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Flegel T, Dirauf C, Kehl A, Dietzel J, Holtdirk A, Langbein-Detsch I, Müller E. Clinical Signs in 166 Beagles with Different Genotypes of Lafora. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:122. [PMID: 38275603 PMCID: PMC10815021 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD) is a genetic disease affecting beagles, resulting in seizures in combination with other signs. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical signs of LD in beagles with different NHLRC1 genotypes. One hundred and sixty-six beagles were tested for an NHLRC1 gene defect: L/L (n = 67), N/L (n = 32), N/N (n = 67). Owners were asked to participate in a survey about the clinical signs of LD in their dogs. These were recorded for the three possible genotypes in the two age groups, <6 years and ≥6 years. In all genotypes, nearly all the signs of LD were described. In the age group ≥ 6 years, however, they were significantly more frequent in beagles with the L/L genotype. If the following three clinical signs occur together in a beagle ≥ 6 years-jerking of the head, photosensitivity and forgetting things he/she used to be able to do-98.2% of these dogs are correctly assigned to the L/L genotype. If one or two of these signs are missing, the correct classification decreases to 92.1% and 13.2%, respectively. Only the combination of certain signs truly indicates the L/L genotype. Yet, for many dogs, only genetic testing will provide confirmation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Flegel
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Christine Dirauf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (C.D.); (A.K.); (I.L.-D.); (E.M.)
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (C.D.); (A.K.); (I.L.-D.); (E.M.)
| | - Josephine Dietzel
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | | | - Ines Langbein-Detsch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (C.D.); (A.K.); (I.L.-D.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisabeth Müller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (C.D.); (A.K.); (I.L.-D.); (E.M.)
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Gumber S, Connor-Stroud F, Howard D, Zhang X, Bradley BJ, Sherwood CC, Walker LC. Polyglucosan body disease in an aged chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Neuropathology 2023; 43:463-471. [PMID: 37086019 PMCID: PMC10642523 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
A 57-year-old female chimpanzee presented with a brief history of increasing lethargy and rapidly progressive lower-limb weakness that culminated in loss of use. Postmortem examination revealed no significant gross lesions in the nervous system or other organ systems. Histological analysis revealed round, basophilic to amphophilic polyglucosan bodies (PGBs) in the white and gray matter of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and coccygeal regions of spinal cord. Only rare PGBs were observed in forebrain samples. The lesions in the spinal cord were polymorphic, and they were positively stained with hematoxylin, periodic acid Schiff, Alcian blue, toluidine blue, Bielschowsky silver, and Grocott-Gomori methenamine-silver methods, and they were negative for von Kossa and Congo Red stains. Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed reactivity with antibodies to ubiquitin, but they were negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuron-specific enolase, neurofilaments, tau protein, and Aβ protein. Electron microscopy revealed non-membrane-bound deposits composed of densely packed filaments within axons and in the extracellular space. Intra-axonal PGBs were associated with disruption of the axonal fine structure and disintegration of the surrounding myelin sheath. These findings are the first description of PGBs linked to neurological dysfunction in a chimpanzee. Clinicopathologically, the disorder resembled adult PGB disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Fawn Connor-Stroud
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Dustin Howard
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Emory Primate Center Imaging Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Brenda J. Bradley
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Lary C. Walker
