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Chow XH, Ting CM, Wan Hamizan AK, Zahedi FD, Tan HJ, Remli R, Khoo CS, Ombao H, Sahibulddin SZ, Husain S. Brain waves spectral analysis of human responses to odorous and non-odorous substances: a preliminary study. J Laryngol Otol 2024; 138:301-309. [PMID: 37259908 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215123000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the potential electrophysiological biomarkers of human responses by comparing the electroencephalogram brain wave changes towards lavender versus normal saline in a healthy human population. METHOD This study included a total of 44 participants without subjective olfactory disturbances. Lavender and normal saline were used as the olfactory stimulant and control. Electroencephalogram was recorded and power spectra were analysed by the spectral analysis for each alpha, beta, delta, theta and gamma bandwidth frequency upon exposure to lavender and normal saline independently. RESULTS The oscillatory brain activities in response to the olfactory stimulant indicated that the lavender smell decreased the beta activity in the left frontal (F7 electrode) and central region (C3 electrode) with a reduction in the gamma activity in the right parietal region (P4 electrode) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Olfactory stimulants result in changes of electrical brain activities in different brain regions, as evidenced by the topographical brain map and spectra analysis of each brain wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hong Chow
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee Ming Ting
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, University of Technology Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Information Technology, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Aneeza Khairiyah Wan Hamizan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Farah Dayana Zahedi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui Jan Tan
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Unit, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rabani Remli
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Unit, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ching Soong Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Unit, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hernando Ombao
- Biostatistics Group, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siti Zaleha Sahibulddin
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Unit, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Salina Husain
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Mastinu M, Grzeschuchna LS, Mignot C, Guducu C, Bogdanov V, Hummel T. Time-frequency analysis of gustatory event related potentials (gERP) in taste disorders. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2512. [PMID: 38291123 PMCID: PMC10827706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In taste disorders, the key to a correct diagnosis and an adequate treatment is an objective assessment. Compared to psychophysical tests, EEG-derived gustatory event-related potentials (gERP) could be used as a less biased measure. However, the responses identified using conventional time-domain averaging show a low signal-to-noise ratio. This study included 44 patients with dysgeusia and 59 healthy participants, who underwent a comprehensive clinical examination of gustatory function. gERPs were recorded in response to stimulation with two concentrations of salty solutions, which were applied with a high precision gustometer. Group differences were examined using gERP analyzed in the canonical time domain and with Time-Frequency Analyses (TFA). Dysgeusic patients showed significantly lower scores for gustatory chemical and electrical stimuli. gERPs failed to show significant differences in amplitudes or latencies between groups. However, TFA showed that gustatory activations were characterized by a stronger power in controls than in patients in the low frequencies (0.1-4 Hz), and a higher desynchronization in the alpha-band (8-12 Hz). Hence, gERPs reflect the altered taste sensation in patients with dysgeusia. TFA appears to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio commonly present when using conventional time-domain averaging, and might be of assistance for the diagnosis of dysgeusia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Mastinu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Lisa Sophie Grzeschuchna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Coralie Mignot
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cagdas Guducu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine Department of Biophysics, 35320, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Vasyl Bogdanov
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
Covert consciousness is a state of residual awareness following severe brain injury or neurological disorder that evades routine bedside behavioral detection. Patients with covert consciousness have preserved awareness but are incapable of self-expression through ordinary means of behavior or communication. Growing recognition of the limitations of bedside neurobehavioral examination in reliably detecting consciousness, along with advances in neurotechnologies capable of detecting brain states or subtle signs indicative of consciousness not discernible by routine examination, carry promise to transform approaches to classifying, diagnosing, prognosticating and treating disorders of consciousness. Here we describe and critically evaluate the evolving clinical category of covert consciousness, including approaches to its diagnosis through neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and novel behavioral tools, its prognostic relevance, and open questions pertaining to optimal clinical management of patients with covert consciousness recovering from severe brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Young
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian L. Edlow
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yelena G. Bodien
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Siviero I, Bonfanti D, Menegaz G, Savazzi S, Mazzi C, Storti SF. Graph Analysis of TMS-EEG Connectivity Reveals Hemispheric Differences following Occipital Stimulation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8833. [PMID: 37960532 PMCID: PMC10650175 DOI: 10.3390/s23218833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) provides a unique opportunity to investigate brain connectivity. However, possible hemispheric asymmetries in signal propagation dynamics following occipital TMS have not been investigated. (2) Methods: Eighteen healthy participants underwent occipital single-pulse TMS at two different EEG sites, corresponding to early visual areas. We used a state-of-the-art Bayesian estimation approach to accurately estimate TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) from EEG data, which has not been previously used in this context. To capture the rapid dynamics of information flow patterns, we implemented a self-tuning optimized Kalman (STOK) filter in conjunction with the information partial directed coherence (iPDC) measure, enabling us to derive time-varying connectivity matrices. Subsequently, graph analysis was conducted to assess key network properties, providing insight into the overall network organization of the brain network. (3) Results: Our findings revealed distinct lateralized effects on effective brain connectivity and graph networks after TMS stimulation, with left stimulation facilitating enhanced communication between contralateral frontal regions and right stimulation promoting increased intra-hemispheric ipsilateral connectivity, as evidenced by statistical test (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: The identified hemispheric differences in terms of connectivity provide novel insights into brain networks involved in visual information processing, revealing the hemispheric specificity of neural responses to occipital stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Siviero
