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Lin J, Ye S, Ke H, Lin L, Wu X, Guo M, Jiao B, Chen C, Zhao L. Changes in the mammary gland during aging and its links with breast diseases. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023. [PMID: 37184281 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional capacity of organisms declines in the process of aging. In the case of breast tissue, abnormal mammary gland development can lead to dysfunction in milk secretion, a primary function, as well as the onset of various diseases, such as breast cancer. In the process of aging, the terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) within the breast undergo gradual degeneration, while the proportion of adipose tissue in the breast continues to increase and hormonal levels in the breast change accordingly. Here, we review changes in morphology, internal structure, and cellular composition that occur in the mammary gland during aging. We also explore the emerging mechanisms of breast aging and the relationship between changes during aging and breast-related diseases, as well as potential interventions for delaying mammary gland aging and preventing breast disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Lin
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shihui Ye
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hao Ke
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liang Lin
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Mengfei Guo
- Huankui Academy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Baowei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Academy of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- the Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Limin Zhao
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
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Yaghjyan L, Heng YJ, Baker GM, Bret-Mounet V, Murthy D, Mahoney MB, Mu Y, Rosner B, Tamimi RM. Reliability of CD44, CD24, and ALDH1A1 immunohistochemical staining: Pathologist assessment compared to quantitative image analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1040061. [PMID: 36590957 PMCID: PMC9794585 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The data on the expression of stem cell markers CD44, CD24, and ALDH1A1 in the breast tissue of cancer-free women is very limited and no previous studies have explored the agreement between pathologist and computational assessments of these markers. We compared the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression assessment for CD44, CD24, and ALDH1A1 by an expert pathologist with the automated image analysis results and assessed the homogeneity of the markers across multiple cores pertaining to each woman. Methods We included 81 cancer-free women (399 cores) with biopsy-confirmed benign breast disease in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII cohorts. IHC was conducted with commercial antibodies [CD44 (Dako, Santa Clara, CA, USA) 1:25 dilution; CD24 (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) 1:200 dilution and ALDH1A1 (Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom) 1:300 dilution]. For each core, the percent positivity was quantified by the pathologist and Definiens Tissue Studio. Correlations between pathologist and computational scores were evaluated with Spearman correlation (for categorical positivity: 0, >0-<1, 1-10, >10-50, and >50%) and sensitivity/specificity (for binary positivity defined with 1 and 10% cut-offs), using the pathologist scores as the gold standard. Expression homogeneity was examined with intra-class correlation (ICC). Analyses were stratified by core [normal terminal duct-lobular units (TDLUs), benign lesions] and tissue type (epithelium, stroma). Results Spearman correlation between pathologist and Definiens ranged between 0.40-0.64 for stroma and 0.66-0.68 for epithelium in normal TDLUs cores and between 0.24-0.60 for stroma and 0.61-0.64 for epithelium in benign lesions. For stroma, sensitivity and specificity ranged between 0.92-0.95 and 0.24-0.60, respectively, with 1% cut-off and between 0.43-0.88 and 0.73-0.85, respectively, with 10% cut-off. For epithelium, 10% cut-off resulted in better estimates for both sensitivity and specificity. ICC between the cores was strongest for CD44 for both stroma and epithelium in normal TDLUs cores and benign lesions (range 0.74-0.80). ICC for CD24 and ALDH1A ranged between 0.42-0.63 and 0.44-0.55, respectively. Conclusion Our findings show that computational assessments for CD44, CD24, and ALDH1A1 exhibit variable correlations with manual assessment. These findings support the use of computational platforms for IHC evaluation of stem cell markers in large-scale epidemiologic studies. Pilot studies maybe also needed to determine appropriate cut-offs for defining staining positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Yaghjyan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Lusine Yaghjyan,
| | - Yujing J. Heng
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gabrielle M. Baker
