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Sindre RB, Gerdts E, Putaala J, Grymyr LM, Midtbø H, Almeida AG, Bech-Hanssen O, Busch R, Eilertsen RK, Fonseca AC, Hedman M, Huhtakangas J, Jäkälä P, Lautamäki R, Lehto M, Martinez-Majander N, Redfors P, Sarkanen T, von Sarnowski B, Sinisalo J, Virtanen M, Waje-Andreassen U, Yesilot N, Ylikotila P, Cramariuc D. Association of Left Atrial Stiffness With Risk of Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults. JACC. ADVANCES 2024; 3:100903. [PMID: 38939654 PMCID: PMC11198254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Background Incidence of cryptogenic ischemic stroke (CIS) in young adults is increasing. Early left atrial (LA) myopathy might be 1 of the underlying mechanisms, but this has only been scarcely explored. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the association between increased LA stiffness and CIS in young adults. Methods In the multicenter SECRETO (Searching for Explanations for Cryptogenic Stroke in the Young: Revealing the Etiology, Triggers, and Outcome) study, LA function was analyzed by speckle tracking echocardiography in 150 CIS patients (aged 18-49 years) and 150 age- and sex-matched controls. Minimum and maximum LA volumes, LA reservoir and contractile strain were measured. LA stiffness was calculated by the ratio: mitral peak E-wave velocity divided by mitral annular e' velocity (E/e')/LA reservoir strain and considered increased if ≥0.22. Increased LA volumes, LA stiffness, and/or reduced LA strain indicated LA myopathy. Logistic regression was used to determine the relation between LA stiffness and CIS and the clinical variables associated with LA stiffness. Results Increased LA stiffness was found in 36% of patients and in 18% of controls (P < 0.001). Increased LA stiffness was associated with a 2.4-fold (95% CI: 1.1-5.3) higher risk of CIS after adjustment for age, sex, comorbidities, and echocardiographic confounders (P = 0.03). In patients, obesity, pre-CIS antihypertensive treatment, older age, and lower LA contractile strain were all related to increased LA stiffness (all P < 0.05). Conclusions LA myopathy with increased LA stiffness and impaired LA mechanics more than doubles the risk of CIS in patients under the age of 50 years. This provides new insights into the link between LA dysfunction and CIS at young ages. (Searching for Explanations for Cryptogenic Stroke in the Young: Revealing the Etiology, Triggers, and Outcome [SECRETO]; NCT01934725).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Gerdts
- Department of Clinical Science, Center for Research on Cardiac Disease in Women, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jukka Putaala
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lisa M.D. Grymyr
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helga Midtbø
- Department of Clinical Science, Center for Research on Cardiac Disease in Women, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ana G. Almeida
- Cardiology, Heart and Vessels Department, Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon University, University Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Odd Bech-Hanssen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Raila Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine B (Cardiology), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rune K. Eilertsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ana Catarina Fonseca
- Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital de Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marja Hedman
- Heart Center and Clinical Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Huhtakangas
- Department of Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pekka Jäkälä
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Lautamäki
- Heart Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Lehto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jorvi Hospital, HUS Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Petra Redfors
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomi Sarkanen
- Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Juha Sinisalo
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Virtanen
- Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Nilufer Yesilot
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Pauli Ylikotila
- Neurocenter, Turku University Hospital and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dana Cramariuc