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Davide Bonfanti
- Perception and Awareness (PandA) Lab., Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Piazzale Ludovico Antonio Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy; (D.B.); (S.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Gloria Menegaz
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Silvia Savazzi
- Perception and Awareness (PandA) Lab., Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Piazzale Ludovico Antonio Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy; (D.B.); (S.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Chiara Mazzi
- Perception and Awareness (PandA) Lab., Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Piazzale Ludovico Antonio Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy; (D.B.); (S.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Silvia Francesca Storti
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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Morozova M, Bikbavova A, Bulanov V, Lebedev MA. An olfactory-based Brain-Computer Interface: electroencephalography changes during odor perception and discrimination. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1122849. [PMID: 37397128 PMCID: PMC10309181 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1122849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are devices designed for establishing communication between the central nervous system and a computer. The communication can occur through different sensory modalities, and most commonly visual and auditory modalities are used. Here we propose that BCIs can be expanded by the incorporation of olfaction and discuss the potential applications of such olfactory BCIs. To substantiate this idea, we present results from two olfactory tasks: one that required attentive perception of odors without any overt report, and the second one where participants discriminated consecutively presented odors. In these experiments, EEG recordings were conducted in healthy participants while they performed the tasks guided by computer-generated verbal instructions. We emphasize the importance of relating EEG modulations to the breath cycle to improve the performance of an olfactory-based BCI. Furthermore, theta-activity could be used for olfactory-BCI decoding. In our experiments, we observed modulations of theta activity over the frontal EEG leads approximately 2 s after the inhalation of an odor. Overall, frontal theta rhythms and other types of EEG activity could be incorporated in the olfactory-based BCIs which utilize odors either as inputs or outputs. These BCIs could improve olfactory training required for conditions like anosmia and hyposmia, and mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Morozova
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alsu Bikbavova
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Mikhail A. Lebedev
- Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology, I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Ninenko I, Kleeva DF, Bukreev N, Lebedev MA. An experimental paradigm for studying EEG correlates of olfactory discrimination. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1117801. [PMID: 37305363 PMCID: PMC10248234 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1117801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) correlates of olfaction are of fundamental and practical interest for many reasons. In the field of neural technologies, olfactory-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) represent an approach that could be useful for neurorehabilitation of anosmia, dysosmia and hyposmia. While the idea of a BCI that decodes neural responses to different odors and/or enables odor-based neurofeedback is appealing, the results of previous EEG investigations into the olfactory domain are rather inconsistent, particularly when non-primary processing of olfactory signals is concerned. Here we developed an experimental paradigm where EEG recordings are conducted while a participant executes an olfaction-based instructed-delay task. We utilized an olfactory display and a sensor of respiration to deliver odors in a strictly controlled fashion. We showed that with this approach spatial and spectral EEG properties could be analyzed to assess neural processing of olfactory stimuli and their conversion into a motor response. We conclude that EEG recordings are suitable for detecting active processing of odors. As such they could be integrated in a BCI that strives to rehabilitate olfactory disabilities or uses odors for hedonistic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ninenko
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- V. Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria F. Kleeva
- V. Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Mikhail A. Lebedev
- Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Wu W, Xu C, Liang Q, Zheng X, Xiao Q, Zhong H, Chen N, Lan Y, Huang X, Xie Q. Olfactory response is a potential sign of consciousness: electroencephalogram findings. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1187471. [PMID: 37274218 PMCID: PMC10233028 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1187471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore whether olfactory response can be a sign of consciousness and represent higher cognitive processing in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) using clinical and electroencephalogram data. Methods Twenty-eight patients with DoC [13 vegetative states (VS)/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) and 15 minimally conscious states (MCS)] were divided into two groups: the presence of olfactory response (ORES) group and the absence of olfactory response (N-ORES) group according to behavioral signs from different odors, i.e., vanillin, decanoic acid, and blank stimuli. We recorded an olfactory task-related electroencephalogram (EEG) and analyzed the relative power and functional connectivity at the whole-brain level in patients with DoC and healthy controls (HCs). After three months, the outcomes of DoC patients were followed up using the coma recovery scale-revised (CRS-R). Results A significant relationship was found between olfactory responses and the level of consciousness (χ2(1) = 6.892, p = 0.020). For olfactory EEG, N-ORES patients showed higher theta functional connectivity than ORES patients after stimulation with vanillin (p = 0.029; p = 0.027). Patients with N-ORES showed lower alpha and beta relative powers than HCs at the group level (p = 0.019; p = 0.033). After three months, 62.5% (10/16) of the ORES patients recovered consciousness compared to 16.7% (2/12) in the N-ORES group. The presence of olfactory response was significantly associated with an improvement in consciousness (χ2(1) = 5.882, p = 0.023). Conclusion Olfactory responses should be considered signs of consciousness. The differences in olfactory processing between DoC patients with and without olfactory responses may be a way to explore the neural correlates of olfactory consciousness in these patients. The olfactory response may help in the assessment of consciousness and may contribute to therapeutic orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchun Wu
- Joint Research Centre for Disorders of Consciousness, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengwei Xu
- Joint Research Centre for Disorders of Consciousness, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qimei Liang
- Joint Research Centre for Disorders of Consciousness, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaochun Zheng
- Joint Research Centre for Disorders of Consciousness, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuyi Xiao
- Joint Research Centre for Disorders of Consciousness, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haili Zhong