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vanessa Bret-Mounet
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Divya Murthy
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matt B. Mahoney
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yi Mu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bernard Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rulla M. Tamimi
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Vargas A, Holub K, Biete A. Systemic inflammation in older patients with breast cancer: the missing point in geriatric evaluations to sharpen survival prediction. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1800-1808. [PMID: 35474170 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) prevalence steadily increases in older patients but their treatment is based on the geriatric evaluations of comorbidities and potential benefits proved in clinical trials with younger patients. The lack of better decision-making tools urges to promote the search for new prognostic markers. The association between inflammation, aging and cancer may be crucial for better treatment selection. We sought to analyze its impact on the survival of older BC patients, evaluating the interaction with age and comorbidities. METHODS We evaluated the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers at BC diagnosis (circulating blood cell counts and inflammatory indexes) and BC-related and not related mortality rate, evaluating the influence of comorbidities and age through the competitive risks assessment. RESULTS We analyzed 148 consecutive BC patients aged ≥ 70 years old, diagnosed with BC and regional lymph node metastases. After the median follow-up of 51.5 months, 59 patients died (28 due to breast cancer progression and 31 because of other causes). Increased levels of circulating monocytes, neutrophils and neutrophil-to-lymphocytes ratio and decreased level of eosinophils and eosinophil multiple by neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio were associated with higher probability of BC-related death but not with death related to other causes. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a role of inflammatory parameters as a possible prognostic tool in therapeutic decision-making process in older patients with BC, as increased level of inflammation was associated with cancer-specific mortality. Prospective studies may give the possibility of refining the geriatric evaluation for BC treatment in elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Vargas
- Radiation Oncology Department, Instituto de Radiomedicina (IRAM), Avenida Américo Vespucio 1314, Vitacura, 7630000, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Katarzyna Holub
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Biete
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
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Is Carboxypeptidase B1 a Prognostic Marker for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071726. [PMID: 33917306 PMCID: PMC8038727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an early-stage breast cancer (BC), in which tumor cells are growing in a localized duct of the mammary gland. DCIS is considered a precursor disease for invasive BC and, therefore, treated as soon as it is identified. However, low-grade DCIS can be confused with atypical ductal hyperplasia, which is not a malignant lesion, leading to unnecessary surgery in around 70% of women with suspected DCIS. On the other hand, if left untreated, a DCIS has the potential to progress to IDC. In this retrospective study, we identified a gene signature, carboxypeptidase B1 (CPB1), the expression of which could help differentiate DCIS from an ADH lesion and DCIS that may progress to an invasive BC. Abstract Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is considered a non-obligatory precursor for invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Around 70% of women with atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) undergo unnecessary surgery due to the difficulty in differentiating ADH from low-grade DCIS. If untreated, 14–60% of DCIS progress to IDC, highlighting the importance of identifying a DCIS gene signature. Human transcriptome data of breast tissue samples representing each step of BC progression were analyzed and high expression of carboxypeptidase B1 (CPB1) expression strongly correlated with DCIS. This was confirmed by quantitative PCR in breast tissue samples and cell lines model. High CPB1 expression correlated with better survival outcome, and mRNA level was highest in DCIS than DCIS adjacent to IDC and IDC. Moreover, loss of CPB1 in a DCIS cell line led to invasive properties associated with activation of HIF1α, FN1, STAT3 and SPP1 and downregulation of SFRP1 and OS9. The expression of CPB1 could predict 90.1% of DCIS in a cohort consisting of DCIS and IDC. We identified CPB1, a biomarker that helps differentiate DCIS from ADH or IDC and in predicting if a DCIS is likely to progress to IDC, thereby helping clinicians in their decisions.