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Niemelä O, Bloigu A, Bloigu R, Aalto M, Laatikainen T. Associations between Liver Enzymes, Lifestyle Risk Factors and Pre-Existing Medical Conditions in a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Sample. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4276. [PMID: 37445311 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) enzymes are commonly used indicators of liver dysfunction recent studies have suggested that these may also serve as predictive biomarkers in the assessment of extrahepatic morbidity. In order to shed further light on the interactions between serum liver enzyme abnormalities, factors of lifestyle and health status we examined ALT and GGT activities in a population-based sample of 8743 adult individuals (4048 men, 4695 women from the National FINRISK 2002 Study, mean age 48.1 ± 13.1 years) with different levels of alcohol drinking, smoking, physical activity, body weight and the presence or absence of various pre-existing medical conditions. The assessments also included laboratory tests for inflammation, lipid status and fatty liver index (FLI), a proxy for fatty liver. The prevalence of ALT and GGT abnormalities were significantly influenced by alcohol use (ALT: p < 0.0005 for men; GGT: p <0.0005 for both genders), smoking (GGT: p <0.0005 for men, p =0.002 for women), adiposity (p < 0.0005 for all comparisons), physical inactivity (GGT: p <0.0005; ALT: p <0.0005 for men, p <0.05 for women) and coffee consumption (p <0.0005 for GGT in both genders; p <0.001 for ALT in men). The total sum of lifestyle risk factor scores (LRFS) influenced the occurrence of liver enzyme abnormalities in a rather linear manner. Significantly higher LRFS were observed in the subgroups of individuals with pre-existing medical conditions when compared with those having no morbidities (p <0.0005). In logistic regression analyses adjusted for the lifestyle factors, both ALT and GGT associated significantly with fatty liver, diabetes and hypertension. GGT levels also associated with coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, cardiac insufficiency, cerebrovascular disease, asthma and depression. Combinations of abnormal ALT and GGT activities significantly increased the odds for hypertension coinciding with abnormalities in biomarkers of inflammation, lipid status and FLI. The data indicates that ALT and GGT activities readily respond to unfavorable factors of lifestyle associating also with a wide array of pre-existing medical conditions. The data supports close links between both hepatic and extrahepatic morbidities and lifestyle risk factors and may open new insights on a more comprehensive use of liver enzymes in predictive algorithms for assessing mechanistically anchored disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Aini Bloigu
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Risto Bloigu
- Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mauri Aalto
- Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Public Health and Social Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services, 80210 Joensuu, Finland
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Abstract
The medical disorders of alcoholism rank among the leading public health problems worldwide and the need for predictive and prognostic risk markers for assessing alcohol use disorders (AUD) has been widely acknowledged. Early-phase detection of problem drinking and associated tissue toxicity are important prerequisites for timely initiations of appropriate treatments and improving patient's committing to the objective of reducing drinking. Recent advances in clinical chemistry have provided novel approaches for a specific detection of heavy drinking through assays of unique ethanol metabolites, phosphatidylethanol (PEth) or ethyl glucuronide (EtG). Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) measurements can be used to indicate severe alcohol problems. Hazardous drinking frequently manifests as heavy episodic drinking or in combinations with other unfavorable lifestyle factors, such as smoking, physical inactivity, poor diet or adiposity, which aggravate the metabolic consequences of alcohol intake in a supra-additive manner. Such interactions are also reflected in multiple disease outcomes and distinct abnormalities in biomarkers of liver function, inflammation and oxidative stress. Use of predictive biomarkers either alone or as part of specifically designed biological algorithms helps to predict both hepatic and extrahepatic morbidity in individuals with such risk factors. Novel approaches for assessing progression of fibrosis, a major determinant of prognosis in AUD, have also been made available. Predictive algorithms based on the combined use of biomarkers and clinical observations may prove to have a major impact on clinical decisions to detect AUD in early pre-symptomatic stages, stratify patients according to their substantially different disease risks and predict individual responses to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Seinäjoki, Finland.