- Joint Research Centre for Disorders of Consciousness, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Chen
- Joint Research Centre for Disorders of Consciousness, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Joint Research Centre for Disorders of Consciousness, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiyan Huang
- Joint Research Centre for Disorders of Consciousness, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuyou Xie
- Joint Research Centre for Disorders of Consciousness, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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8
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Mignot C, Faria V, Hummel T, Frost M, Michel CM, Gossrau G, Haehner A. Migraine with aura: less control over pain and fragrances? J Headache Pain 2023; 24:55. [PMID: 37198532 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating data emphasizes the importance of olfaction in migraine pathophysiology. However, there are only a few studies evaluating how the migraine brain processes olfactory stimulation, and virtually no studies comparing patients with and without aura in this context. METHODS This cross-sectional study recorded event-related potentials from 64 electrodes during a pure olfactory or pure trigeminal stimulus in females with episodic migraine with aura (n = 13) and without aura (n = 15), to characterize the central nervous processing of these intranasal stimuli. Patients were tested in interictal state only. Data were analyzed in the time domain and in the time-frequency domain. Source reconstruction analysis was also performed. RESULTS Patients with aura had higher event-related potentials amplitudes for left-sided trigeminal and left-sided olfactory stimulations, and higher neural activity for right-sided trigeminal stimulation in brain areas related to trigeminal and visual processing. Following olfactory stimulations patients with aura displayed decreased neural activity in secondary olfactory structures compared to patients without aura. Oscillations in the low frequency bands (< 8 Hz) differed between patient groups. CONCLUSIONS Altogether this may reflect hypersensitivity to nociceptive stimuli in patients with aura relative to patients without aura. Patients with aura have a bigger deficit in engaging secondary olfactory-related structures, possibly leading to distorted attention and judgements towards odors. The cerebral overlap between trigeminal nociception and olfaction might explain these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Mignot
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Vanda Faria
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
- Brain and Eye Pain Imaging Lab, Pain and Affective Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie Frost
- Comprehensive Pain Center, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph M Michel
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gudrun Gossrau
- Comprehensive Pain Center, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Antje Haehner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Hernandez AK, Landis BN, Altundag A, Fjaeldstad AW, Gane S, Holbrook EH, Huart C, Konstantinidis I, Lechner M, Macchi A, Portillo Mazal P, Miwa T, Philpott CM, Pinto JM, Poletti SC, Vodicka J, Welge-Luessen A, Whitcroft KL, Hummel T. Olfactory Nomenclature: An Orchestrated Effort to Clarify Terms and Definitions of Dysosmia, Anosmia, Hyposmia, Normosmia, Hyperosmia, Olfactory Intolerance, Parosmia, and Phantosmia/Olfactory Hallucination. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2023; 85:312-320. [PMID: 37062268 PMCID: PMC10711772 DOI: 10.1159/000530211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Definitions are essential for effective communication and discourse, particularly in science. They allow the shared understanding of a thought or idea, generalization of knowledge, and comparison across scientific investigation. The current terms describing olfactory dysfunction are vague and overlapping. SUMMARY As a group of clinical olfactory researchers, we propose the standardization of the terms "dysosmia," "anosmia," "hyposmia," "normosmia," "hyperosmia," "olfactory intolerance," "parosmia," and "phantosmia" (or "olfactory hallucination") in olfaction-related communication, with specific definitions in this text. KEY MESSAGES The words included in this paper were determined as those which are most frequently used in the context of olfactory function and dysfunction, in both clinical and research settings. Despite widespread use in publications, however, there still exists some disagreement in the literature regarding the definitions of terms related to olfaction. Multiple overlapping and imprecise terms that are currently in use are confusing and hinder clarity and universal understanding of these concepts. There is a pressing need to have a unified agreement on the definitions of these olfactory terms by researchers working in the field of chemosensory sciences. With the increased interest in olfaction, precise use of these terms will improve the ability to integrate and advance knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kristina Hernandez
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines – Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Muntinlupa, Philippines
| | - Basile N. Landis
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Biruni University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alexander Wieck Fjaeldstad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Clinic for Flavour, Balance and Sleep, Regional Hospital Gødstrup, Herning, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Flavour Institute, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Centre for Olfactory Research and Applications, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK
| | - Simon Gane
- The Centre for Olfactory Research and Applications, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK
- Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, UCLH, London, UK
| | - Eric H. Holbrook
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Huart
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Iordanis Konstantinidis
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Second Academic Otorhinolaryngology Department, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Matt Lechner
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- ENT Department, Homerton Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alberto Macchi
- ENT Clinic, University of Insubria, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Patricia Portillo Mazal
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Carl M. Philpott
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- The Smell and Taste Clinic, James Paget University Hospital, Gorleston, UK
| | - Jayant M. Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophia C. Poletti
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Vodicka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Pardubice, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Antje Welge-Luessen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katherine L. Whitcroft
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- The Centre for Olfactory Research and Applications, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK