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Krishnan V, Wu J, Mazumder AG, Kamen JL, Schirmer C, Adhyapak N, Bass JS, Lee SC, Maheshwari A, Molinaro G, Gibson JR, Huber KM, Minassian BA. Clinicopathologic Dissociation: Robust Lafora Body Accumulation in Malin KO Mice Without Observable Changes in Home-cage Behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.11.557226. [PMID: 37745312 PMCID: PMC10515855 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.11.557226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Lafora Disease (LD) is a syndrome of progressive myoclonic epilepsy and cumulative neurocognitive deterioration caused by recessively inherited genetic lesions of EPM2A (laforin) or NHLRC1 (malin). Neuropsychiatric symptomatology in LD is thought to be directly downstream of neuronal and astrocytic polyglucosan aggregates, termed Lafora bodies (LBs), which faithfully accumulate in an age-dependent manner in all mouse models of LD. In this study, we applied home-cage monitoring to examine the extent of neurobehavioral deterioration in a model of malin-deficient LD, as a means to identify robust preclinical endpoints that may guide the selection of novel genetic treatments. At 6 weeks, ~6-7 months and ~12 months of age, malin deficient mice ("KO") and wild type (WT) littermates underwent a standardized home-cage behavioral assessment designed to non-obtrusively appraise features of rest/arousal, consumptive behaviors, risk aversion and voluntary wheel-running. At all timepoints, and over a range of metrics that we report transparently, WT and KO mice were essentially indistinguishable. In contrast, within WT mice compared across timepoints, we identified age-related nocturnal hypoactivity, diminished sucrose preference and reduced wheel-running. Neuropathological examinations in subsets of the same mice revealed expected age dependent LB accumulation, gliosis and microglial activation in cortical and subcortical brain regions. At 12 months of age, despite the burden of neocortical LBs, we did not identify spontaneous seizures during an electroencephalographic (EEG) survey, and KO and WT mice exhibited similar spectral EEG features. Using an in vitro assay of neocortical function, paroxysmal increases in network activity (UP states) in KO slices were more prolonged at 3 and 6 months of age, but were similar to WT at 12 months. KO mice displayed a distinct response to pentylenetetrazole, with a greater incidence of clonic seizures and a more pronounced post-ictal suppression of movement, feeding and drinking behavior. Together, these results highlight a stark clinicopathologic dissociation in a mouse model of LD, where LBs accrue substantially without clinically meaningful changes in overall wellbeing. Our findings allude to a delay between LB accumulation and neurobehavioral decline: one that may provide a window for treatment, and whose precise duration may be difficult to ascertain within the typical lifespan of a laboratory mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnav Krishnan
- Department of Neurology, Peter Kellaway Section of Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Arindam Ghosh Mazumder
- Department of Neurology, Peter Kellaway Section of Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jessica L. Kamen
- Department of Neurology, Peter Kellaway Section of Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Catharina Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Peter Kellaway Section of Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Nandani Adhyapak
- Department of Neurology, Peter Kellaway Section of Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - John Samuel Bass
- Department of Neurology, Peter Kellaway Section of Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Samuel C. Lee
- Department of Neurology, Peter Kellaway Section of Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Atul Maheshwari
- Department of Neurology, Peter Kellaway Section of Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Gemma Molinaro
- Department of Neuroscience University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jay R. Gibson
- Department of Neuroscience University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kimberly M. Huber
- Department of Neuroscience University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Vincent A, Ahmed K, Hussein R, Berberovic Z, Tumber A, Zhao X, Minassian BA. Retinal Phenotyping of a Murine Model of Lafora Disease. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040854. [PMID: 37107612 PMCID: PMC10137594 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD) is a progressive neurologic disorder caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in EPM2A or EPM2B, leading to tissue accumulation of polyglucosan aggregates termed Lafora bodies (LBs). This study aimed to characterize the retinal phenotype in Epm2a−/− mice by examining knockout (KO; Epm2a−/−) and control (WT) littermates at two time points (10 and 14 months, respectively). In vivo exams included electroretinogram (ERG) testing, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and retinal photography. Ex vivo retinal testing included Periodic acid Schiff Diastase (PASD) staining, followed by imaging to assess and quantify LB deposition. There was no significant difference in any dark-adapted or light-adapted ERG parameters between KO and WT mice. The total retinal thickness was cFigure mparable between the groups and the retinal appearance was normal in both groups. On PASD staining, LBs were observed in KO mice within the inner and outer plexiform layers and in the inner nuclear layer. The average number of LBs within the inner plexiform layer in KO mice were 1743 ± 533 and 2615 ± 915 per mm2, at 10 and 14 months, respectively. This is the first study to characterize the retinal phenotype in an Epm2a−/− mouse model, demonstrating significant LB deposition in the bipolar cell nuclear layer and its synapses. This finding may be used to monitor the efficacy of experimental treatments in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoy Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A9, Canada
