SCD and healthy adulthood, and to fare discrimination among SCD and MCI. CONCLUSION The R4Alz battery is a novel approach regarding the neuropsychological assessment of people with SCD, since it can very well assist toward discriminating SCD from HOA. The R4Alz is able to measure decline of specific cognitive control abilities - namely of working memory updating, and complex executive functions - which seem to be the neuropsychological substrate of cognitive complaints in community dwelling adults of advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Poptsi
- Laboratory of Psychology, Section of Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Macedonia, Hellas.,Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (LND, CIRI - AUTh) Macedonia, Hellas.,Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Hellas
| | - Despina Moraitou
- Laboratory of Psychology, Section of Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Macedonia, Hellas.,Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (LND, CIRI - AUTh) Macedonia, Hellas.,Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Hellas
| | - Emmanouil Tsardoulias
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Macedonia, Hellas
| | - Andreas L Symeonidisd
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Macedonia, Hellas
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (LND, CIRI - AUTh) Macedonia, Hellas.,Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Hellas.,1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Macedonia, Hellas
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Musical enjoyment does not enhance walking speed in healthy adults during music-based auditory cueing. Gait Posture 2021; 89:132-138. [PMID: 34284333 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS) involves synchronizing footsteps to music or a metronome to improve gait speed and stability in patients with neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. However, responses to RAS vary across individuals, perhaps because of differences in enjoyment of the music or in musical abilities. RESEARCH QUESTION Intuitively, musical enjoyment may influence gait responses to RAS, but enjoyment has not been systematically manipulated nor the effects empirically assessed. In addition, differences in beat perception ability are likely to influence gait responses to music, particularly when synchronizing to the beat. Therefore, we asked: how does music enjoyment alter gait, and do gait parameters differ between individuals with good versus poor beat perception ability, specifically when instructed to 'walk freely' versus 'synchronize to the beat'? METHOD Young adults and older adults walked on a pressure sensor walkway in silence and to music that they had rated as either high or low in enjoyment, as well as a metronome. All stimuli were presented at 15 % faster than baseline cadence. Participants either walked freely to the music or synchronized to the beat. RESULTS Music enjoyment had no significant effects on gait in either younger or older adults. Compared to baseline, younger adults walked faster (by taking longer strides) to music than the metronome, whereas older adults walked faster (by taking more steps per minute) to the metronome than music. When instructed to synchronize vs. walk freely, young adults walked faster, but older adults walked slower. Finally, regardless of instruction type, young adults with poor beat perception took shorter and slower strides to the music, whereas older adults with poor beat perception took slower strides to the music. SIGNIFICANCE Beat perception ability, instruction type, and age affect gait more than music enjoyment does, and thus should be considered when optimizing RAS outcomes.
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Åhman HB, Berglund L, Cedervall Y, Giedraitis V, McKee KJ, Rosendahl E, Åberg AC. Timed "Up & Go" Dual-Task Tests: Age- and Sex-Specific Reference Values and Test-Retest Reliability in Cognitively Healthy Controls. Phys Ther 2021; 101:6323192. [PMID: 34272869 PMCID: PMC8557829 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to establish reference values for the Uppsala-Dalarna Dementia and Gait (UDDGait) Timed "Up & Go" dual-task (TUGdt) test variables in cognitively healthy adults and to assess these variables' test-retest reliability. METHODS For reference values, 166 participants were recruited with approximately equal numbers and proportions of women and men in the age groups 50 to 59, 60 to 69, 70 to 79, and 80+ years (mean age = 70 years, age range = 50-91 years, 51% women). For reliability testing, 43 individuals (mean age = 69 years, age range = 50-89 years, 51% women) were recruited. Two dt tests were carried out: TUGdt naming animals and TUGdt months backward, representing 8 test variables: time scores, costs (the relative difference between single-task and dt time scores), "number of animals," "number of months," "animals/10 seconds ," and "months/10 seconds ." Reference ranges for the variables were established by quantile regression in age- and sex-specific groups. For reliability, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of measurement, minimal detectable change, and Bland-Altman plots were used. RESULTS Reference values for the TUGdt test variables are presented for the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles. The reliability of TUGdt time scores was excellent (ICCs between 0.85 and 0.86). "Number of