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Jung SY, Papp JC, Sobel EM, Pellegrini M, Yu H, Zhang ZF. Pro-inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms and interactions with dietary alcohol and estrogen, risk factors for invasive breast cancer using a post genome-wide analysis for gene-gene and gene-lifestyle interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1058. [PMID: 33441805 PMCID: PMC7807068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and genetic immune-related pathways connected to breast cancer and lifestyles in postmenopausal women are not fully characterized. In this study, we explored the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in those pathways at the genome-wide level. With single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the biomarkers and lifestyles together, we further constructed risk profiles to improve predictability for breast cancer. Our earlier genome-wide association gene-environment interaction study used large cohort data from the Women's Health Initiative Database for Genotypes and Phenotypes Study and identified 88 SNPs associated with CRP and IL-6. For this study, we added an additional 68 SNPs from previous GWA studies, and together with 48 selected lifestyles, evaluated for the association with breast cancer risk via a 2-stage multimodal random survival forest and generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction methods. Overall and in obesity strata (by body mass index, waist, waist-to-hip ratio, exercise, and dietary fat intake), we identified the most predictive genetic and lifestyle variables. Two SNPs (SALL1 rs10521222 and HLA-DQA1 rs9271608) and lifestyles, including alcohol intake, lifetime cumulative exposure to estrogen, and overall and visceral obesity, are the most common and strongest predictive markers for breast cancer across the analyses. The risk profile that combined those variables presented their synergistic effect on the increased breast cancer risk in a gene-lifestyle dose-dependent manner. Our study may contribute to improved predictability for breast cancer and suggest potential interventions for the women with the risk genotypes and lifestyles to reduce their breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yon Jung
- Translational Sciences Section, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, 700 Tiverton Ave, 3-264 Factor Building, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jeanette C Papp
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Eric M Sobel
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Life Sciences Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Herbert Yu
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Breast Cancer and Microcalcifications: An Osteoimmunological Disorder? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228613. [PMID: 33203195 PMCID: PMC7696282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of microcalcifications in the breast microenvironment, combined with the growing evidences of the possible presence of osteoblast-like or osteoclast-like cells in the breast, suggest the existence of active processes of calcification in the breast tissue during a woman’s life. Furthermore, much evidence that osteoimmunological disorders, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or periodontitis influence the risk of developing breast cancer in women exists and vice versa. Antiresorptive drugs benefits on breast cancer incidence and progression have been reported in the past decades. More recently, biological agents targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines used against rheumatoid arthritis also demonstrated benefits against breast cancer cell lines proliferation, viability, and migratory abilities, both in vitro and in vivo in xenografted mice. Hence, it is tempting to hypothesize that breast carcinogenesis should be considered as a potential osteoimmunological disorder. In this review, we compare microenvironments and molecular characteristics in the most frequent osteoimmunological disorders with major events occurring in a woman’s breast during her lifetime. We also highlight what the use of bone anabolic drugs, antiresorptive, and biological agents targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines against breast cancer can teach us.
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Niehoff NM, Keil AP, Jones RR, Fan S, Gierach GL, White AJ. Outdoor air pollution and terminal duct lobular involution of the normal breast. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:100. [PMID: 32972455 PMCID: PMC7513536 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to certain outdoor air pollutants may be associated with a higher risk of breast cancer, though potential underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We examined whether outdoor air pollution was associated with involution of terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs), the histologic site where most cancers arise and an intermediate marker of breast cancer risk. Methods Pathologist-enumerated TDLUs were assessed in H&E (hematoxylin and eosin)-stained breast tissue sections from 1904 US women ages 18–75 who donated to the Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank (2009–2012). The 2009 annual fine particulate matter < 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) total mass (μg/m3) at each woman’s residential address was estimated from the Environmental Protection Agency’s Downscaler Model