- UCL Ear Institute, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Tarfa R, Yu SE, Ahmed OH, Moore JA, Bruña R, Velasquez N, Poplawsky AJ, Coffman BA, Lee SE. Neuromapping olfactory stimulation using magnetoencephalography - visualizing smell, a proof-of-concept study. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 3:1019265. [PMID: 36698377 PMCID: PMC9869273 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.1019265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Currently, clinical assessment of olfaction is largely reliant on subjective methods that require patient participation. The objective method for measuring olfaction, using electroencephalogram (EEG) readings, can be supplemented with the improved temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG) for olfactory measurement that can delineate cortical and peripheral olfactory loss. MEG provides high temporal and spatial resolution which can enhance our understanding of central olfactory processing compared to using EEG alone. Objective To determine the feasibility of building an in-house portable olfactory stimulator paired with electrophysiological neuroimaging technique with MEG to assess olfaction in the clinical setting. Design setting and participants This proof-of-concept study utilized a paired MEG-olfactometer paradigm to assess olfaction in three normosmic participants. We used a two-channel olfactory stimulator to deliver odorants according to a programmed stimulus-rest paradigm. Two synthetic odorants: 2% phenethyl alcohol (rose) and 0.5% amyl acetate (banana) were delivered in increasing increments of time followed by periods of rest. Cortical activity was measured via a 306-channel MEG system. Main outcomes and measures Primary outcome measure was the relative spectral power for each frequency band, which was contrasted between rest and olfactory stimulation. Results Compared to rest, olfactory stimulation produced a 40% increase in relative alpha power within the olfactory cortex bilaterally with both odorants. A 25%-30% increase in relative alpha power occurred in the left orbitofrontal cortex and precentral gyrus with phenethyl alcohol stimulation but not amyl acetate. Conclusion and relevance In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate the feasibility of olfactory measurement via an olfactometer-MEG paradigm. We found that odorant-specific cortical signatures can be identified using this paradigm, setting the basis for further investigation of this system as a prognostic tool for olfactory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahilla Tarfa
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sophie E. Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Omar H. Ahmed
- Penn Medicine Becker ENT & Allergy, Robbinsville, NJ, United States
| | - John A. Moore
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ricardo Bruña
- Department of Radiology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nathalia Velasquez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, United States
| | - Alexander J. Poplawsky
- Center for Neuroscience, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brian A. Coffman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Stella E. Lee
- Division of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Correspondence: Stella E. Lee
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11
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Assessment and Scientific Progresses in the Analysis of Olfactory Evoked Potentials. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9060252. [PMID: 35735495 PMCID: PMC9219708 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9060252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human sense of smell is important for many vital functions, but with the current state of the art, there is a lack of objective and non-invasive methods for smell disorder diagnostics. In recent years, increasing attention is being paid to olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) of the brain, as a viable tool for the objective assessment of olfactory dysfunctions. The aim of this review is to describe the main features of OERPs signals, the most widely used recording and processing techniques, and the scientific progress and relevance in the use of OERPs in many important application fields. In particular, the innovative role of OERPs is exploited in olfactory disorders that can influence emotions and personality or can be potential indicators of the onset or progression of neurological disorders. For all these reasons, this review presents and analyzes the latest scientific results and future challenges in the use of OERPs signals as an attractive solution for the objective monitoring technique of olfactory disorders.
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12
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杜 伟, 陈 福. [Application research and development of objective examination of olfactory function]. LIN CHUANG ER BI YAN HOU TOU JING WAI KE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF CLINICAL OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD, AND NECK SURGERY 2022; 36:482-486. [PMID: 35822371 PMCID: PMC10128502 DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The sense of smell is one of the five most primitive human sensory functions, and it plays a very important role in our daily lives. Despite numerous methods for evaluating olfactory function, there is still a lack of standardization of olfactory tests and the results are often inconsistent. Furthermore, the related research on objective evaluation started relatively late. Along with the deciphering of the olfactory pathway, the technical level of olfactory objective inspection has been greatly improved and significant progress has also been made in terms of clinical application, such as: olfactory pathway MRI and fMRI imaging, OERPs, BEAM for various olfactory disorders and early diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders, as well as related research based on bionic olfactory sensing technology. This article mainly introduces the recent research progress of several commonly used objective olfactory tests and provides reference for more accurate evaluation of olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- 伟嘉 杜
- 空军军医大学西京医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(西安,710032)Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - 福权 陈
- 空军军医大学西京医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(西安,710032)Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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13
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Clinard CG, Piker EG, Romero DJ. Inter-trial coherence as a measure of synchrony in cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 377:109628. [PMID: 35618165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) are surface-recorded responses that reflect saccular function. Analysis of cVEMPs has focused, nearly exclusively, on time-domain waveform measurements such as amplitude and latency of response peaks, but synchrony-based measures have not been previously reported. NEW METHOD Time-frequency analyses were used to apply an objective response-detection algorithm and to quantify response synchrony. These methods are new to VEMP literature and have been adapted from previous auditory research. Air-conducted cVEMPs were elicited using a 500Hz tone burst in twenty young, healthy participants. RESULTS Time-frequency characteristics of cVEMPs and time-frequency boundaries for response energy were established. An inter-trial coherence analysis approach revealed highly synchronous responses with representative inter-trial coherence values of approximately 0.7. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Inter-trial coherence measures were highly correlated with conventional amplitude measures in this group of young, healthy adults (R2 = 0.91 - 0.94), although the frequencies at which these measures had their largest magnitude were unrelated (R2 =.02). Conventional measures of peak-to-peak amplitude and latency were consistent with previous literature. Interaural asymmetry ratios were comparable between amplitude- and synchrony-based measures. CONCLUSIONS Synchrony-based time-frequency analyses were successfully applied to cVEMP data and this type of analysis may be helpful to differentiate synchrony from amplitude in populations with disrupted neural synchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Clinard
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, 235 MLK Jr. Way, MSC 4304, HBS 1024, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807 USA.