animals" and "animals/10 seconds" as well as "months/10 seconds" showed fair to good levels of reliability (ICCs between 0.45 and 0.58), whereas the reliability for both cost measures and "number of months" was poor (ICCs between 0.34 and 0.39). CONCLUSION Normative reference values, potentially useful for clinical and research purposes, were presented in 4 age- and sex-specific groups from 50 years and older. Reliability for the test variables varied between poor and excellent, the lower estimates partly explained by some variables being the ratio of 2 other variables. In UDDGait, TUGdt tests are intended for diagnostic and predictive purposes, for which these tests are promising and require further investigations. IMPACT Normative reference values and test-retest reliability results for the UDDGait TUGdt test variables were presented. These results should be useful for both clinical and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna B Åhman
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,Address all correspondence to Ms Åhman at:
| | - Lars Berglund
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,School of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Ylva Cedervall
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kevin J McKee
- School of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Erik Rosendahl
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Cristina Åberg
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,School of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
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Çetin YS, Çağaç A, Düzenli U, Bozan N, Elasan S. Residual Dizziness in Elderly Patients after Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2021; 84:122-129. [PMID: 34237746 DOI: 10.1159/000516961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Brandt-Daroff (BD) exercise and shopping exercise (SE) on the resolution of residual dizziness (RD) in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) following a successful modified Epley canalith repositioning maneuver (CRP). METHODS This single-blind, randomized clinical trial included patients with posterior semicircular canal type of BPPV. Following the modified Epley maneuver, patients that experienced RD were randomly assigned to 3 groups: (i) BD, (ii) SE, and (iii) control groups. Primary outcomes were quantified using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI). RESULTS Following CRP, 240 (63%) participants experienced RD. All these patients were followed up weekly for RD. After the resolution of RD, patients were followed up monthly for recurrence. Mean time to recovery was 16.4 ± 10 (range, 5-49) days in the BD group, 11.5 ± 4.6 (range, 6-32) days in the SE group, and 23.4 ± 16.8 (range, 6-89) days in the control group. The SE group recovered significantly faster than the BD and control groups (p < 0.001). Baseline emotional DHI (E-DHI) scores were significantly correlated with the duration of pre-CRP symptoms (p < 0.001). Correlation analysis indicated that patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) recovered later than patients without these comorbidities. CONCLUSION We found that RD improved significantly in the SE group compared to the BD and control groups. Additionally, a significant relationship was established between RD and high anxiety levels and DM, and obesity had a negative impact on the resolution of RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Said Çetin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Aydın Çağaç
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Düzenli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Nazım Bozan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Sadi Elasan
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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Stojan R, Kaushal N, Bock OL, Hudl N, Voelcker-Rehage C. Benefits of Higher Cardiovascular and Motor Coordinative Fitness on Driving Behavior Are Mediated by Cognitive Functioning: A Path Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:686499. [PMID: 34267646 PMCID: PMC8277437 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.686499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Driving is an important skill for older adults to maintain an independent lifestyle, and to preserve the quality of life. However, the ability to drive safely in older adults can be compromised by age-related cognitive decline. Performing an additional task during driving (e.g., adjusting the radio) increases cognitive demands and thus might additionally impair driving performance. Cognitive functioning has been shown to be positively related to physical activity/fitness such as cardiovascular and motor coordinative fitness. As such, a higher fitness level might be associated with higher cognitive resources and may therefore benefit driving performance under dual-task conditions. For the first time, the present study investigated whether this association of physical fitness and cognitive functioning causes an indirect relationship between physical fitness and dual-task driving performance through cognitive functions. Data from 120 healthy older adults (age: 69.56 ± 3.62, 53 female) were analyzed. Participants completed tests on cardiovascular fitness (cardiorespiratory capacity), motor coordinative fitness (composite score: static balance, psychomotor speed, bimanual dexterity), and cognitive functions (updating, inhibition, shifting, cognitive processing speed). Further, they performed a virtual car driving scenario where they additionally engaged in cognitively demanding tasks that were modeled after typical real-life activities during driving (typing or reasoning). Structural equation modeling (path analysis) was used to investigate whether cardiovascular and motor coordinative fitness were indirectly associated with lane keeping (i.e., variability in lateral position) and speed control (i.e., average velocity) while dual-task driving via cognitive functions. Both cardiovascular and motor coordinative fitness demonstrated the hypothesized indirect effects on dual-task driving. Motor coordinative fitness showed a significant indirect effect on lane keeping, while cardiovascular fitness demonstrated a trend-level indirect effect on speed control. Moreover, both fitness domains were positively related to different cognitive functions (processing speed and/or updating), and cognitive functions (updating or inhibition), in turn, were related to dual-task driving. These findings indicate that cognitive benefits associated with higher fitness may facilitate driving performance. Given that driving with lower cognitive capacity can result in serious consequences, this study emphasizes the importance for older adults to engage in a physically active lifestyle as it might serve as a preventive measure for driving safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stojan
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Navin Kaushal
- School of Health & Human Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IA, United States
| | - Otmar Leo Bock
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicole Hudl
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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Baek CY, Yoon HS, Kim HD, Kang KY. The effect of the degree of dual-task interference on gait, dual-task cost, cognitive ability, balance, and fall efficacy in people with stroke: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26275. [PMID: 34128859 PMCID: PMC8213266 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the degree of dual-task (DT) interference on gait, dual-task cost (DTC), cognitive ability, balance, and fall efficacy in people with stroke.In this cross-sectional study, people with chronic stroke (N = 36) performed a DT gait assessment (gait and cognitive task). During the evaluation, DT interference in motor and cognition was evaluated simultaneously. Thus, the group with severe interference in both tasks (mutual interference) was compared with the group with mild interference in either.The main effects for the degree of motor interference were observed on gait performance, DTC in motor, time up and go, and trail-making test B. In the cognitive interference, the main effects were observed on correct response rate, DTC in cognition, time up and go, and trail-making test B. An interaction effect was observed in the trail-making test B.The degree of motor interference affected gait, balance ability, and executive function (EF), and the degree of cognitive interference influenced the correct response rate in the DT condition, balance ability, and EF. Furthermore, mutual interference led to a significant reduction in EF in people with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yoon Baek
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Health Insurance Ilsan Hospital, Goyang
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Yoon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital University
| | - Hyeong Dong Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Yee Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Health Insurance Ilsan Hospital, Goyang
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The Beneficial Effects of Cognitive Walking Program on Improving Cognitive Function and Physical Fitness in Older Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9040419. [PMID: 33916351 PMCID: PMC8066196 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and cognitive training can improve the brain-related health of the elderly. We investigated the effects of a cognitive walking program (CWP) involving simultaneous performance of indoor walking and cognitive training on cognitive function and physical fitness compared to normal walking (NW) outdoors. Participants were grouped according to whether they performed regular exercise for at least 3 months prior to the participation in this study. Active participants were assigned to the CWP-active group (CWPAG). Sedentary participants were randomly assigned to the CWP (CWPSG) or NW group (NWSG). CWP and NW were performed for 60 min, 3 times a week, for 6 months. Cognitive function (attention, visuospatial function, memory, and frontal/executive function) and physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, lower extremity muscular strength, and active balance ability) were measured at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months after the program onset. Cognitive function showed improvements over time in all three groups, especially in CWPAG. No clear difference was observed between CWPSG and NWSG. Improvements in all fitness measures were also observed in all three groups. These findings collectively indicate the beneficial effects of CWP, as well as NW, on improving cognitive function and physical fitness in older adults, especially those who are physically active.