combining Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) System modeling with air quality monitoring data. We secondarily considered CMAQ-modeled components of PM2.5 and gaseous pollutants. We used K-means clustering to identify groups of individuals with similar levels of PM2.5 components, selecting groups via cluster stability analysis. Relative rates (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association between air pollutants and TDLU counts were estimated from a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model adjusted for potential confounders. Results PM2.5 total mass was associated with higher TDLU counts among all women (interquartile range (IQR) increase, RR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01–1.11). This association was evident among both premenopausal and postmenopausal women (premenopausal RR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00–1.11; postmenopausal RR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.00–1.23). We identified 3 groups corresponding to clusters that varied geographically and roughly represented high, medium, and low levels of PM2.5 components relative to population mean levels. Compared to the cluster with low levels, the clusters with both high (RR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.08–2.80) and medium (RR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.13–2.93) levels were associated with higher TDLU counts; although not significantly different, the magnitude of the associations was stronger among postmenopausal women. Conclusions Higher PM2.5 levels were associated with reduced TDLU involution as measured by TDLU counts. Air pollution exposure may influence the histologic characteristics of normal tissue which could in turn affect breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Niehoff
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rena R Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shaoqi Fan
- Integrative Tumor Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Integrative Tumor Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra J White
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Clemenceau A, Hanna M, Ennour-Idrissi K, Burguin A, Diorio C, Durocher F. Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 1 as a Biomarker against Incomplete Age-Related Lobular Involution and Microcalcifications' Development. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092693. [PMID: 32967276 PMCID: PMC7565692 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a downregulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, SFRP1 is involved in several components of the age-related lobular involution process such as inflammation, apoptosis, and adipogenesis. Because microcalcifications are associated with inflammation, we aimed to demystify the cross talk between SFRP1, inflammatory markers, and microcalcifications by assessing SFRP1 expression (immunohistochemistry) in a cohort of 162 women with different degrees of lobular involution. SFRP1 expression was inversely associated with the degree of lobular involution (OR = 0.84; p-value < 0.01). SFRP1 expression, age at mastectomy, and waist circumference taken together predicted the degree of lobular involution (AUC = 78.1). This predictive model was best in patients with microcalcifications (AUC = 81.1) and in parous women (AUC = 87.8). SFRP1 expression was correlated with leptin (rho = 0.32), TNF-α (rho = 0.21), and IL-6 (rho = 0.21) expression by epithelial cells (all p-values <0.001). SFRP1 expression was lower in nulliparous women with involuted breast tissue compared with parous women with involuted breast tissue (Δmean = -2.31; p-value < 0.01) and was higher in nulliparous women with microcalcifications compared with nulliparous women without microcalcifications (Δmean = 2.4; p-value < 0.05). In this study, we highlighted two SFRP1-based predictive models for incomplete lobular involution and the development of microcalcifications and identified two distinct inflammatory profiles associated with age-related lobular involution in parous and nulliparous women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Clemenceau
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.C.); (A.B.)
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.H.); (K.E.-I.); (C.D.)
| | - Mirette Hanna
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.H.); (K.E.-I.); (C.D.)
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Kaoutar Ennour-Idrissi
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.H.); (K.E.-I.); (C.D.)
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Anna Burguin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.C.); (A.B.)
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.H.); (K.E.-I.); (C.D.)
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.H.); (K.E.-I.); (C.D.)
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Francine Durocher
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.C.); (A.B.)
