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Sasidharan A, Harrison CJ, Selvarangan R. Diagnosis, management, and outcomes of parechovirus infections in infants: an overview. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0113923. [PMID: 38647282 PMCID: PMC11237800 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01139-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parechovirus A (PeV-A) infections have been detected with increasing frequency in US infants under 6 months of age, leading to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) health advisory in July 2022. Clinicians are advised to consider PeV-A laboratory testing of blood and cerebrospinal fluid when infants present with unexplained fever, sepsis-like illness, or neurological issues. Clinical laboratories are encouraged to offer in-house molecular testing for PeV-A to avoid diagnostic delays, unnecessary use of antibiotics, and prolonged hospitalization of infants presenting with sepsis-like illness. While data are evolving on potential neurodevelopmental sequelae after PeV-A infant central nervous system infections, most infected infants return to baseline health for age. This review examines the PeV-A literature with a focus on PeV-A3, including aspects of epidemiology, clinical presentations/management, laboratory diagnostics, genotyping, and post-infectious sequelae related to PeV-A infections in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Sasidharan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Rangaraj Selvarangan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Kamga Njile D, Mugyia EA, Endegue-Zanga MC, Kfutwah JA, Djoumetio MD, Onana B, Diop OM, Njouom R, Sadeuh-Mba SA. Detection and genetic diversity of parechoviruses in children with acute flaccid paralysis in Cameroon. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301771. [PMID: 38809876 PMCID: PMC11135751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Parechoviruses (HPeVs) have rarely been considered in the virological investigation of Acute Flacid Paralysis (AFP) cases in Africa, where enteric infections are very common. This study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of HPeV in 200 children aged ≤ 15 years with AFP in Cameroon from 2018 to 2019. HPeVs were detected in their faecal RNA using 5'-untranslated real-time RT-PCR. Detected HPeVs were typed by phylogenetic comparison with homologous sequences from homotypic reference strains. Overall, HPeV RNA was detected in 11.0% (22/200) of the 200 stool samples tested. Twelve HPeVs were successfully sequenced and reliably assigned to HPeV-A1, A4, A5, A10, A14, A15, A17 and A18 genotypes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a high genetic variability among the studied HPeVs, as well as between the studied HPeVs and their previously reported counterparts from Cameroon in 2014. These findings suggest that different HPeV genotypes co-circulate in Cameroon without documented epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kamga Njile
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Akongnwi Mugyia
- Faculty of Science, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Boyomo Onana
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Ousmane Madiagne Diop
- Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard Njouom
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Truong TC, Park H, Kim JH, Tran VT, Kim W. The evolutionary phylodynamics of human parechovirus A type 3 reveal multiple recombination events in South Korea. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29477. [PMID: 38376942 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Human parechovirus A (HPeV-A) is a causative agent of respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses, acute flaccid paralysis encephalitis, meningitis, and neonatal sepsis. To clarify the characteristics of HPeV-A infection in children, 391 fecal specimens were collected from January 2014 to October 2015 from patients with acute gastroenteritis in Seoul, South Korea. Of these, 221/391 (56.5%) HPeV-A positive samples were found in children less than 2 years old. Three HPeV-A genotypes HPeV-A1 (117/221; 52.94%), HPeV-A3 (100/221; 45.25%), and HPeV-A6 (4/221; 1.81%) were detected, among which HPeV-A3 was predominant with the highest recorded value of 58.6% in 2015. Moreover, recombination events in the Korean HPeV-A3 strains were detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the capsid-encoding regions and noncapsid gene 2A of the four Korean HPeV-A3 strains are closely related to the HPeV-A3 strains isolated in Canada in 2007 (Can82853-01), Japan in 2008 (A308/99), and Taiwan in 2011 (TW-03067-2011) while noncapsid genes P2 (2B-2C) and P3 (3A-3D) are closely related to those of HPeV-A1 strains BNI-788St (Germany in 2008) and TW-71594-2010 (Taiwan in 2010). This first report on the whole-genome analysis of HPeV-A3 in Korea provides insight into the evolving status and pathogenesis of HPeVs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoi C Truong
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heekuk Park
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jong-Hwa Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- LuxBiome Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Van Trung Tran
- Institute of Veterinary Research and Development of central Vietnam, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Wonyong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- LuxBiome Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