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Brustio P, Rainoldi A, Petrigna L, Rabaglietti E, Pizzigalli L. Postural stability during dual- and triple-task conditions: The effect of different levels of physical fitness in older adults. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Salzman T, Tobón Vallejo D, Polskaia N, Michaud L, St‐Amant G, Lajoie Y, Fraser S. Hemodynamic and behavioral changes in older adults during cognitively demanding dual tasks. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02021. [PMID: 33417301 PMCID: PMC7994703 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Executive functions play a fundamental role in walking by integrating information from cognitive-motor pathways. Subtle changes in brain and behavior may help identify older adults who are more susceptible to executive function deficits with advancing age due to prefrontal cortex deterioration. This study aims to examine how older adults mitigate executive demands while walking during cognitively demanding tasks. METHODS Twenty healthy older adults (M = 71.8 years, SD = 6.4) performed simple reaction time (SRT), go/no-go (GNG), n-back (NBK), and double number sequence (DNS) cognitive tasks of increasing difficulty while walking (i.e., dual task). Functional near infra-red spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure the hemodynamic response (i.e., oxy- [HbO2] and deoxyhemoglobin [HbR]) changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during dual and single tasks (i.e., walking alone). In addition, performance was measured using gait speed (m/s), response time (s), and accuracy (% correct). RESULTS Using repeated measures ANOVAs, neural findings demonstrated a main effect of task such that ∆HbO2 (p = .047) and ∆HbR (p = .040) decreased between single and dual tasks. An interaction between task and cognitive difficulty (p = .014) revealed that gait speed decreased in the DNS between single and dual tasks. A main effect of task in response time indicated that the SRT response time was faster than all other difficulty levels (p < .001). Accuracy performance declined between single and dual tasks (p = .028) and across difficulty levels (p < .001) but was not significantly different between the NBK and DNS. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that a healthy older adult sample might mitigate executive demands using an automatic locomotor control strategy such that shifting conscious attention away from walking during the dual tasks resulted in decreased ∆HbO2 and ∆HbR. However, decreased prefrontal activation was inefficient at maintaining response time and accuracy performance and may be differently affected by increasing cognitive demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Salzman
- Interdisciplinary School of Health SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | | | - Nadia Polskaia
- School of Human KineticsUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Lucas Michaud
- School of Human KineticsUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | | | - Yves Lajoie
- School of Human KineticsUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
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Task specificity impacts dual-task interference in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:581-587. [PMID: 32377966 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Task prioritization is an important factor determines the magnitude and direction of dual-task interference in older adults. Greater dual-task cost during walking may lead to falling, sometimes causing lasting effects on mobility. AIMS We investigated dual-task interference for walking and cognitive performance. METHODS Twenty healthy, older adults (71 ± 5 years) completed three cognitive tasks: letter fluency, category fluency, and serial subtraction during seated and walking conditions on a self-paced treadmill for 3 min each, in addition to walking only condition. Walking speed, step length and width were measured during walking and each dual-task condition. RESULTS Comparing the percentage of correct answers in cognitive tasks across single and dual-task conditions, there was a main effect of cognitive task (p = 0.021), showing higher scores during letter fluency compared to serial subtraction (p = 0.011). Step width was significantly wider during dual-task letter fluency compared to walking alone (p = 0.003), category fluency (p = 0.001), and serial subtraction (p = 0.007). DISCUSSION During both fluency tasks, there was a cost for gait and cognition, with category showing a slightly higher cognitive cost compared to letter fluency. During letter fluency, to maintain cognitive performance, gait was sacrificed by increasing step width. During serial subtraction, there was a cost for gait, yet a benefit for cognitive performance. CONCLUSION Differential effect of cognitive task on dual-task performance is critical to be understood in designing future research or interventions to improve dual-task performance of most activities of daily living.