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.H.); (K.E.-I.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Kothari C, Diorio C, Durocher F. The Importance of Breast Adipose Tissue in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165760. [PMID: 32796696 PMCID: PMC7460846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a complex endocrine organ, with a role in obesity and cancer. Adipose tissue is generally linked to excessive body fat, and it is well known that the female breast is rich in adipose tissue. Hence, one can wonder: what is the role of adipose tissue in the breast and why is it required? Adipose tissue as an organ consists of adipocytes, an extracellular matrix (ECM) and immune cells, with a significant role in the dynamics of breast changes throughout the life span of a female breast from puberty, pregnancy, lactation and involution. In this review, we will discuss the importance of breast adipose tissue in breast development and its involvement in breast changes happening during pregnancy, lactation and involution. We will focus on understanding the biology of breast adipose tissue, with an overview on its involvement in the various steps of breast cancer development and progression. The interaction between the breast adipose tissue surrounding cancer cells and vice-versa modifies the tumor microenvironment in favor of cancer. Understanding this mutual interaction and the role of breast adipose tissue in the tumor microenvironment could potentially raise the possibility of overcoming breast adipose tissue mediated resistance to therapies and finding novel candidates to target breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Kothari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1T 1C2, Canada;
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1T 1C2, Canada
| | - Francine Durocher
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1T 1C2, Canada;
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(418)-525-4444 (ext. 48508)
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Dabrosin N, Dabrosin C. Postmenopausal Dense Breasts Maintain Premenopausal Levels of GH and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins in Vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5695904. [PMID: 31900484 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dense breast tissue is associated with 4 to 6 times higher risk of breast cancer by poorly understood mechanisms. No preventive therapy for this high-risk group is available. After menopause, breast density decreases due to involution of the mammary gland. In dense breast tissue, this process is haltered by undetermined biological actions. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like binding proteins (IGFBPs) play major roles in normal mammary gland development, but their roles in maintaining breast density are unknown. OBJECTIVE To reveal in vivo levels of GH, IGFBPs, and other pro-tumorigenic proteins in the extracellular microenvironment in breast cancer, in normal breast tissue with various breast density in postmenopausal women, and premenopausal breasts. We also sought to determine possible correlations between these determinants. SETTING AND DESIGN Microdialysis was used to collect extracellular in vivo proteins intratumorally from breast cancers before surgery and from normal human breast tissue from premenopausal women and postmenopausal women with mammographic dense or nondense breasts. RESULTS Estrogen receptor positive breast cancers exhibited increased extracellular GH (P < .01). Dense breasts of postmenopausal women exhibited similar levels of GH as premenopausal breasts and significantly higher levels than in nondense breasts (P < .001). Similar results were found for IGFBP-1, -2, -3, and -7 (P < .01) and for IGFBP-6 (P <.05). Strong positive correlations were revealed between GH and IGFBPs and pro-tumorigenic matrix metalloproteinases, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, Interleukin 6, Interleukin 8, and vascular endothelial growth factor in normal breast tissue. CONCLUSIONS GH pathways may be targetable for cancer prevention therapeutics in postmenopausal women with dense breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dabrosin
- Department of Plastic and Breast Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Dabrosin
- Department of Oncology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Role of Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 1 in Early Mammary Gland Tumorigenesis and Its Regulation in Breast Microenvironment. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010208. [PMID: 31947616 PMCID: PMC7017175 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, the lack of secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) is responsible for mammogenesis and hyperplasia, while, in bovines, its overexpression is associated with post-lactational mammary gland involution. Interestingly, there are no reports dealing with the role of SFRP1 in female involution. However, SFRP1 dysregulation is largely associated with human tumorigenesis in the literature. Indeed, the lack of SFRP1 is associated with both tumor development and patient prognosis. Considering the increased risk of breast tumor development associated with incomplete mammary gland involution, it is crucial to demystify the "grey zone" between physiological age-related involution and tumorigenesis. In this review, we explore the functions of SFRP1 involved in the breast involution processes to understand the perturbations driven by the disappearance of SFRP1 in mammary tissue. Moreover, we question the presence of recurrent microcalcifications identified by mammography. In bone metastases from prostate primary tumor, overexpression of SFRP1 results in an osteolytic response of the tumor cells. Hence, we explore the hypothesis of an osteoblastic differentiation of mammary cells induced by the lack of SFRP1 during lobular involution, resulting in a new accumulation of hydroxyapatite crystals in the breast tissue.