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Niemelä O, Bloigu A, Bloigu R, Halkola AS, Niemelä M, Aalto M, Laatikainen T. Impact of Physical Activity on the Characteristics and Metabolic Consequences of Alcohol Consumption: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15048. [PMID: 36429766 PMCID: PMC9690068 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary lifestyle and excessive alcohol drinking are major modifiable risk factors of health. In order to shed further light on the relationships between physical activity and health consequences of alcohol intake, we measured biomarkers of liver function, inflammation, lipid status and fatty liver index tests in a large population-based sample of individuals with different levels of physical activity, alcohol drinking and other lifestyle risk factors. The study included 21,050 adult participants (9940 men, 11,110 women) (mean age 48.2 ± 13.3 years) of the National FINRISK Study. Data on physical activity, alcohol drinking, smoking and body weight were recorded. The participants were classified to subgroups according to gender, levels of physical activity (sedentary, low, moderate, vigorous, extreme), alcohol drinking levels (abstainers, moderate drinkers, heavy drinkers) and patterns (regular or binge, types of beverages preferred in consumption). Serum liver enzymes (GGT, ALT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profiles were measured using standard laboratory techniques. Physical activity was linearly and inversely related with the amount of alcohol consumption, with the lowest alcohol drinking levels being observed in those with vigorous or extreme activity (p < 0.0005). Physically active individuals were less frequently binge-type drinkers, cigarette smokers or heavy coffee drinkers than those with sedentary activity (p < 0.0005 for linear trend in all comparisons). In the General Linear Model to assess the main and interaction effects of physical activity and alcohol consumption on biomarker status, as adjusted for anthropometric measures, smoking and coffee consumption, increasing levels of physical activity were found to be associated with more favorable findings on serum GGT (p < 0.0005), ALT (p < 0.0005 for men), cholesterol (p = 0.025 for men; p < 0.0005 for women), HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.0005 for men, p = 0.001 for women), LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.03 for men), triglycerides (p < 0.0005 for men, p < 0.03 for women), CRP (p < 0.0005 for men, p = 0.006 for women) and fatty liver index (p < 0.0005). The data support the view that regular moderate to vigorous physical activity may counteract adverse metabolic consequences of alcohol consumption on liver function, inflammation and lipid status. The role of physical activity should be further emphasized in interventions aimed at reducing health problems related to unfavorable risk factors of lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Aini Bloigu
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Risto Bloigu
- Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Anni S. Halkola
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Markus Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
- Department of Anesthesiology, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mauri Aalto
- Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Public Health and Social Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services, 80210 Joensuu, Finland
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Niemelä O, Aalto M, Bloigu A, Bloigu R, Halkola AS, Laatikainen T. Alcohol Drinking Patterns and Laboratory Indices of Health: Does Type of Alcohol Preferred Make a Difference? Nutrients 2022; 14:4529. [PMID: 36364789 PMCID: PMC9658819 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although excessive alcohol consumption is a highly prevalent public health problem the data on the associations between alcohol consumption and health outcomes in individuals preferring different types of alcoholic beverages has remained unclear. We examined the relationships between the amounts and patterns of drinking with the data on laboratory indices of liver function, lipid status and inflammation in a national population-based health survey (FINRISK). Data on health status, alcohol drinking, types of alcoholic beverages preferred, body weight, smoking, coffee consumption and physical activity were recorded from 22,432 subjects (10,626 men, 11,806 women), age range 25-74 years. The participants were divided to subgroups based on the amounts of regular alcohol intake (abstainers, moderate and heavy drinkers), patterns of drinking (binge or regular) and the type of alcoholic beverage preferred (wine, beer, cider or long drink, hard liquor or mixed). Regular drinking was found to be more typical in wine drinkers whereas the subjects preferring beer or hard liquor were more often binge-type drinkers and cigarette smokers. Alcohol use in all forms was associated with increased frequencies of abnormalities in the markers of liver function, lipid status and inflammation even at rather low levels of consumption. The highest rates of abnormalities occurred, however, in the subgroups of binge-type drinkers preferring beer or hard liquor. These results demonstrate that adverse consequences of alcohol occur even at moderate average drinking levels especially in individuals who engage in binge drinking and in those preferring beer or hard liquor. Further emphasis should be placed on such patterns of drinking in policies aimed at preventing alcohol-induced adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Mauri Aalto
- Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Aini Bloigu
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Risto Bloigu
- Infrastructure of Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Anni S. Halkola
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services, 80210 Joensuu, Finland
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Cerebrospinal fluid levels of proenkephalin and prodynorphin are differentially altered in Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2022; 269:5136-5143. [PMID: 35737109 PMCID: PMC9363351 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Proenkephalin (PENK) and prodynorphin (PDYN) are peptides mainly produced by the striatal medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) under dopaminergic signaling. Therefore, they may represent candidate biomarkers in Huntington’s disease (HD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), two neurodegenerative diseases characterized by striatal atrophy and/or dysfunction. Methods Using an in-house established liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method in multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) we measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of PENK- and PDYN- derived peptides in patients with HD (n = 47), PD (n = 61), Alzheimer’s disease (n = 11), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n = 14) and in 92 control subjects. Moreover, we investigated the possible associations between biomarkers and disease severity scales in HD and PD and the effect of dopaminergic therapy on biomarker levels in PD. Results In HD, CSF PENK- and PDYN-derived peptide levels were significantly decreased compared to all other groups and were associated with disease severity scores. In PD, both biomarkers were within the normal range, but higher PDYN levels were found in dopamine-treated compared to untreated patients. In PD, both CSF PENK and PDYN did not correlate with clinical severity scales. Conclusions CSF PENK- and PDYN-derived peptides appeared to be promising pathogenetic and disease severity markers in HD, reflecting the ongoing striatal neurodegeneration along with the loss of MSNs. In PD patients, CSF PDYN showed a limitative role as a possible pharmacodynamic marker during dopaminergic therapy, but further investigations are needed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00415-022-11187-8.