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Al-Farsi A, Alhinai Z, Alawi FB, Al Maamari K, Al Yazidi LS. The Burden of Human Parechoviruses Among Children in Oman: A retrospective study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2023; 23:519-525. [PMID: 38090246 PMCID: PMC10712389 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.5.2023.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the burden, clinical and laboratory features and outcomes of human parechoviruses (HPeVs) infection among children in Oman. Methods This retrospective study included children (aged <18 years) with molecularly proven HPeV infection who were managed at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman, between January 2017 and December 2019. Data were obtained from the patients' medical records and analysed to describe their demographics, clinical and laboratory features, management and outcomes. Results HPeV was detected in 61 patients, 44 (72%) of whom were males. The median age of these patients was nine months (interquartile range [IQR]: 6-15 months). HPeV was detected throughout the year without any significant peaks. Majority of the patients (n = 51, 84%) had co-infection with other viruses. Forty-eight (79%) children with HPeV infection required hospitalisation, and their median length of hospital stay was five days (IQR: 3-8 days). Ex-prematurity (n = 10, 16%) was the commonest comorbidity among this group. Fever (n = 41, 67%) and cough (n = 41, 67%) were the commonest presenting symptoms among the children. Two-thirds of the HPeV-infected children in this cohort were managed for lower respiratory tract infection; none was managed for meningitis. Gastroenteritis was not common in this cohort; only eight children had diarrhoea. All children made a full recovery. Conclusion HPeVs infection does not show a clear seasonality in Oman. Most of the children were aged <2 years and had a viral co-infection. The outcomes of HPeV infection were favourable, with no mortalities, but a thorough follow-up for neurological outcomes was lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aws Al-Farsi
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Zaid Alhinai
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Fatma Ba Alawi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Khuloud Al Maamari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Laila S. Al Yazidi
- Department of Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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Li W, Gao Z, Yan H, Tian Y, Liu B, Shen L, Wang Y, Jia L, Zhang D, Wang Q. Prevalence and genetic diversity of Parechovirus A in children with diarrhea in Beijing, China, 2017-2019. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 111:105435. [PMID: 37059255 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the prevalence and genotypes of Parechovirus A (PeV-A) in children with diarrhea in Beijing, China, 2017-2019. A total of 1734 stool samples collected from children <5 years of age with diarrhea were tested for the presence of PeV-A. Viral RNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR, and then genotyped by nested RT-PCR. We detected PeV-A in 93 (5.4%, 93/1734) samples, of which 87 could be genotyped by amplification of either the complete or partial VP1 region or the VP3/VP1 junction region. The median age of PeV-A infected children was 10 months. Most PeV-A infections were observed between August and November, with a peak in September. Seven known genotypes of PeV-A1A, -A1B, -A3, -A4, -A6, -A8 and -A11 were detected and PeV-A1B was the most prevalent genotype. Coinfection with other diarrheal viruses was observed in 30.1% (28/93) of PeV-A positive samples. All strains of PeV-A1A, -A1B, -A4 and -A6 obtained in this study contained the arginine-glycine-aspartic (RGD) motif, while all strains of PeV-A3, -A8 and -A11 lacked it. This study revealed a high genetic diversity of PeV-A circulating in Beijing and PeV-A11 was reported for the first time in children with diarrhea in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Li
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqiu Yan
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Tian
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Baiwei Liu
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyu Shen
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Daitao Zhang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control.
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Zhang M, Wu F, Liang M, Xian J, Zheng L, Li Q, Chen Q. Parechovirus A infection and risk of gastroenteritis in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2380. [PMID: 35822660 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Parechovirus A (PeV-A) belongs to the genus Parechovirus in the family Picornaviridae associated with gastroenteritis illness, particularly in children, but prior studies have produced ambiguous results. This study aimed to provide a systematic review of the PeV-A prevalence in paediatric patients with gastroenteritis and the association between PeV-A infection and the risk of gastroenteritis. A systematic search of the literature was conducted in Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, in combination with the reference lists of potentially relevant articles. A random effect-based model was applied to analyse data from included studies. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessing the risk between PeV-A and gastroenteritis. A total of 41 studies assessing 21,850 cases and 1746 healthy controls were analysed. The overall prevalence of PeV-A among paediatric patients with gastroenteritis was 10.4% (95% CI: 7.9%-13.2%), while it was estimated at 8.1% (95% CI: 5.1%-11.7%) based on studies only investigating children without gastroenteritis. The pooled OR for all eight case-control studies was 1.079 (95% CI: 0.730-1.597), indicating there was no statistically significant association. PeV-A genotype 1 was the most frequent genotype of PeV-A infection in children with gastroenteritis. The PeV-A prevalence in cases of gastroenteritis is higher than that in children without gastroenteritis. However, the present meta-analysis did not indicate a statistically significant association between PeV-A infection and risk of gastroenteritis. Given the considerable heterogeneity and various sample sizes among the included studies, relevant investigations in the future should be carried out based on a large-scale population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minyi Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juxian Xian