| | - Kashif Ahmed
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Rowaida Hussein
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | | | - Anupreet Tumber
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Xiaochu Zhao
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Berge A. Minassian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Moura E, Tasqueti UI, Mangrich-Rocha RMV, Filho JRE, de Farias MR, Pimpão CT. Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Dogs: Historical, Metabolic, Genetic, and Clinical Aspects. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 51:100731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lafora Disease and Alpha-Synucleinopathy in Two Adult Free-Ranging Moose (Alces alces) Presenting with Signs of Blindness and Circling. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131633. [PMID: 35804532 PMCID: PMC9264765 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Reports of behavioral signs, such as blindness and circling in free-ranging moose from different parts of the world, have spurred comprehensive pathological investigation to find the causes of the disease that have clinical relevance. In this case study, brains collected from two adult free-ranging moose (Alces alces) cows that were seemingly blind and found walking in circles were examined by light and electron microscopy with further ancillary testing. Here, we report for the first time Lafora disease and alpha-synucleinopathy in two wild free-ranging moose cows who presented with abnormal behavior and blindness, with similar neuronal polyglucosan body (PGB) accumulations identified in humans and other animals. Microscopic analysis of the hippocampus of brain revealed inclusion bodies resembling PGBs (Lafora disease) in the neurons with ultrastructural findings of aggregates of branching filaments, consistent with polyglucosan bodies. Furthermore, α-synuclein immunopositivity was noted in the hippocampus, with accumulations of small granules ultrastructurally distinct from PGBs and morphologically compatible with alpha-synucleinopathy (Lewy body). The apparent blindness found in these moose could be related to an injury associated with secondary bacterial invasion; however, an accumulation of neurotoxicants (PGBs and α-synucleins) in retinal ganglion cells could also be the cause. Lafora disease and alpha-synucleinopathy were considered in the differential diagnosis of the young adult moose who presented with signs of blindness and behavioral signs such as circling. Abstract Lafora disease is an autosomal recessive glycogen-storage disorder resulting from an accumulation of toxic polyglucosan bodies (PGBs) in the central nervous system, which causes behavioral and neurologic symptoms in humans and other animals. In this case study, brains collected from two young adult free-ranging moose (Alces alces) cows that were seemingly blind and found walking in circles were examined by light and electron microscopy. Microscopic analysis of the hippocampus of the brain revealed inclusion bodies resembling PGBs in the neuronal perikaryon, neuronal processes, and neuropil. These round inclusions measuring up to 30 microns in diameter were predominantly confined to the hippocampus region of the brain in both animals. The inclusions tested α-synuclein-negative by immunohistochemistry, α-synuclein-positive with PAS, GMS, and Bielschowsky’s staining; and diastase-resistant with central basophilic cores and faintly radiating peripheral lines. Ultrastructural examination of the affected areas of the hippocampus showed non-membrane-bound aggregates of asymmetrically branching filaments that bifurcated regularly, consistent with PGBs in both animals. Additionally, α-synuclein immunopositivity was noted in the different regions of the hippocampus with accumulations of small granules ultrastructurally distinct from PGBs and morphologically compatible with alpha-synucleinopathy (Lewy body). The apparent blindness found in these moose could be related to an injury associated with secondary bacterial invasion; however, an accumulation of neurotoxicants (PGBs and α-synuclein) in retinal ganglions cells could also be the cause. This is the first report demonstrating Lafora disease with concurrent alpha-synucleinopathy (Lewy body neuropathy) in a non-domesticated animal.