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Gills JL, Bott NT, Madero EN, Glenn JM, Gray M. A short digital eye-tracking assessment predicts cognitive status among adults. GeroScience 2021; 43:297-308. [PMID: 32870437 PMCID: PMC8050116 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current cognitive assessments suffer from limited scalability and high user burden. This study aimed to (1) examine the relationship between a brief eye-tracking-based visual paired-comparison (VPC) and gold standard cognitive assessments, (2) examine longitudinal stability of the VPC task, (3) determine the ability of the VPC task to differentiate between cognitively normal (CN) individuals and individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Fifty-five adults (n = 44 CN, n = 11 MCI; 56.4 ± 26.7 years) were tested on two occasions, separated by at least 14 days. Visit 1 included VPC, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Digit Symbol Coding test (DSC), and NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery (NIHTB-CB). Visit 2 included VPC, DSC, NIHTB-CB, and dual-task (DT). Significant differences existed between baseline VPC scores for CN and MCI groups (p < .001). VPC scores remained stable over time in both groups (p < .05). Significant associations existed between VPC and MoCA (p < .01), DSC (p < .001), and various NIHTB-CB subtests at both time points. The VPC test significantly predicts cognitive outcomes (p < .05), with age and VPC being the only significant predictors. Additionally, area under the curve (receiver operator characteristic = 0.80) for VPC scores demonstrated good classification accuracy. VPC reliably predicted cognitive status while remaining stable over time and displayed significant associations with gold standard cognitive assessments. VPC is a less burdensome and more scalable assessment than traditional tests, enabling longitudinal monitoring of cognitive status in resource-limited environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Gills
- University of Arkansas, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Nick T Bott
- Neurotrack Technologies, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | - Jordan M Glenn
- University of Arkansas, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
- Neurotrack Technologies, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Gray
- University of Arkansas, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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The developmental trajectories of executive function from adolescence to old age. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1382. [PMID: 33446798 PMCID: PMC7809200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive functions demonstrate variable developmental and aging profiles, with protracted development into early adulthood and declines in older age. However, relatively few studies have specifically included middle-aged adults in investigations of age-related differences in executive functions. This study explored the age-related differences in executive function from late childhood through to old age, allowing a more informed understanding of executive functions across the lifespan. Three hundred and fifty participants aged 10 to 86 years-old completed a battery of tasks assessing the specific roles of inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning. Results highlighted continued improvement in working memory capacity across adolescence and into young adulthood, followed by declines in both working memory and inhibitory control, beginning from as early as 30-40 years old and continuing into older age. Analyses of planning abilities showed continued improvement across adolescence and into young adulthood, followed by a decline in abilities across adulthood, with a small (positive) change in older age. Interestingly, a dissociation was found for cognitive flexibility; switch costs decreased, yet mixing costs increased across the lifespan. The results provide a description of the developmental differences in inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility and planning, above any effects of IQ or SES, and highlight the importance of including middle-aged adults in studies seeking to establish a more comprehensive picture of age-related differences in executive function.
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Gray M, Gills JL, Glenn JM, Vincenzo JL, Walter CS, Madero EN, Hall A, Fuseya N, Bott NT. Cognitive decline negatively impacts physical function. Exp Gerontol 2021; 143:111164. [PMID: 33232795 PMCID: PMC9134126 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many older adults report difficulty performing one or more activities of daily living. These difficulties may be attributed to cognitive decline and as a result, measuring cognitive status among aging adults may help provide an understanding of current functional status. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the association between cognitive status and measures of physical functioning. Seventy-six older adults participated in this study; 41 were categorized as normal memory function (NM) and 35 were poor memory function (PM). NM participants had significantly higher physical function as measured by Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB; 9.4 ± 2.2 vs. 8.4 ± 2.0; p = .03) and peak velocity (0.67 ± 0.16 vs. 0.56 ± 0.19; p = .04) during a quick sit-to-stand task. Dual-task walking velocities were 22% and 126% slower between cognitive groups for the fast and habitual trials, respectively when compared to the single-task walking condition. Significant correlations existed between measures of memory and physical function. The largest correlations with memory were for peak (r = 0.42) and average (r = 0.38) velocity. The results suggest a positive relationship between physical function and cognitive status. However, further research is needed to determine the mechanism of the underlying relationships between physical and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Gray
- Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, USA.