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Huo CW, Hill P, Chew G, Neeson PJ, Halse H, Williams ED, Henderson MA, Thompson EW, Britt KL. High mammographic density in women is associated with protumor inflammation. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:92. [PMID: 30092832 PMCID: PMC6085707 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that increased mammographic density (MD) is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. We previously observed an elevated number of vimentin+/CD45+ leukocytes in high MD (HMD) epithelium. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the subtypes of immune cell infiltrates in HMD and low MD (LMD) breast tissue. Methods Fifty-four women undergoing prophylactic mastectomy at Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre or St. Vincent’s Hospital were enrolled. Upon completion of mastectomy, HMD and LMD areas were resected under radiological guidance in collaboration with BreastScreen Victoria and were subsequently fixed, processed, and sectioned. Fifteen paired HMD and LMD specimens were further selected according to their fibroglandular characteristics (reasonable amount [> 20%] of tissue per block on H&E stains) for subsequent IHC analysis of immune cell infiltration. Results Overall, immune cell infiltrates were predominantly present in breast ducts and lobules rather than in the stroma, with CD68+ macrophages and CD20+ B lymphocytes also surrounding the vasculature. Macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), B lymphocytes, and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression were significantly increased in HMD epithelium compared with LMD. Moreover, significantly higher levels of DCs, CD4+ T cells, and PD-1 were also observed in HMD stroma than in LMD stroma. The increased expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-4, with unaltered interferon-γ, indicate a proinflammatory microenvironment. Conclusions Our work indicates that the immune system may be activated very early in breast cancer development and may in part underpin the breast cancer risk associated with HMD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-1010-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia W Huo
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Prue Hill
- Department of Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Grace Chew
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Pathology Department, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael A Henderson
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kara L Britt
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia. .,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Qin H, Liu L, Sun S, Zhang D, Sheng J, Li B, Yang W. The impact of PI3K inhibitors on breast cancer cell and its tumor microenvironment. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5092. [PMID: 29942710 PMCID: PMC6014315 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway shows frequent aberrant alterations and pathological activation in breast cancer cells. While PI3K inhibitors have not achieved expectant therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials, and several studies provide promising combination strategies to substantially maximize therapeutic outcomes. Besides its direct impact on regulating cancer cells survival, PI3K inhibitors are also demonstrated to have an immunomodulatory impact based on the tumor microenvironment. Inhibition of the leukocyte-enriched PI3K isoforms may break immune tolerance and restore cytotoxic T cell activity by reprogramming the tumor microenvironment. In addition, PI3K inhibitors have pleiotropic effects on tumor angiogenesis and even induce tumor vascular normalization. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of PI3K inhibitor suppression of breast cancer cells and modulation of the tumor microenvironment in order to provide further thoughts for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjiao Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shu Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University Of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiyao Sheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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14
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Hanna M, Dumas I, Orain M, Jacob S, Têtu B, Diorio C. Association between physical activity and the expression of mediators of inflammation in normal breast tissue among premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cytokine 2017; 102:151-160. [PMID: 29102166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity is associated with decreased breast cancer risk. The underlying biological mechanisms could include the reduction of the local inflammation in the breast tissue. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the association between the physical activity and the protein expression levels of eleven mediators of inflammation in normal breast tissue of 164 women having breast cancer. Information on total physical activity (household, occupational and recreational) performed during a one-year period was collected using a questionnaire. Normal breast tissue was obtained from mastectomy blocks distant from the tumor. The expression of the mediators of inflammation in normal breast tissue was visually evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to assess the prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for higher protein expression levels of the mediators of inflammation in normal breast tissue across quartiles of physical activity. Higher total physical activity was associated with lower expression levels of the pro-inflammatory mediator TNF-α in normal breast epithelial tissue among all (PR=0.64, 95% CI=0.44-0.93 for the fourth quartile; Ptrend=0.013), premenopausal (PR=0.61, 95% CI=0.41-0.91 for the fourth quartile; Ptrend=0.014) and postmenopausal women (PR=0.45, 95% CI=0.21-0.96 for the fourth quartile; Ptrend=0.022). Conversely, higher total physical activity was associated with higher expression levels of the anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10 in normal breast epithelial tissue among all (PR=1.66, 95% CI=0.97-2.85 for the fourth quartile; Ptrend=0.071) and postmenopausal women (PR=4.69, 95% CI=1.26-17.43 for the fourth quartile; Ptrend=0.010). Our findings suggest a beneficial effect of physical activity on the local inflammatory profile in the breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirette Hanna
- Oncology Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Center, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Isabelle Dumas
- Oncology Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Center, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada
| | - Michèle Orain
- Oncology Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Center, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada
| | - Simon Jacob
- Oncology Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Center, Service of Molecular Biology, Medical Chemistry and Pathology, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, CHU de Québec, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Chemistry and Pathology, Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Bernard Têtu
- Oncology Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Center, Service of Molecular Biology, Medical Chemistry and Pathology, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, CHU de Québec, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Chemistry and Pathology, Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Oncology Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Center, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Université Laval,1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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