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Menchetti M, Antinori L, Serra GD, Bertolini G, Rosati M. Clinical features, imaging characteristics, genetic investigation and histopathologic findings in a Chihuahua dog with Lafora disease. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Menchetti
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Division San Marco Private Veterinary Clinic Veggiano Italy
| | - Lucia Antinori
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Division San Marco Private Veterinary Clinic Veggiano Italy
| | - Giulia Dalla Serra
- Dagnostic and Interventional Radiology Division San Marco Private Veterinary Clinic Veggiano Italy
| | - Giovanna Bertolini
- Dagnostic and Interventional Radiology Division San Marco Private Veterinary Clinic Veggiano Italy
| | - Marco Rosati
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Munchen Germany
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Flegel T, Kornberg M, Mühlhause F, Neumann S, Fischer A, Wielaender F, König F, Pakozdy A, Quitt PR, Trapp AM, Jurina K, Steffen F, Rentmeister KW, Flieshardt C, Dietzel J. A retrospective case series of clinical signs in 28 Beagles with Lafora disease. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2359-2365. [PMID: 34486182 PMCID: PMC8478043 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical signs and their progression in Beagles with Lafora disease are poorly described. OBJECTIVES To describe clinical signs in Beagles with Lafora disease. ANIMALS Twenty-eight Beagles with Lafora disease confirmed by genetic testing or histopathology. METHODS Retrospective multicenter case series. Data regarding signalment, clinical signs, diagnostic tests and treatment were retrieved from hospital data files. A questionnaire was sent to owners asking about neurological deficits, changes in cognitive functions, behavioral changes, response to treatment and survival time. RESULTS Onset of clinical signs was 8.3 years (mean; range, 6.3-13.3). All dogs had myoclonic episodes as an initial clinical sign with tonic-clonic seizures in n = 11/28 (39%) and n = 12/28 (43%) later developing tonic-clonic seizures. Deficits of coordination (n = 21/25; 84%), impaired vision (n = 15/26; 58%), and impaired hearing (n = 13/26; 50%) developed later. Mental decline was observed as loss of house training (urination; n = 8/25; 32%), difficulties performing learned tasks (n = 9/25; 36%), and difficulties learning new tasks (n = 7/23; 30%). Common behavioral changes were: increased photosensitivity (n = 20/26; 77%), staring into space (n = 16/25; 64%), reduced stress resistance (n = 15/26; 58%), increased noise sensitivity (n = 14/26; 54%), and separation anxiety (n = 11/25; 44%). Twenty-one dogs were alive (median age 11.9 years; range, 9.8-18.6), and 7 dogs were dead (mean age 12.1 years; SD: 1.3; range, 10.5-12.6) at time of writing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Lafora disease in Beagles causes significant behavioral changes, and mental decline as well as neurological deficits in addition to myoclonic episodes and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Nevertheless, a relatively normal life span can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Flegel
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Fischer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary MedicineLMU MunichMunichGermany
| | | | | | - Akos Pakozdy
- University Clinic for Small AnimalsUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | | | | | | | - Frank Steffen
- Neurology Service, Department of Small Animals, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Kai W. Rentmeister
- Specialty Practice for Veterinary Neurology and NeurosurgeryDettelbachGermany
| | | | - Josephine Dietzel
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
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Mari L, Comero G, Mueller E, Kuehnlein P, Kehl A. NHLRC1 homozygous dodecamer expansion in a Newfoundland dog with Lafora disease. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:1030-1032. [PMID: 34263924 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lafora disease is a genetic disease caused, in humans, by mutations in EPM2A and NHLRC1 genes, resulting in accumulation of polyglucosan bodies within neurons. Affected subjects present progressive neurological signs characterised primarily by myoclonic epilepsy. In dogs, Lafora disease has been described mainly in miniature wire-haired Dachshunds, where a dodecamer expansion in NHLRC1 gene has been identified. The same mutation has then been detected in the Basset Hound, Beagle, Chihuahua and Pembroke Welsh Corgi breeds. This is the first case of a Newfoundland dog with myoclonic epilepsy diagnosed with Lafora disease based on confirmed dodecamer expansion in the NHLRC1 gene. Lafora disease is being progressively recognised in different unrelated breeds suggesting a wider distribution in the canine population than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mari
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, 28060, Italy
| | - G Comero
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, 28060, Italy
| | - E Mueller
- Laboklin GmbH&Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, 97688, Germany
| | - P Kuehnlein
- Laboklin GmbH&Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, 97688, Germany
| | - A Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH&Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, 97688, Germany
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Canine Lafora Disease: An Unstable Repeat Expansion Disorder. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070689. [PMID: 34357061 PMCID: PMC8304204 DOI: 10.3390/life11070689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Lafora disease is a recessively inherited, rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease caused by the accumulation of abnormally constructed insoluble glycogen Lafora bodies in the brain and other tissues due to the loss of NHL repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (NHLRC1). Dogs have a dodecamer repeat sequence within the NHLRC1 gene, which is prone to unstable (dynamic) expansion and loss of function. Progressive signs of Lafora disease include hypnic jerks, reflex and spontaneous myoclonus, seizures, vision loss, ataxia and decreased cognitive function. We studied five dogs (one Chihuahua, two French Bulldogs, one Griffon Bruxellois, one mixed breed) with clinical signs associated with canine Lafora disease. Identification of polyglucosan bodies (Lafora bodies) in myocytes supported diagnosis in the French Bulldogs; muscle areas close to the myotendinous junction and the myofascial union segment had the highest yield of inclusions. Postmortem examination of one of the French Bulldogs revealed brain Lafora bodies. Genetic testing for the known canine NHLRC1 mutation confirmed the presence of a homozygous mutation associated with canine Lafora disease. Our results show that Lafora disease extends beyond previous known breeds to the French Bulldog, Griffon Bruxellois and even mixed-breed dogs, emphasizing the likely species-wide nature of this genetic problem. It also establishes these breeds as animal models for the devastating human disease. Genetic testing should be used when designing breeding strategies to determine the frequency of the NHLRC1 mutation in affected breeds. Lafora diseases should be suspected in any older dog presenting with myoclonus, hypnic jerks or photoconvulsions.