| | - Erin G Piker
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, 235 MLK Jr. Way, MSC 4304, HBS 1024, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807 USA
| | - Daniel J Romero
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, 1215 21(st) Avenue South, Medical Center East, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232 USA
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14
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Zsoldos I, Sinding C, Chambaron S. Using event-related potentials to study food-related cognition: An overview of methods and perspectives for future research. Brain Cogn 2022; 159:105864. [PMID: 35397314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG), and the measure of event-related potentials (ERPs) in particular, are useful methods to study the cognitive and cerebral mechanisms underlying the perception and processing of food cues. Further research on these aspects is necessary to better understand how cognitive functioning may influence food choices in different populations (e.g. obese individuals, individuals with eating disorders). To help researchers in designing future studies, this article provides an overview of the methods used in the current literature on ERPs and food-related cognition. Several methodological aspects are explored to outline interesting perspectives for future research, including discussions on the main experimental tasks used, the cognitive functions assessed (e.g. inhibitory control, attentional processing), the characteristics of the participants recruited (e.g. weight status, eating behaviors), and the stimuli selected (e.g. food pictures, odors). The issues generated by some of these methodological choices are discussed, and a few guidelines are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Zsoldos
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
| | - Charlotte Sinding
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphanie Chambaron
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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15
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Chen Q, Zhao J, Gu H, Li X. Inhibitory Control of Emotional Interference in Deaf Children: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials and Event-Related Spectral Perturbation Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:897595. [PMID: 35815005 PMCID: PMC9263210 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.897595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of interference control ability may reflect a more general deficit in executive functioning, and lead to an increase in internal-externalized problems such as impulsivity, which has been reported in deaf children. However, few researches have examined the neural mechanism of this impairment. METHODS This study applied the electroencephalogram (EEG) technique to investigate the interference control ability in 31 deaf children and 28 hearing controls with emotional face-word stroop task. RESULTS Results from behavioral task showed that deaf children exhibited lower accuracy compared to hearing controls. As for EEG analysis, reduced activation of ERP components in N1 and enhanced activation of ERP components in N450 have been found in deaf children. Besides, incongruent condition elicited larger N450 than congruent condition. Furthermore, for brain oscillation, alpha band (600-800 ms) revealed a reduced desynchronization in deaf children, while theta band (200-400 ms) revealed an enhanced synchronization in deaf children and incongruent condition, which were in line with ERP components. CONCLUSION The present findings seem to indicate that the deficit during emotional interference control ability among deaf children might be due to the impaired attention allocation ability and emotional cognitive monitoring function during emotional conflict detection process. Consequently, reduced N1 and enhanced N450 might be due to early attention impairment causing more effort of deaf children later in emotional cognitive monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Chen
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center for Children Mental and Behavioral Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Behavior and Psychology, School of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- Institute of Behavior and Psychology, School of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Huang Gu
- Institute of Behavior and Psychology, School of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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16
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Callara AL, Greco A, Frasnelli J, Rho G, Vanello N, Scilingo EP. Cortical network and connectivity underlying hedonic olfactory perception. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34547740 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac28d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective.The emotional response to olfactory stimuli implies the activation of a complex cascade of events triggered by structures lying in the limbic system. However, little is known about how this activation is projected up to cerebral cortex and how different cortical areas dynamically interact each other.Approach.In this study, we acquired EEG from human participants performing a passive odor-perception task with odorants conveying positive, neutral and negative valence. A novel methodological pipeline integrating global field power (GFP), independent component analysis (ICA), dipole source localization was applied to estimate effective connectivity in the challenging scenario of single-trial low-synchronized stimulation.Main results.We identified the brain network and the neural paths, elicited at different frequency bands, i.e.θ(4-7Hz),α(8-12Hz)andβ(13-30Hz), involved in odor valence processing. This brain network includes the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the cingulate gyrus (CgG), the superior temporal gyrus (STG), the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus (PCC/PCu) and the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG). It was analyzed using a time-varying multivariate autoregressive model to resolve time-frequency causal interactions. Specifically, the OFC acts as the main node for odor perception and evaluation of pleasant and unpleasant stimuli, whereas no specific path was observed for a neutral stimulus.Significance.The results introduce new evidences on the role of the OFC during hedonic perception and underpin its specificity during the odor valence assessment. Our findings suggest that, after the odor onset different, bidirectional interactions occur between the OFC and other brain regions associated with emotion recognition/categorization and memory according to the stimulus valence. This outcome unveils how the hedonic olfactory network dynamically changes based on odor valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Luis Callara
- Research Center 'E. Piaggio', School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Greco
- Research Center 'E. Piaggio', School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Département d'anatomie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, G9A 5H7
- Local 3439 L.-P, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Gianluca Rho
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Vanello
- Research Center 'E. Piaggio', School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Enzo Pasquale Scilingo
- Research Center 'E. Piaggio', School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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17
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Pellegrino R, Mignot C, Georgiopoulos C, Haehner A, Hummel T. Consequences of gaining olfactory function after lifelong anosmia. Neurocase 2021; 27:238-242. [PMID: 34003718 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2021.1921221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a rare case in which a patient has gained her smell after lifelong anosmia. The patient was objectively tested and diagnosed with functional anosmia at age 13 and reported they were experiencing a new sensation of smell at age 22. Our results show an electrophysiological signal for two unimodal odorants. The patient had a retronasal score in the hyposmic range and self-reported the ability to smell non-trigeminal odors, but reported being disturbed by the presence of the new sense and co-occurrence of phantosmia. We discuss our case in routes of neurogenesis and non-forming memory association with odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pellegrino
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - Coralie Mignot
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - Charalampos Georgiopoulos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Haehner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
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18