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Obesity and the Risk of Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Alcohol Consumption and Its Influence on the Clinical Picture of Puumala Hantavirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030500. [PMID: 35336910 PMCID: PMC8948946 DOI: 10.3390/v14030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Characteristic clinical findings include acute kidney injury (AKI), thrombocytopenia, and capillary leakage. Smoking increases the risk of severe AKI, but it is not known whether alcohol consumption predisposes patients to a more severe infection. Liver and pancreatic enzymes, as well as biomarkers of alcohol consumption (gamma-glutamyl transferase, GGT; carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, CDT; GGT-CDT combination; and ethyl glucuronide, EtG), were measured from 66 patients with acute PUUV infection during hospitalization and at the convalescence phase. Alcohol consumption was present in 41% of the study population, 15% showing signs of heavy drinking. Alcohol use did not affect the severity of PUUV induced AKI nor the overall clinical picture of the infection. Liver enzyme levels (GGT or alanine aminotransferase, ALT) were elevated in 64% of the patients, but the levels did not associate with the markers reflecting the severity of the disease. Serum amylase activities at the convalescent stage were higher than those at the acute phase (p < 0.001). No cases with acute pancreatitis were found. In conclusion, our findings indicate that alcohol consumption does not seem to affect the clinical course of an acute PUUV infection.
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Martinez-Majander N, Gordin D, Joutsi-Korhonen L, Salopuro T, Adeshara K, Sibolt G, Curtze S, Pirinen J, Liebkind R, Soinne L, Sairanen T, Sinisalo J, Lehto M, Groop PH, Tatlisumak T, Putaala J. Endothelial Dysfunction is Associated With Early-Onset Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke in Men and With Increasing Age. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020838. [PMID: 34227391 PMCID: PMC8483459 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.020838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the association between endothelial function and early‐onset cryptogenic ischemic stroke (CIS), with subgroup analyses stratified by sex and age groups. Methods and Results We prospectively enrolled 136 consecutive patients aged 18 to 49 years (median age, 41 years; 44% women) with a recent CIS and 136 age‐ and sex‐matched (±5 years) stroke‐free controls. Endothelial function was measured with an EndoPAT 2000 device and analyzed as tertiles of natural logarithm of reactive hyperemia index with lower values reflecting dysfunction. We used conditional logistic regression adjusting for age, education, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, current smoking, heavy drinking, obesity, and diet score to assess the independent association between endothelial function and CIS. Patients in the lowest tertile of natural logarithm of reactive hyperemia index were more often men and they more frequently had a history of dyslipidemia; they were also more often obese, had a lower diet score, and lower high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. In the entire cohort, we found no association in patients with endothelial function and CIS compared with stroke‐free controls. In sex‐ and age‐specific analyses, endothelial dysfunction was associated with CIS in men (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.50 for lowest versus highest natural logarithm of reactive hyperemia index tertile; 95% CI, 1.22–10.07) and in patients ≥41 years (OR, 5.78; 95% CI, 1.52–21.95). These associations remained significant when dyslipidemia was replaced with the ratio of total to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusions Endothelial dysfunction appears to be an independent player in early‐onset CIS in men and patients approaching middle age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Martinez-Majander
- Department of Neurology Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Helsinki Finland
| | - Daniel Gordin
- Abdominal Center Nephrology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of GeneticsFolkhälsan Research Center Helsinki Finland.,Joslin Diabetes Center Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Lotta Joutsi-Korhonen
- Coagulation Disorders Unit Department of Clinical Chemistry HUSLAB Laboratory ServicesHelsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Titta Salopuro
- Coagulation Disorders Unit Department of Clinical Chemistry HUSLAB Laboratory ServicesHelsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Krishna Adeshara
- Abdominal Center Nephrology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of GeneticsFolkhälsan Research Center Helsinki Finland.,Clinical and Molecular Metabolism Faculty of Medicine Research Programs University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Gerli Sibolt
- Department of Neurology Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Helsinki Finland
| | - Sami Curtze
- Department of Neurology Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Helsinki Finland
| | - Jani Pirinen
- Department of Neurology Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Helsinki Finland.,Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine HUS Medical Imaging CenterHelsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Ron Liebkind