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Demeny H, Florea B, Tabaran F, Danciu CG, Ognean L. EEG Patterns Orienting to Lafora Disease Diagnosis-A Case Report in Two Beagles. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:589430. [PMID: 33251270 PMCID: PMC7674959 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.589430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lafora Disease (LD) is a rare, fatal, late-onset, progressive form of myoclonic epilepsy, occurring in humans and dogs. Clinical manifestations of LD usually include seizures, spontaneous and reflex myoclonus with contractions of the neck and limb muscles. We studied the electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns of two beagles in whom LD was subsequently confirmed by genetic testing. In both cases, the EEG recordings, accompanied by electromyography (EMG), have shown similar uncommon patterns. The hypovoltaged background rhythm was interrupted by waxing “crescendo” polyspikes-slow wave complexes appearing 80–250 ms after the start of intermittent photic stimulation, followed by myoclonic jerks after 80–150 ms. This study highlights the value of EEG in establishing a presumptive diagnosis of LD in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Demeny
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bogdan Florea
- Epilepsy and EEG Monitoring Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Flaviu Tabaran
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cecilia Gabriella Danciu
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laurent Ognean
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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[Lafora disease in a Beagle - diagnosis and therapy]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2020; 48:361-364. [PMID: 33086413 DOI: 10.1055/a-1238-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lafora disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder leading to an accumulation of toxic glycogen bodies into the cells of the central nervous system and other tissues. In the progressive form of myoclonic epilepsy, clinical signs typically start around 7 years of age. Causal therapy is impossible, however, in the early stages the symptoms may at least be alleviated by modern antiepileptic drugs. In the case reported here, an approximately 7-year-old Beagle presented with daytime-dependent fasciculations, focal and generalized myoclonus ranging up to a brief tonic-clonic seizure. The signs could be triggered and augmented by stress, sounds and light. Histologic examination was performed on biopsy samples of skin, liver, muscle and nervous tissue to test for the clinical diagnosis of Lafora disease. Sarcoplasmic PAS-positive pla®ue deposits typical of Lafora bodies were detected in the muscle biopsies but not in any of the other specimens. Initial treatment with phenobarbital and imepitoin was unsuccessful. However, treatment with levetiracetam significantly alleviated the clinical signs. At time of writing this publication, 2 years following the diagnosis, the now 9-year-old dog shows occasional, stress-related increase in fokal myoclonic seizures. Episodes of collapse or tonic-clonic seizures did not occur to any further extent.