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Gellrich J, Breuer AS, Han P, Güdücü C, Hummel T, Schriever VA. Central Nervous System Processing of Floral Odor and Mother's Milk Odor in Infants. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6277779. [PMID: 34003211 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns have a functioning sense of smell at birth, which appears to be highly significant for feeding and bonding. Still, little is known about the cerebral odor processing in this age group. Studies of olfactory function relied mostly on behavioral, autonomic, and facial responses of infants. The aim of the present study was to investigate central odor processing in infants focusing on electroencephalography (EEG)-derived responses to biologically significant odors, namely a food and a non-food odor. A total of 21 term-born, healthy infants participated (11 boys and 10 girls; age range 2-9 months, mean 5.3 ± 2.2 months). Odor stimuli were presented using a computer-controlled olfactometer. Breast milk was used as food odor. Farnesol was presented as a non-food odor. In addition, odorless air was used as a control stimulus. Each stimulus was presented 30 times for 1 s with an interstimulus interval of 20 s. EEG was recorded from 9 electrodes and analyzed in the frequency domain. EEG amplitudes in the delta frequency band differed significantly after presentation of food (breast milk) odor in comparison to the control condition and the non-food odor (farnesol). These changes were observed at the frontal recording positions. The present study indicates that central odor processing differs between a food and a non-food odor in infants. Results are interpreted in terms of focused attention towards a physiologically relevant odor (breast milk), suggesting that olfactory stimuli are of specific significance in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Gellrich
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Sophie Breuer
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pengfei Han
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, P.R., China.,Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cagdas Güdücü
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Alsancak, No: 144 35210, Cumhuriyet Blv, 35220 Konak, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitépl. 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Mittelallee 8, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Post-traumatic olfactory loss and brain response beyond olfactory cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4043. [PMID: 33597627 PMCID: PMC7889874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory impairment after a traumatic impact to the head is associated with changes in olfactory cortex, including decreased gray matter density and decreased BOLD response to odors. Much less is known about the role of other cortical areas in olfactory impairment. We used fMRI in a sample of 63 participants, consisting of 25 with post-traumatic functional anosmia, 16 with post-traumatic hyposmia, and 22 healthy controls with normosmia to investigate whole brain response to odors. Similar neural responses were observed across the groups to odor versus odorless stimuli in the primary olfactory areas in piriform cortex, whereas response in the frontal operculum and anterior insula (fO/aI) increased with olfactory function (normosmia > hyposmia > functional anosmia). Unexpectedly, a negative association was observed between response and olfactory perceptual function in the mediodorsal thalamus (mdT), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (pCC). Finally, connectivity within a network consisting of vmPFC, fO, and pCC could be used to successfully classify participants as having functional anosmia or normosmia. We conclude that, at the neural level, olfactory impairment due to head trauma is best characterized by heightened responses and differential connectivity in higher-order areas beyond olfactory cortex.
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20
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Kim JW, Kim HS, Kim M, Kim SH, Cho SW, Kim JY. Validation of Olfactory Questionnaire in Koreans: an Alternative for Conventional Psychophysical Olfactory Tests. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e34. [PMID: 33559405 PMCID: PMC7870423 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a worldwide pandemic infection, frequently complain of olfactory disorders. However, psychophysical olfactory tests performed by an examiner are very difficult in these highly infectious patients. This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire for olfactory function that can be readily used to evaluate olfactory loss. METHODS Fourteen smell-related questions were created based on smells familiar to Koreans. Among them, questions with a κ value of 0.6 or higher were finally selected through a test-retest reliability analysis. The correlations between the scores of the olfactory questionnaire and those of olfactory function tests (Butanol Threshold Test [BTT] and Cross Cultural Smell Identification Test [CCSIT]) were analyzed. To evaluate the predictive ability of the questionnaire and elicit cutoff values, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated. RESULTS Out of the 14 questions in the questionnaire, 11 (κ > 0.6) were selected for the olfactory questionnaire. We analyzed 2,273 subjects, and there was a significant correlation between the total score of the olfactory questionnaire and the BTT (r = 0.643, P < 0.001) or CCSIT (r = 0.615, P < 0.001) scores. ROC curves for the olfactory questionnaire, BTT, and CCSIT all demonstrated high predictive power to discriminate anosmia and severe hyposmia from normosmia. Regarding mild to moderate hyposmia, however, ROC curve for the olfactory questionnaire alone showed high predictive power of discrimination from normosmia. Based on the results of ROC curves among the subclasses, we suggest the classification of the total score of the questionnaire as 0-4, 5-17, 18-27, 28-41, and 42-44, for anosmia, severe hyposmia, moderate hyposmia, mild hyposmia, and normosmia, respectively. CONCLUSION The total scores of the questionnaires correlated with the BTT and CCSIT scores. The symptom questionnaire for olfactory dysfunction may be useful as an alternative tool for olfactory function testing, when unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Whun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyo Sang Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Su Hwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin Youp Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
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21
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Abstract
Approximately 5% of the general population is affected by functional anosmia with approximately additional 15% exhibiting decreased olfactory function. Many of these individuals ask for help. Because the subjective rating of olfactory function is biased, assessment of olfactory function is important. Olfactory measurements are needed for patient counseling and the tracking of changes in the sense of smell over time. The present review provides an overview of frequently used psychophysical tests for olfactory function, discusses differences between threshold and suprathreshold aspects of olfactory function, and gives examples on how to apply psychophysical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, "Technische Universität Dresden", Dresden, Germany
| | - Dino Podlesek
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Technische Universität Dresden", Dresden, Germany
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22
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Abbasi NI, Bezerianos A, Hamano J, Chaudhury A, Thakor NV, Dragomir A. Evoked Brain Responses in Odor Stimuli Evaluation - an EEG Event Related Potential Study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2861-2864. [PMID: 33018603 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Decoding olfactory cognition has been generating significant interest in recent years due to a wide range of applications, from diagnosing neurodegenerative disorders to consumer research and traditional medicine. In this study, we have investigated whether changes in odor stimuli evaluation across repeated stimuli presentation can be attributed to changes in brain perception of the stimuli. Epoch intervals representing olfactory sensory perception were extracted from electroencephalography (EEG) signals using minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR)-based single trial event related potential (ERP) approach to understand the evoked response to high pleasantness and low pleasantness stimuli. We found statistically significant changes in self reported stimuli evaluation between initial and final trials (p < 0.05) for both stimuli categories. However, the changes in ERP amplitude were found to be statistically significant only for the high pleasantness stimuli. This implies that olfactory stimuli of higher hedonic value recruit high-order cognitive processing that may be responsible for initial increased ERP response, as well as for rapid subsequent adaptation in processing the stimuli.