| | - Joshua L Gills
- Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, USA
| | - Jordan M Glenn
- Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, USA; Neurotrack Technologies, Inc., USA
| | - Jennifer L Vincenzo
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, USA
| | - Christopher S Walter
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nick T Bott
- Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Sidhu A, Cooke A. Electroencephalographic neurofeedback training can decrease conscious motor control and increase single and dual-task psychomotor performance. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:301-313. [PMID: 33165672 PMCID: PMC7884304 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05935-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The control of human movements is thought to automize with repetition, promoting consistent execution and reduced dual-task costs. However, contingencies such as illness or constraints to regular movement patterns can promote conscious motor control, which can reduce movement proficiency and make dual-task situations more difficult. This experiment evaluated whether electroencephalographic neurofeedback training can reduce the adverse effects of conscious motor control. Twenty-five participants completed the timed-up-and-go task while wearing a leg brace to de-automize their regular movement, under both single and dual-task (walking + serial sevens) conditions, both before and after 30-min of neurofeedback training. Three different types of neurofeedback were prescribed across three laboratory visits. We hypothesised that training to decrease central EEG alpha-power at scalp sites above the supplementary motor area would facilitate performance compared to opposite (increase central EEG alpha-power) or sham neurofeedback training. Results revealed a pre-test to post-test improvement in performance on the single-task and on both aspects of the dual-task when participants were trained to decrease central EEG alpha-power. There were no benefits of opposite or sham neurofeedback training. Mediation analyses revealed that the improvement in dual-task motor performance was mediated by the improvement in cognitive performance. This suggests that the neurofeedback protocol was beneficial because it helped to reduce conscious control of the motor task. The findings could have important implications for rehabilitation and high-performance (e.g., elite sport) domains; neurofeedback could be prescribed to help alleviate the problems that can arise when individuals exert conscious motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanpreet Sidhu
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, George Building, Gwynedd, Bangor, LL57 2PZ, UK
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Cooke
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, George Building, Gwynedd, Bangor, LL57 2PZ, UK.
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Roostaei M, Raji P, Morone G, Razi B, Khademi-Kalantari K. The effect of dual-task conditions on gait and balance performance in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 26:448-462. [PMID: 33992282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dual-task conditions are commonly experienced in daily routines. The aim of the present systematic review is to investigate the effect of dual-task conditions on gait and balance performance in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and to perform meta-analyses where applicable. Five databases, "ProQuest", "PubMed", "OTSeeker", "Scopus", and "PEDro" from the incipient date of databases up to Aug 24, 2020 were searched for studies focusing on the effects of dual-task conditions on gait and balance performance in children with CP. After removing irrelevant articles and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, nine articles were included in the present systematic review and meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that walking speed was slower during dual-task conditions compared to single-task conditions in children with CP (WMD = -0.29 m/s, 95% CI = -0.34, -0.24, P ≤ 0.001) and walking speed decreased in children with CP during dual-task conditions in comparison with the typical development (TD) control group (WMD = -0.19 m/s, 95% CI = -0.23 to -0.15, P ≤ 0.001). The results of subgroup analysis based on the type of task indicated that adding concurrent tasks to walking degrades walking speed under varied dual-task conditions. Additionally, theoretical synthesis of the literature demonstrated that other gait and balance variables are changed by performing cognitive and motor secondary tasks differently. Although these changes may be compensatory strategies to retain their stability, there was not sufficient evidence to reach a firm conclusion. Research gaps and recommendations for future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Roostaei
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parvin Raji
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Bahman Razi
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khosro Khademi-Kalantari