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liting Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiushuang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Seasonal Patterns of Enteric Pathogens in Colombian Indigenous People—A More Pronounced Effect on Bacteria Than on Parasites. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020214. [PMID: 35215157 PMCID: PMC8875320 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens, which are frequently food- and waterborne transmitted, are highly abundant in Indigenous people living in remote rural areas of Colombia. As the frequency of gastroenteritis in the tropics shows seasonal differences, we analyzed variations of pathogen patterns in the stool samples of a Colombian Indigenous tribe called Wiwa during the dry (n = 105) and the rainy (n = 227) season, applying real-time PCR from stool samples and statistical analysis based on a multi-variable model. Focusing on bacterial pathogens, increased detection rates could be confirmed for enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli with a tendency for an increase in Campylobacter jejuni detections during the rainy season, while there was no seasonal effect on the carriage of Tropheryma whipplei. Salmonellae were recorded during the rainy season only. A differentiated pattern was seen for the assessed parasites. Entamoeba histolytica, Necator americanus and Trichuris trichiura were increasingly detected during the rainy season, but not Ascaris lumbricoides, Giardia duodenalis, Hymenolepis nana, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Taenia solium, respectively. Increased detection rates during the dry season were not recorded. Negative associations were found for Campylobacter jejuni and Giardia duodenalis with age and for Tropheryma whipplei with the body mass index, respectively. Positive associations of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Taenia solium detections were observed with age. In conclusion, facilitating effects of the tropical rainy season were more pronounced on bacterial enteric pathogens compared to enteropathogenic parasites.
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Zhang XA, Zhao RQ, Chen JJ, Yuan Y, Tang X, Zhou ZW, Ren L, Lu QB, Wang YN, Zhang HY, Zhang PH, Fang LQ, Zhou HS, Liu EM, Xu HM, Liu W. The Identification and Genetic Characterization of Parechovirus Infection Among Pediatric Patients With Wide Clinical Spectrum in Chongqing, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:709849. [PMID: 34594310 PMCID: PMC8477803 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.709849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are important causes of infection in children. However, without a comprehensive and persistent surveillance, the epidemiology and clinical features of HPeV infection remain ambiguous. We performed a hospital-based surveillance study among three groups of pediatric patients with acute respiratory infection (Group 1), acute diarrhea (Group 2), and hand, foot and mouth disease (Group 3) in Chongqing, China, from 2009 to 2015. Among 10,212 tested patients, 707 (6.92%) were positive for HPeV, with the positive rates differing significantly among three groups (Group 1, 3.43%; Group 2, 14.94%; Group 3, 3.55%; P < 0.001). The co-infection with other pathogens was detected in 75.2% (531/707) of HPeV-positive patients. Significant negative interaction between HPeV and Parainfluenza virus (PIV) (P = 0.046, OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.34–0.98) and positive interactions between HPeV and Enterovirus (EV) (P = 0.015, OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.23–4.73) were identified. Among 707 HPeV-positive patients, 592 (83.73%) were successfully sequenced, and 10 genotypes were identified, with HPeV1 (n = 396), HPeV4 (n = 86), and HPeV3 (n = 46) as the most frequently seen. The proportion of genotypes differed among three groups (P < 0.001), with HPeV1 and HPeV4 overrepresented in Group 2 and HPeV6 overrepresented in Group 3. The spatial patterns of HPeV genotypes disclosed more close clustering of the currently sequenced strains than those from other countries/regions, although they were indeed mixed. Three main genotypes (HPeV1, HPeV3, and HPeV4) had shown distinct seasonal peaks, highlighting a bi-annual cycle of all HpeV and two genotypes (HPeV 1 and HPeV 4) with peaks in odd-numbered years and with peaks in even-numbered years HPeV3. Significantly higher HPeV1 viral loads were associated with severe diarrhea in Group 2 (P = 0.044), while associated with HPeV single infection than HPeV-EV coinfection among HFMD patients (P = 0.001). It’s concluded that HPeV infection was correlated with wide clinical spectrum in pediatric patients with a high variety of genotypes determined. Still no clinical significance can be confirmed, which warranted more molecular surveillance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Qiu Zhao
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Tang
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Luo Ren
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin-Bin Lu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Pan-He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Sheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - En-Mei Liu
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Xu
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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Makvandi M, Teimoori A, Pirmoradi R, Karami C, Shamsizadeh A, Shabani A, Angali KA. Parechovirus and enteroviruses among young infants with sepsis in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 13:312-318. [PMID: 34540169 PMCID: PMC8416594 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v13i3.6393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Human parechoviruses (HPeV) and Human enteroviruses (EV) frequently cause a sepsis-like illness in young infants (younger than three months). Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the frequency of HPeV and EV among the young infants with clinical signs and symptoms of sepsis in Ahvaz city, Iran. Materials and Methods The blood specimens were collected from 100 (younger than 90 days hospitalized infants) including 54 (56.25%) males and 46 (43.75%) females with clinical signs and symptoms of sepsis-like disease. The RNA was extracted and tested for detection of VP1 region of HPeV and 5 UTR (Untranslated Region) of EV by RT-PCR. The sequences of positive of HPeV were further analyzed to determine HPeV genotyping. Results 5/100 (5%) of patients including 2/46 (2%) females and 3/54 (3%) males tested positive for HPeV (P=0.85). The analysis of 5 positive VP1 region of HPeV revealed the genotype 1. The analysis of sequencing and phylogenetic tree revealed that the isolated HPeVs were genotype 1. While 38/100 (38%) specimens including 16 (16%) females and 22 (22%) males were tested positive for EV (P=0.68). Conclusion The frequency of HPeV genotype 1 was 5% among the young infants with sepsis. While frequency of EV was 38% among the young infants with sepsis. This study showed HPeV genotype 1 and EV are dominant in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoochehr Makvandi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roya Pirmoradi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Chiman Karami