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Jain R, Ramakrishnan AG. Electrophysiological and Neuroimaging Studies - During Resting State and Sensory Stimulation in Disorders of Consciousness: A Review. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:555093. [PMID: 33041757 PMCID: PMC7522478 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.555093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A severe brain injury may lead to a disorder of consciousness (DOC) such as coma, vegetative state (VS), minimally conscious state (MCS) or locked-in syndrome (LIS). Till date, the diagnosis of DOC relies only on clinical evaluation or subjective scoring systems such as Glasgow coma scale, which fails to detect subtle changes and thereby results in diagnostic errors. The high rate of misdiagnosis and inability to predict the recovery of consciousness for DOC patients have created a huge research interest in the assessment of consciousness. Researchers have explored the use of various stimulation and neuroimaging techniques to improve the diagnosis. In this article, we present the important findings of resting-state as well as sensory stimulation methods and highlight the stimuli proven to be successful in the assessment of consciousness. Primarily, we review the literature based on (a) application/non-use of stimuli (i.e., sensory stimulation/resting state-based), (b) type of stimulation used (i.e., auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, or mental-imagery), (c) electrophysiological signal used (EEG/ERP, fMRI, PET, EMG, SCL, or ECG). Among the sensory stimulation methods, auditory stimulation has been extensively used, since it is easier to conduct for these patients. Olfactory and tactile stimulation have been less explored and need further research. Emotionally charged stimuli such as subject’s own name or narratives in a familiar voice or subject’s own face/family pictures or music result in stronger responses than neutral stimuli. Studies based on resting state analysis have employed measures like complexity, power spectral features, entropy and functional connectivity patterns to distinguish between the VS and MCS patients. Resting-state EEG and fMRI are the state-of-the-art techniques and have a huge potential in predicting the recovery of coma patients. Further, EMG and mental-imagery based studies attempt to obtain volitional responses from the VS patients and thus could detect their command-following capability. This may provide an effective means to communicate with these patients. Recent studies have employed fMRI and PET to understand the brain-activation patterns corresponding to the mental imagery. This review promotes our knowledge about the techniques used for the diagnosis of patients with DOC and attempts to provide ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Jain
- Medical Intelligence and Language Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Angarai Ganesan Ramakrishnan
- Medical Intelligence and Language Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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Gudziol H, Guntinas-Lichius O. Electrophysiologic assessment of olfactory and gustatory function. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 164:247-262. [PMID: 31604551 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This chapter reviews approaches for assessing human and gustatory function using electrophysiologic methods. Its focus is on changes in electrical signals, including summated generator potentials that occur after nasal or oral stimulation. In the first part of the review, we describe tools available to the clinician for assessing olfactory and nasotrigeminal function, including modern electroencephalography (EEG) analysis of brain responses both in the time domain and in the time-frequency (TF) domain. Particular attention is paid to chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs) and their potential use in medical-legal cases. Additionally, we focus on the changes of summated generator potentials from the olfactory and respiratory nasal epithelium that could provide new diagnostic insights. In the second part, we describe gustatory event-related potentials (gCSERPs) obtained using a relatively new computer controlled gustometer. A device for presenting different pulses of electrical current to the tongue is also described, with weaker pulses likely reflecting gCSERPs and stronger ones trigeminal CSERPs. Finally, summated generator potentials from the surface of the tongue during gustatory stimulation are described that may prove useful for examining peripheral taste function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Gudziol
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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Invitto S, Montinaro R, Ciccarese V, Venturella I, Fronda G, Balconi M. Smell and 3D Haptic Representation: A Common Pathway to Understand Brain Dynamics in a Cross-Modal Task. A Pilot OERP and fNIRS Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:226. [PMID: 31616263 PMCID: PMC6775200 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-modal perception allows olfactory information to integrate with other sensory modalities. Olfactory representations are processed by multisensory cortical pathways, where the aspects related to the haptic sensations are integrated. This complex reality allows the development of an integrated perception, where olfactory aspects compete with haptic and/or trigeminal activations. It is assumed that this integration involves both perceptive electrophysiological and metabolic/hemodynamic aspects, but there are no studies evaluating these activations in parallel. The aim of this study was to investigate brain dynamics during a cross-modal olfactory and haptic attention task, preceded by an exploratory session. The assessment of cross-modal dynamics was conducted through simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) recording, evaluating both electrophysiological and hemodynamic activities. The study consisted of two experimental sessions and was conducted with a sample of ten healthy subjects (mean age 25 ± 5.2 years). In Session 1, the subjects were trained to manipulate 3D haptic models (HC) and to smell different scents (SC). In Session 2, the subjects were tested during an attentive olfactory task, in order to investigate the olfactory event-related potentials (OERP) N1 and late positive component (LPC), and EEG rhythms associated with fNIRS components (oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb). The main results of this study highlighted, in Task 1, a higher fNIRS oxy-Hb response during SC and a positive correlation with the delta rhythm in the central and parietal EEG region of interest. In Session 2, the N1 OERP highlighted a greater amplitude in SC. A negative correlation was found in HC for the deoxy-Hb parietal with frontal and central N1, and for the oxy-Hb frontal with N1 in the frontal, central and parietal regions of interests (ROIs). A negative correlation was found in parietal LPC amplitude with central deoxy-Hb. The data suggest that cross-modal valence modifies the attentional olfactory response and that the dorsal cortical/metabolic pathways are involved in these responses. This can be considered as an important starting point for understanding integrated cognition, as the subject could perceive in an ecological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Invitto