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Chaparro GN, Sosnoff JJ, Hernandez ME. Effects of aerobic fitness on cognitive motor interference during self-paced treadmill walking in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:2539-2547. [PMID: 32008225 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults experience greater cognitive motor interference (CMI) due to declines in cognitive and physical function. Although aerobic fitness has beneficial effects on cognition, its association with CMI is not clear. AIMS This study aims to investigate the effects of aerobic fitness on CMI during self-paced treadmill walking in older adults. METHODS Thirty participants (67.6 ± 10.34 years, 21 females) were included in a 2-day cross-sectional design study. Aerobic fitness was assessed with the Rockport 1-mile test. The dual-task paradigm consisted of walking only, and dual-task standing and dual-task walking (i.e., standing/walking while performing the Modified Stroop color word test) on a treadmill. To assess CMI, gait speed and accuracy rate were measured to later calculate the dual-task cost for each parameter. RESULTS Individuals with low aerobic fitness exhibited significantly greater gait speed dual-task cost than individuals with high aerobic fitness (p < 0.05). There were no significant findings for accuracy rate dual-task cost. DISCUSSION These study findings are the first to demonstrate increases in CMI in relation to low aerobic fitness. Results can be attributed to the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognition as well as theories related to attentional capacity. CONCLUSION Older adults with low aerobic fitness possess greater CMI when compared to older adults with high aerobic fitness. This provides a foundation of knowledge on how aerobic fitness in older adults may affect CMI which can lead researchers to examine the causal relationships between an aerobic exercise intervention program and CMI in older adults.
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B Åhman H, Berglund L, Cedervall Y, Kilander L, Giedraitis V, McKee KJ, Ingelsson M, Rosendahl E, Åberg AC. Dual-Task Tests Predict Conversion to Dementia-A Prospective Memory-Clinic-Based Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218129. [PMID: 33153203 PMCID: PMC7662628 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) dual-task (TUGdt) tests predict dementia incidence among patients with subjective or mild cognitive impairment (SCI; MCI). Other study objectives were to determine whether TUGdt improves dementia prediction compared to a) demographic characteristics and standard cognitive tests alone; and b) TUG and Verbal Fluency performed separately. Patients (n = 172, age range 39–91 years, 78 women) with SCI or MCI performed TUGdt tests, including 1) naming animals and 2) reciting months backwards, and clinical cognitive tests at baseline. Diagnoses were identified at follow-up after 2.5 years. Logistic regression was used to predict dementia incidence, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and c-statistics for predictive capacity. Analyses were stratified by age and gender. At follow-up, 51 patients had developed dementia. The TUGdt result “animals/10 s” was associated with dementia incidence (standardized odds ratio (OR) = 4.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.28–7.23, p < 0.001), more so among patients under the median age of 72 years (standardized OR = 19.4, 95% CI 3.53–106.17, p < 0.001). TUGdt “animals/10 s” improved dementia prediction compared to demographic characteristics and standard tests alone (c-statistics 0.88 to 0.94) and single-task tests (c-statistics 0.86 to 0.89), but only in the younger patient group. TUGdt has the potential to become a useful tool for dementia prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna B Åhman
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, SE-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.B.); (Y.C.); (L.K.); (V.G.); (M.I.); (A.C.Å.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lars Berglund
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, SE-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.B.); (Y.C.); (L.K.); (V.G.); (M.I.); (A.C.Å.)
- School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, SE-791 88 Falun, Sweden;
| | - Ylva Cedervall
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, SE-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.B.); (Y.C.); (L.K.); (V.G.); (M.I.); (A.C.Å.)
| | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, SE-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.B.); (Y.C.); (L.K.); (V.G.); (M.I.); (A.C.Å.)
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, SE-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.B.); (Y.C.); (L.K.); (V.G.); (M.I.); (A.C.Å.)
| | - Kevin J. McKee
- School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, SE-791 88 Falun, Sweden;
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, SE-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.B.); (Y.C.); (L.K.); (V.G.); (M.I.); (A.C.Å.)
| | - Erik Rosendahl
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Anna Cristina Åberg
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, SE-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.B.); (Y.C.); (L.K.); (V.G.); (M.I.); (A.C.Å.)
- School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, SE-791 88 Falun, Sweden;
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