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shamsizadeh
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Aboozar Children's Medical Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdolnabi Shabani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
- Department of Biostatistic, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Virome in adult Aedes albopictus captured during different seasons in Guangzhou City, China. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:415. [PMID: 34407871 PMCID: PMC8371599 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04922-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mosquito Aedes albopictus is an important vector for many pathogens. Understanding the virome in Ae. albopictus is critical for assessing the risk of disease transmission, implementation of vector control measures, and health system strengthening. Methods In this study, viral metagenomic and PCR methods were used to reveal the virome in adult Ae. albopictus captured in different areas and during different seasons in Guangzhou, China. Results The viral composition of adult Ae. albopictus varied mainly between seasons. Over 50 viral families were found, which were specific to vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, fungi, bacteria, and protozoa. In rural areas, Siphoviridae (6.5%) was the most common viral family harbored by mosquitoes captured during winter and spring, while Luteoviridae (1.1%) was the most common viral family harbored by mosquitoes captured during summer and autumn. Myoviridae (7.0% and 1.3%) was the most common viral family in mosquitoes captured in urban areas during all seasons. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was detected by PCR in a female mosquito pool. The first near full-length HBV genome from Ae. albopictus was amplified, which showed a high level of similarity with human HBV genotype B sequences. Human parechovirus (HPeV) was detected in male and female mosquito pools, and the sequences were clustered with HPeV 1 and 3 sequences. Conclusions Large numbers of viral species were found in adult Ae. albopictus, including viruses from vertebrates, insects, and plants. The viral composition in Ae. albopictus mainly varied between seasons. Herein, we are the first to report the detection of HPeV and HBV in mosquitoes. This study not only provides valuable information for the control and prevention of mosquito-borne diseases, but it also demonstrates the feasibility of xenosurveillance. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04922-z.
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Skanke LH, Lysvand H, Heimdal I, Moe N, Krokstad S, Christensen A, Risnes K, Nordbø SA, Døllner H. Parechovirus A in Hospitalized Children With Respiratory Tract Infections: A 10-Year-Long Study From Norway. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10:722-729. [PMID: 33899922 PMCID: PMC8364331 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of Parechovirus A (PeV-A) in hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections (RTIs) is unclear. We studied the occurrence and impact of PeV-A over 10 years. METHODS Children from Sør-Trøndelag County, Norway, hospitalized with RTI and a comparison group of asymptomatic children admitted to elective surgery, were prospectively enrolled from 2006 to 2016. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were cultured and analyzed with polymerase chain reaction tests for PeV-A and 19 other pathogens. The cycle threshold levels of PeV-A were reported as measures of viral genomic loads. Parechovirus A-positive samples were genotyped by amplification and sequencing of the VP3/VP1 junction. RESULTS Parechovirus A was detected in 8.8% (323/3689) patients with RTI and in 10.1% (45/444) of the children in the comparison group (P = .34). Parechovirus A genotyping (n = 188) revealed PeV-A1 (n = 121), PeV-A3 (n = 15), PeV-A5 (n = 6), and PeV-A6 (n = 46). Viral codetections occurred in 95% of patients and in 84% of the children in the comparison group (P = .016). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, RTI was unrelated to PeV-A genomic loads, adjusted for other viruses and covariates. Similar results were found for PeV-A1 and PeV-A6. CONCLUSIONS Parechovirus A and viral codetections were common in hospitalized children with RTI and asymptomatic children in a comparison group. Our findings suggest that PeV-A has a limited role in hospitalized children with RTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Høsøien Skanke
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hilde Lysvand
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Inger Heimdal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nina Moe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sidsel Krokstad
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Christensen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari Risnes
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway,Department of Research and Innovation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Nordbø
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Døllner
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway,Corresponding author: Henrik Døllner, MD, PhD, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway. E-mail:
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12
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Tripathi L, Hietanen E, Merilahti P, Teixido L, Sanchez-Alberola N, Tauriainen S, Susi P. Monoclonal antibody against VP0 recognizes a broad range of human parechoviruses. J Virol Methods 2021; 293:114167. [PMID: 33894205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parechoviruses (PeVs) are common viruses that cause mild gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms to severe central nervous system infections. In infants, parechovirus infection is one of the leading causes of life-threatening viral disease. High-quality antibodies with broad binding specificities are essential to improve accurate parechovirus diagnosis in diagnostic laboratories. Such antibodies have potential in the development of rapid antigen detection assay against PeVs. In the present study, VP4 and VP2 genes from human parechovirus A1 (PeV-A1) were cloned and VP0 fusion protein produced to develop monoclonal antibodies against PeVs. Two pan-parechovirus antibodies, one IgG and one IgM isotype, were isolated. The properties of IgG1/κ monoclonal (designated as Mab-PAR-1) was studied further. Mab-PAR-1 was shown to be functional in western blot against denatured recombinant protein and viral particles. In immunofluorescence assay, the antibody tested positive for nineteen PeV-A1 isolates while showing no cross-reactivity to fourteen entero- and rhinovirus types. In addition, Mab-PAR-1 showed positive reactivity against five other cultivable parechovirus types 2-6. A unique Mab-PAR-1 epitope located in the junction of the three capsid proteins VP0, VP1, and VP3 was identified using a peptide library screen. This study demonstrates that PeV-A1-VP0 protein is functional antigen for developing monoclonal antibody for diagnosis of broad range of parechovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lav Tripathi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Eero Hietanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Merilahti
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Petri Susi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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13
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Gutiérrez-Jara JP, Córdova-Lepe F, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Chowell G. Pesticide application, educational treatment and infectious respiratory diseases: A mechanistic model with two impulsive controls. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243048. [PMID: 33270758 PMCID: PMC7714192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we develop and analyze an SIS-type epidemiological-mathematical model of the interaction between pesticide use and infectious respiratory disease transmission for investigating the impact of pesticide intoxication on the spread of these types of diseases. We further investigate the role of educational treatment for appropriate pesticide use on the transmission dynamics. Two impulsive control events are proposed: pesticide use and educational treatment. From the proposed model, it was obtained that the rate of forgetfulness towards educational treatment is a determining factor for the reduction of intoxicated people, as well as for the reduction of costs associated with educational interventions. To get reduced intoxications, the population's fraction to which is necessary to apply the educational treatment depends on its individual effectiveness level and the educational treatments' forgetfulness rate. In addition, the turnover of agricultural workers plays a fundamental role in the dynamics of agrotoxic use, particularly in the application of educational treatment. For illustration, a flu-like disease with a basic reproductive number below the epidemic threshold of 1.0 is shown can acquire epidemic potential in a population at risk of pesticide exposure. Hence, our findings suggest that educational treatment targeting pesticide exposure is an effective tool to reduce the transmission rate of an infectious respiratory disease in a population exposed to the toxic substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Gutiérrez-Jara
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Región del Maule, Chile
| | - Fernando Córdova-Lepe
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Región del Maule, Chile
| | | | - Gerardo Chowell
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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14
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Kabuga AI, Nejati A, Soheili P, Shahmahmoodi S. Human parechovirus are emerging pathogens with broad spectrum of clinical syndromes in adults. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2911-2916. [PMID: 32761910 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parechoviruses are emerging pathogens of humans often affecting the pediatric age group, with a growing line of evidence implicating them as agents of a broad spectrum of clinical syndromes in adults. However, because many clinicians are not familiar with the manifestation of the infections, they are not included in the list of diagnostic pathogens. Furthermore, due to the indistinguishable feature of the infection compared with other common pathogens, a large number of cases are likely to go unchecked. Some may develop asymptomatic infection and recover without overt clinical disease. In this manuscript, we reviewed available literature on parechovirus infection in adult and summarized information relating to epidemiology, clinical manifestation, laboratory diagnosis, and therapeutics. The information provided should help in early case detection and support an evidence-based clinical decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auwal Idris Kabuga
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Soheili