- Human Anatomy and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.,Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research Applied to Medicine, University of Salento-Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Roberta Montinaro
- Human Anatomy and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Irene Venturella
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Fronda
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Balconi
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Charbel Issa P, Reuter P, Kühlewein L, Birtel J, Gliem M, Tropitzsch A, Whitcroft KL, Bolz HJ, Ishihara K, MacLaren RE, Downes SM, Oishi A, Zrenner E, Kohl S, Hummel T. Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients With CNGB1-Associated Retinitis Pigmentosa. JAMA Ophthalmol 2019; 136:761-769. [PMID: 29800053 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Importance Co-occurrence of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and olfactory dysfunction may have a common genetic cause. Objective To report olfactory function and the retinal phenotype in patients with biallelic mutations in CNGB1, a gene coding for a signal transduction channel subunit expressed in rod photoreceptors and olfactory sensory neurons. Design, Setting, and Participants This case series was conducted from August 2015 through July 2017. The setting was a multicenter study involving 4 tertiary referral centers for inherited retinal dystrophies. Participants were 9 patients with CNGB1-associated RP. Main Outcomes and Measures Results of olfactory testing, ocular phenotyping, and molecular genetic testing using targeted next-generation sequencing. Results Nine patients were included in the study, 3 of whom were female. Their ages ranged between 34 and 79 years. All patients had an early onset of night blindness but were usually not diagnosed as having RP before the fourth decade because of slow retinal degeneration. Retinal features were characteristic of a rod-cone dystrophy. Olfactory testing revealed reduced or absent olfactory function, with all except one patient scoring in the lowest quartile in relation to age-related norms. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography measurements in response to olfactory stimulation were available for 1 patient and revealed no visible olfactory bulbs and reduced responses to odor, respectively. Molecular genetic testing identified 5 novel (c.1312C>T, c.2210G>A, c.2492+1G>A, c.2763C>G, and c.3044_3050delGGAAATC) and 5 previously reported mutations in CNGB1. Conclusions and Relevance Mutations in CNGB1 may cause an autosomal recessive RP-olfactory dysfunction syndrome characterized by a slow progression of retinal degeneration and variable anosmia or hyposmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Charbel Issa
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peggy Reuter
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Kühlewein
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Birtel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Gliem
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anke Tropitzsch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katherine L Whitcroft
- University College London (UCL) Ear Institute and Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for the Study of the Senses, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hanno J Bolz
- Bioscientia Center for Human Genetics, Ingelheim, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kenji Ishihara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Downes
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Akio Oishi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eberhart Zrenner
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Kum J, Kim JW, Braubach O, Ha JG, Cho HJ, Kim CH, Han HB, Choi JH, Yoon JH. Neural Dynamics of Olfactory Perception: Low- and High-Frequency Modulations of Local Field Potential Spectra in Mice Revealed by an Oddball Stimulus. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:478. [PMID: 31191212 PMCID: PMC6546879 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent brain connectome studies have evidenced distinct and overlapping brain regions involved in processing olfactory perception. However, neural correlates of hypo- or anosmia in olfactory disorder patients are poorly known. Furthermore, the bottom-up and top-down processing of olfactory perception have not been well-documented, resulting in difficulty in locating the disease foci of olfactory disorder patients. The primary aim of this study is to characterize the bottom-up process of the neural dynamics across peripheral and central brain regions in anesthetized mice. We particularly focused on the neural oscillations of local field potential (LFP) in olfactory epithelium (OE), olfactory blub (OB), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and hippocampus (HC) during an olfactory oddball paradigm in urethane anesthetized mice. Odorant presentations evoked neural oscillations across slow and fast frequency bands including delta (1-4 Hz), theta (6-10 Hz), beta (15-30 Hz), low gamma (30-50 Hz), and high gamma (70-100 Hz) in both peripheral and central nervous systems, and the increases were more prominent in the infrequently presented odorant. During 5 s odorant exposures, the oscillatory responses in power were persistent in OE, OB, and PFC, whereas neural oscillations of HC increased only for short time at stimulus onset. These oscillatory responses in power were insignificant in both peripheral and central regions of the ZnSO4-treated anosmia model. These results suggest that olfactory stimulation induce LFP oscillations both in the peripheral and central nervous systems and suggest the possibility of linkage of LFP oscillations in the brain to the oscillations in the peripheral olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeungeun Kum
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Won Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Oliver Braubach
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Gyun Ha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Ju Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hio-Been Han
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, South Korea
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28
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A time series analysis to investigate the effect of inhalation of aldehyde C10 on the human EEG activity. Eur J Integr Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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