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Alisauskaite N, Beckmann K, Dennler M, Zölch N. Brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings in a Beagle dog with genetically confirmed Lafora disease. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1594-1598. [PMID: 32418279 PMCID: PMC7379037 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical atrophy has been identified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in humans and dogs with Lafora disease (LD). In humans, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS) of the brain indicates decreased N‐acetyl‐aspartate (NAA) relative to other brain metabolites. Brain 1HMRS findings in dogs with LD are lacking. A 6‐year‐old female Beagle was presented with a history of a single generalized tonic‐clonic seizure and episodic reflex myoclonus. Clinical, hematological, and neurological examination findings and 3‐Tesla MRI of the brain were unremarkable. Brain 1HMRS with voxel positioning in the thalamus was performed in the affected Beagle. It identified decreased amounts of NAA, glutamate‐glutamine complex, and increased total choline and phosphoethanolamine relative to water and total creatine compared with the reference range in healthy control Beagles. A subsequent genetic test confirmed LD. Abnormalities in 1HMRS despite lack of changes with conventional MRI were identified in a dog with LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Alisauskaite
- Neurology Service, Department of Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Beckmann
- Neurology Service, Department of Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Dennler
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Zölch
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Brocal J, Lowrie M, Wamsley G, Cauduro A, Mandigers P, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Stalin C. Epileptic seizures triggered by eating in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1231-1238. [PMID: 32343869 PMCID: PMC7255664 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Seizures triggered by eating (STE) behavior are very rare in humans and have not been documented previously in dogs. Objectives To document the occurrence of STE in dogs and describe their clinical features. Animals Ten client‐owned dogs with STE diagnosed at 5 European referral centers. Methods A call for suspected cases of STE was made online. This call was followed by a retrospective review of medical records, combined with a questionnaire to be completed by both the owner and the board‐certified neurologist who made the diagnosis. Cases were included if >50% of the seizures that occurred were related to eating and if a minimum diagnostic evaluation for seizures had been performed. Results Four cases only had STE and 6 cases had both STE and spontaneous seizures. Four of the dogs were retrievers. The most common seizure type was focal epileptic seizures evolving to become generalized. Nine dogs were diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy. One dog had a presumptive diagnosis of glioma involving the margins of the parietal, temporal, and frontal cortex (the perisylvian region), an area known to have a key role in eating‐associated epilepsy in people. Treatment strategies included a combination of pharmacological management and eating habit changes. Conclusions and Clinical Importance We have identified a form of reflex epilepsy in dogs, with STE behavior. Further studies are warranted to improve the characterization and management of STE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Brocal
- Wear Referrals Veterinary Hospital, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
| | | | - Gemma Wamsley
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | | | - Paul Mandigers
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catherine Stalin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Croll L, Szabo CA, Abou-Madi N, Devinsky O. Epilepsy in nonhuman primates. Epilepsia 2019; 60:1526-1538. [PMID: 31206636 PMCID: PMC6779127 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are model organisms for understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of epilepsy in humans, while data from human patients informs the diagnosis and treatment of NHP with seizures and epilepsy. We reviewed the literature and surveyed veterinarians at zoos and NHP research centers to (a) better define the range of seizures and epilepsy in NHP, (b) understand how NHPs can inform our knowledge of the pathophysiology and treatment of epilepsy in humans, and (c) identify gaps of knowledge and develop more effective guidelines to treat seizures and epilepsy in NHP. METHODS We searched PrimateLit, PubMed, and Google Scholar for studies on experimental models of epilepsy in NHPs and on naturally occurring seizures and epilepsy in NHPs in captivity. In addition, we created a survey to assess methods to diagnose and treat epilepsy in NHPs. This survey was sent to 41 veterinarians at major international zoos and research facilities with NHP populations to study seizure phenomenology, diagnostic criteria for seizures and epilepsy, etiology, and antiseizure therapies in NHPs. RESULTS We summarize the data from experimental and natural models of epilepsy in NHPs and case reports of epilepsy of unknown origin in captive primates. In addition, we present survey data collected from veterinarians at eight zoos and one research facility. Experimental data from NHP epilepsy models is abundant, whereas data from primates who develop epilepsy in the wild or in zoos is very limited, constraining our ability to advance evidence-based medicine. SIGNIFICANCE Characterization of seizure or epilepsy models in NHPs will provide insights into mechanisms and new therapies that cannot be addressed by other animal models. NHP research will better inform species-specific diagnoses and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noha Abou-Madi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