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Molecular characterization of the complete genome sequence of human Parechovirus 1 in Pakistan. Virus Res 2020; 290:198178. [PMID: 33010373 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are highly common pathogens in children under 2 years of age. Of the 19 distinct HPeV genotypes identified worldwide, HPeV1 is still the most prevalent type associated with respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in infants and young children. Pakistan's previous studies have focused only on the detection and partial sequencing of HPeV genotypes. In the present study, we have obtained the complete genomes of 2 HPeV1 strains (PAK419 and PAK663) from children using NGS method on Illumina Hiseq Platform. These samples were collected from children suffering from acute gastroenteritis in Rawalpindi, Pakistan during 2016. The near complete genome sequences obtained for two HPeV1 strains (PAK419 and PAK663) consist of total 6877 nucleotides with a single, large open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polyprotein gene. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both HPeV1 strains exhibited maximum amino acid similarity (97 %) to HPeV1 strains from The Nederlands (2007-863, GQ183034) and clustered closely with this and with other HPeV1 strains isolated from other countries in the world (Ethiopia, Taiwan, Russia and Brazil). A motif of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) in the VP1 (Outer capsid protein) C-terminus region that is suggested to help virus entry into the host cell also identified in PAK419 and PAK663. SimPlot analysis revealed that intergenotypic recombination events may have take place in the non-structural region between both HPeV1 strains (PAK419, PAK663), two major strains of HPeV1 (GQ183034 and MG873157) and four minor strains of HPeV4 (AM235750), HPeV7 (EU556224), HPeV15 (MN265386) and HPeV18 (KT879915). The full genome of HPeV1 strains characterized in the current study will provide complete information on these newly isolated strains for further preventive or treatment measures.
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16
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Fernandez-Garcia MD, Simon-Loriere E, Kebe O, Sakuntabhai A, Ndiaye K. Identification and molecular characterization of the first complete genome sequence of Human Parechovirus type 15. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6759. [PMID: 32317760 PMCID: PMC7174385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63467-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a metagenomics approach, we have determined the first full-length genome sequence of a human parechovirus type 15 (HPeV15) strain, isolated from a child with acute flaccid paralysis and co-infected with EV-A71. HPeV15 is a rarely reported type. To date, no full-length genome sequence of HPeV15 is available in the GenBank database, where only limited VP1 sequences of this virus are available. Pairwise comparisons of the complete VP1 nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences revealed that the study strain belongs to type 15 as it displayed 79.6% nucleotide and 93.4% amino acid identity with the HPeV15 prototype strain. Comparative analysis of available genomic regions and phylogenetic analysis using the P2 and P3 coding regions revealed low nucleotide identity to HPeV reference genomes. Phylogenetic and similarity plot analyses showed that genomic recombination events might have occurred in the UTRs and nonstructural region during HPeV15 evolution. The study strain has high similarity features with different variants of HPeV3 suggesting intertypic recombination. Our data contributes to the scarce data available on HPeVs in Africa and provides valuable information for future studies that aim to understand the evolutionary history, molecular epidemiology or biological and pathogenic properties of HPeV15.
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17
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Zhu YN, Ye YH, Zhang Z, Wu YJ, Chen L, Wang J, Tang YJ, Meng J, Zhang HL, Hu GF. Prevalence and molecular characterization of parechovirus A in children with acute gastroenteritis in Shenzhen, 2016-2018. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1377-1384. [PMID: 32296995 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parechovirus A (PeV-A), which causes a wide variety of diseases, is prevalent among young children. However, little is currently known about PeV-A infections in children with acute gastroenteritis in mainland China. In this study, we investigated the molecular epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis in Shenzhen, southern China, with an emphasis on PeV-A infections. A total of 1220 stool specimens from 1220 outpatient children under 5 years old with acute gastroenteritis were collected from January 2016 to December 2018. Viral RNA was detected by a real-time RT-PCR and PCR method. The PeV-A isolates were genotyped by sequencing the VP3/VP1 region. Of 1220 specimens, 148 (12.1%) were positive for PeV-A. The predominant genotype was PeV-A 1B (68.9%), followed by PeV-A 4 (12.2%), PeV-A 14 (6.1%), PeV-A 1A (5.4%), PeV-A 6 (2.7%), PeV-A 3 (2.7%) and PeV-A 5 (2.0%). It was found that 68.2% of PeV-A infections occurred in the summer and rainy months (June to September) in southern China. The majority of PeV-A-positive patients (97.3%) were younger than 24 months old. PeV-A coinfection with norovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus and adenovirus was found in thirty specimens (30/148, 20.3%), five specimens (5/148, 3.4%), five specimens (5/148, 3.4%), and two specimens (2/148, 1.4%), respectively. Coinfections with more than one other enteric virus were not observed in any of the PeV-A-positive specimens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the PeV-A isolates from Shenzhen were closely related to each other and to strains circulating in China, suggesting endemic circulation of PeV-A in China. The results of this study indicate that PeV-A is one of important pathogens of acute gastroenteritis in young children and that coinfection is a possible mode of PeV-A infection. PeV-A associated with acute gastroenteritis exhibited high genotypic diversity in Shenzhen, southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yu-Hui Ye
- Preventive Care Center, PeKing University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Information & Technology Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yan-Jie Wu
- Preventive Care Center, PeKing University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Long Chen
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yi-Jun Tang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Meng
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hai-Long Zhang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Gui-Fang Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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18
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Al-Romaihi HE, Smatti MK, Al-Khatib HA, Coyle PV, Ganesan N, Nadeem S, Farag EA, Al Thani AA, Al Khal A, Al Ansari KM, Al Maslamani MA, Yassine HM. Molecular epidemiology of influenza, RSV, and other respiratory infections among children in Qatar: A six years report (2012-2017). Int J Infect Dis 2020; 95:133-141. [PMID: 32278934 PMCID: PMC7194828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout a five years period, HRV, RSV, and influenza viruses were responsible for two-thirds of acute respiratory infections among children in Qatar. RSV, influenza, and HMPV circulated in winter, whereas HRV was highly active during other seasons. RSV is more prevalent among infants, while influenza circulates more among children above five years of age. Influenza–RSV co-infections are significantly associated with age. Gender-dependent differences affect infection rates.
Background Studies on the etiology of respiratory infections among children in Qatar and surrounding countries are limited. Objectives To describe the prevalence and seasonality of RSV, influenza, and other respiratory pathogens among children in Qatar. Methods We retrospectively collected and analyzed data of 33,404 children (<15 years) presented with influenza-like illness from 2012 to 2017. Results At least one respiratory pathogen was detected in 26,138 (78%) of patients. Together, human rhinoviruses (HRV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza viruses comprised nearly two-thirds of all cases, affecting 24%, 19.7%, and 18.5%, respectively. A prevalence of 5-10% was recorded for adenovirus, parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), human bocavirus (HboV), and human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), enteroviruses, M. pneumonia, and parechovirus had prevalences below 5%. While RSV, influenza, and HMPV exhibited strong seasonal activity in the winter, HRV was active during low RSV and influenza circulation. The burden of RSV exceeds that of influenza among young age groups, whereas influenza correlated positively with age. Further, HRV, adenovirus, influenza, and RSV infection rates varied significantly between male and females. Conclusion This comprehensive multi-year study provides insights into the etiology of ILI among children in Qatar, which represents the Gulf region. Our results reinforce the significance of active surveillance of respiratory pathogens to improve infection prevention and control strategies, particularly among children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria K Smatti
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Hebah A Al-Khatib
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
| | | | | | | | | | - Asmaa A Al Thani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; College of Health Sciences-QU health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | | | | | | | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; College of Health Sciences-QU health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Sridhar A, Karelehto E, Brouwer L, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC. Parechovirus A Pathogenesis and the Enigma of Genotype A-3. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111062. [PMID: 31739613 PMCID: PMC6893760 DOI: 10.3390/v11111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parechovirus A is a species in the Parechovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family that can cause severe disease in children. Relatively little is known on Parechovirus A epidemiology and pathogenesis. This review aims to explore the Parechovirus A literature and highlight the differences between Parechovirus A genotypes from a pathogenesis standpoint. In particular, the curious case of Parechovirus-A3 and the genotype-specific disease association will be discussed. Finally, a brief outlook on Parechovirus A research is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Sridhar
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eveliina Karelehto
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
| | - Lieke Brouwer
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Katja C. Wolthers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
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Recombinant Strains of Human Parechovirus in Rural Areas in the North of Brazil. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060488. [PMID: 31146371 PMCID: PMC6630568 DOI: 10.3390/v11060488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized the 24 nearly full-length genomes of human parechoviruses (PeV) from children in the north of Brazil. The initial phylogenetic analysis indicated that 17 strains belonged to genotype 1, 5 to genotype 4, and 1 to genotype 17. A more detailed analysis revealed a high frequency of recombinant strains (58%): A total of 14 of our PeV-As were chimeric, with four distinct recombination patterns identified. Five strains were composed of genotypes 1 and 5 (Rec1/5); five strains shared a complex mosaic pattern formed by genotypes 4, 5, and 17 (Rec4/17/5); two strains were composed of genotypes 1 and 17 (Rec1/17); and two strains were composed of genotype 1 and an undetermined strain (Rec1/und). Coalescent analysis based on the Vp1 gene, which is free of recombination, indicated that the recombinant strains most likely arose in this region approximately 30 years ago. They are present in high frequencies and are circulating in different small and isolated cities in the state of Tocantins. Further studies will be needed to establish whether the detected recombinant strains have been replacing parental strains or if they are co-circulating in distinct frequencies in Tocantins.