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Ahonen S, Seath I, Rusbridge C, Holt S, Key G, Wang T, Wang P, Minassian BA. Nationwide genetic testing towards eliminating Lafora disease from Miniature Wirehaired Dachshunds in the United Kingdom. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2018; 5:2. [PMID: 29610669 PMCID: PMC5869781 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-018-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine DNA-testing has become an important tool in purebred dog breeding and many breeders use genetic testing results when planning their breeding strategies. In addition, information obtained from testing of hundreds dogs in one breed gives valuable information about the breed-wide genotype frequency of disease associated allele. Lafora disease is a late onset, recessively inherited genetic disease which is diagnosed in Miniature Wirehaired Dachshunds (MWHD). It is one of the most severe forms of canine epilepsy leading to neurodegeneration and, frequently euthanasia within a few years of diagnosis. Canine Lafora disease is caused by a dodecamer repeat expansion mutation in the NHLRC1 gene and a DNA test is available to identify homozygous dogs at risk, carriers and dogs free of the mutation. RESULTS Blood samples were collected from 733 MWHDs worldwide, mostly of UK origin, for canine Lafora disease testing. Among the tested MWHD population 7.0% were homozygous for the mutation and at risk for Lafora disease. In addition, 234 dogs were heterozygous, indicating a carrier frequency of 31.9% in the tested population. Among the tested MWHDs, the mutant allele frequency was 0.2. In addition, data from the tested dogs over 6 years (2012-2017) indicated that the frequency of the homozygous and carrier dogs has decreased from 10.4% to 2.7% and 41.5% to 25.7%, respectively among MWHDs tested. As a consequence, the frequency of dogs free of the mutation has increased from 48.1% to 71.6%. CONCLUSIONS This study provides valuable data for the MWHD community and shows that the DNA test is a useful tool for the breeders to prevent occurrence of Lafora disease in MWHDs. DNA testing has, over 6 years, helped to decrease the frequency of carriers and dogs at risk. Additionally, the DNA test can continue to be used to slowly eradicate the disease-causing mutation in the breed. However, this should be done carefully, over time, to avoid further compromising the genetic diversity of the breed. The DNA test also provides a diagnostic tool for veterinarians if they are presented with a dog that shows clinical signs associated with canine Lafora disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saija Ahonen
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Ian Seath
- Dachshund Breed Council, Wrington, North Somerset, UK
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Orthopedics and Neurology, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, Surrey UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey UK
| | - Susan Holt
- Dachshund Breed Council, Wrington, North Somerset, UK
| | - Gill Key
- Dachshund Breed Council, Wrington, North Somerset, UK
| | - Travis Wang
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Peixiang Wang
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Berge A. Minassian
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9063 USA
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Chambers JK, Thongtharb A, Shiga T, Azakami D, Saito M, Sato M, Morozumi M, Nakayama H, Uchida K. Accumulation of Laforin and Other Related Proteins in Canine Lafora Disease With EPM2B Repeat Expansion. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:543-551. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818758471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine Lafora disease (LD) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder causing nonfatal structural epilepsy, mainly affecting miniature wirehaired dachshunds. Repeat expansion in the EPM2B gene causes a functional impairment of the ubiquitin ligase malin which regulates glycogen metabolism. Abnormally structured glycogen accumulates and develop polyglucosan bodies predominantly in the central nervous system. The authors performed a comprehensive clinical, genetic, and pathological study of 4 LD cases affecting miniature wirehaired dachshund dogs with EPM2B repeat expansions, with systemic distribution of polyglucosan bodies and accumulation of laforin and other functionally associated proteins in the polyglucosan bodies. Myoclonic seizures first appeared at 7–9 years of age, and the dogs died at 14–16 years of age. Immunohistochemistry for calbindin revealed that the polyglucosan bodies were located in the cell bodies and dendritic processes of Purkinje cells. Polyglucosan bodies were also positive for laforin, hsp70, α/β-synuclein, ubiquitin, LC3, and p62. Laforin-positive polyglucosan bodies were located in neurofilament-positive neurons but not in GFAP-positive astrocytes. In nonneural tissues, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive polyglucosan bodies were observed in the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, apocrine sweat gland, and smooth muscle layer of the urinary bladder. In the skeletal muscle, polyglucosan bodies were observed only in type 1 fibers and not in type 2 fibers. The results indicate that although the repeat expansion of the EPM2B gene is specific to dogs, the immunohistochemical properties of polyglucosan body in canine LD are comparable to human LD. However, important phenotypic variations exist between the 2 species including the affected skeletal muscle fiber type.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K. Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atigan Thongtharb
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Shiga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daigo Azakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Nursing, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyoko Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery II, Azabu University, Chuo Ward, Sagamihara, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Masumi Sato
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan
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