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Britton PN, Jones CA, Macartney K, Cheng AC. Parechovirus: an important emerging infection in young infants. Med J Aust 2019; 208:365-369. [PMID: 29716506 DOI: 10.5694/mja18.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidemics of human parechovirus (HPeV) causing disease in young children have occurred every 2 years in Australia since 2013. HPeV genotype 3 caused the epidemic from late 2017 to early 2018. Most HPeV infections cause no or mild symptoms including gastroenteritis or influenza-like illness. Characteristically, young infants present with fever, irritability and on occasions a diffuse rash ("red, hot and angry" babies). Severe disease can manifest as meningoencephalitis, seizures or sepsis-like presentations (including septic shock), or less common presentations including signs of surgical abdomen. Testing for HPeV by specific molecular tests is indicated in children younger than 6 months of age with characteristic presentations without another confirmed diagnosis including febrile illnesses with other suggestive features (eg, rash, seizures), sepsis syndromes (including shock), and suspected meningoencephalitis (which may be detected by magnetic resonance imaging only). There are no effective antiviral therapies. Treatment is primarily supportive, including management of complications. Some infants with severe HPeV infection may have adverse neurodevelopment. Follow-up by a paediatrician is recommended.
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High frequency and diversity of parechovirus A in a cohort of Malawian children. Arch Virol 2019; 164:799-806. [PMID: 30666460 PMCID: PMC6394728 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-04131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parechoviruses (PeVs) are highly prevalent viruses worldwide. Over the last decades, several studies have been published on PeV epidemiology in Europe, Asia and North America, while information on other continents is lacking. The aim of this study was to describe PeV circulation in a cohort of children in Malawi, Africa. A total of 749 stool samples obtained from Malawian children aged 6 to 60 months were tested for the presence of PeV by real-time PCR. We performed typing by phylogenetic and Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis. PeV was found in 57% of stool samples. Age was significantly associated with PeV positivity (p = 0.01). Typing by phylogenetic analysis resulted in 15 different types, while BLAST typing resulted in 14 different types and several indeterminate strains. In total, six strains showed inconsistencies in typing between the two methods. One strain, P02-4058, remained untypable by all methods, but appeared to belong to the recently reclassified PeV-A19 genotype. PeV-A1, -A2 and -A3 were the most prevalent types (26.8%, 13.8% and 9.8%, respectively). Both the prevalence and genetic diversity found in our study were remarkably high. Our data provide an important contribution to the scarce data available on PeV epidemiology in Africa.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Human parechovirus particularly genotype 3 (HPeV3) is an emerging infection affecting predominantly young infants. The potential for neurologic sequelae in a vulnerable subset is increasingly apparent. A review of 2 epidemics of human parechovirus (HpeV) infection in 2013 and in 2015 in Queensland, Australia, was undertaken, with an emphasis on identifying adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. METHODS All hospitalized cases with laboratory-confirmed HPeV infection between October 2013 June 2016 were identified. Clinical, demographic, laboratory and imaging data were collected and correlated with reported developmental outcome. RESULTS Laboratory-confirmed HPeV infections were identified in 202 patients across 25 hospitals; 86.6% (n = 175) were younger than 3 months 16.3% (n = 33) received intensive care admission. Of 142 cerebrospinal fluid samples which were HPeV polymerase chain reaction positive, all 89 isolates successfully genotyped were HPeV3. Clinical information was available for 145 children; 53.1% (n = 77) had follow-up from a pediatrician, of whom 14% (n = 11) had neurodevelopmental sequelae, ranging from hypotonia and gross motor delay to spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy and cortical visual impairment. Of 15 children with initially abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging, 47% (n = 7) had neurodevelopmental concerns, the remainder had normal development at follow-up between 6 and 15 months of age. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest cohort of HPeV3 cases with clinical data and pediatrician-assessed neurodevelopmental follow-up to date. Developmental concerns were identified in 11 children at early follow-up. Abnormal magnetic resonance imaging during acute infection did not specifically predict poor neurodevelopmental in short-term follow-up. Continued follow-up of infants and further imaging correlation is needed to explore predictors of long-term morbidity.
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