- Department of Neurology Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Helsinki Finland
| | - Lauri Soinne
- Department of Neurology Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Helsinki Finland
| | - Tiina Sairanen
- Department of Neurology Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Helsinki Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Mika Lehto
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Abdominal Center Nephrology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of GeneticsFolkhälsan Research Center Helsinki Finland
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Department of Neurology Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Helsinki Finland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Sweden.,Department of Neurology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jukka Putaala
- Department of Neurology Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Helsinki Finland
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Zhang Z, Ma L, Geng H, Bian Y. Effects of Smoking, and Drinking on Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Levels Using Physical Examination Data: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northwest China. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:1301-1309. [PMID: 33883928 PMCID: PMC8055286 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s301900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although drinking and smoking have been associated with gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels, studies on the effects of smoking and drinking on GGT levels are scarce. The objective of this study was to assess the individual and combined effects of smoking, drinking on GGT levels in the Shaanxi province of Northwest China. Participants and Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted in a population that underwent health examination at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University and included employees of enterprises or public institutions. The survey was used to collect the baseline characteristics, smoking status, and drinking status of the participants. This information was collected from January 2019 to December 2019. Data related to the physical examinations were exported using the hospital information system (HIS). A linear regression model was employed to explore the effects of smoking and drinking on GGT levels. The restricted cubic spline model was applied to assess the dose–response relationship between amount of smoking, alcohol consumption and GGT levels. Results A total of 10,177 participants were included in the study. Linear regression indicated that smoking (β=3.37, 95% CI: 2.57–4.17) and drinking (β=5.55 L, 95% CI: 4.40–6.71) individually, and collectively (β=9.30, 95% CI: 7.83–10.76) had a positive effect on GGT levels. The restricted cubic spline presented a linear dose–response relationship between the amount of daily smoking and GGT levels (P for non-linearity=0.148, P for overall association <0.001, OR=2.49, 95% CI: 1.27–4.90), and that between weekly alcohol consumption and GGT levels (P for non-linearity=0.231, P for overall association <0.001, OR=4.79, 95% CI: 1.72–13.32). In case of females, stratified analysis showed that in comparison to the reference group, only current drinkers had a significant effect on GGT levels (OR=3.37, 95% CI: 0.19–6.55). Conclusion Smoking and drinking have a dose-dependent and a synergistic effect on GGT levels. They should be controlled concurrently, especially among males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Ma
- Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Geng
- Physical Examination Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China
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Martinez-Majander N, Artto V, Ylikotila P, von Sarnowski B, Waje-Andreassen U, Yesilot N, Zedde M, Huhtakangas J, Numminen H, Jäkälä P, Fonseca AC, Redfors P, Wermer MJH, Pezzini A, Putaala J. Association between Migraine and Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults. Ann Neurol 2020; 89:242-253. [PMID: 33078475 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between migraine and cryptogenic ischemic stroke (CIS) in young adults, with subgroup analyses stratified by sex and presence of patent foramen ovale (PFO). METHODS We prospectively enrolled 347 consecutive patients aged 18 to 49 years with a recent CIS and 347 age- and sex-matched (±5 years) stroke-free controls. Any migraine and migraine with (MA) and migraine without aura (MO) were identified by a screener, which we validated against a headache neurologist. We used conditional logistic regression adjusting for age, education, hypertension, diabetes, waist-to-hip ratio, physical inactivity, current smoking, heavy drinking, and oral estrogen use to assess independent association between migraine and CIS. The effect of PFO on the association between migraine and CIS was analyzed with logistic regression in a subgroup investigated with transcranial Doppler bubble screen. RESULTS The screener performance was excellent (Cohen kappa > 0.75) in patients and controls. Compared with nonmigraineurs, any migraine (odds ratio [OR] = 2.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.63-3.76) and MA (OR = 3.50, 95% CI = 2.19-5.61) were associated with CIS, whereas MO was not. The association emerged in both women (OR = 2.97 for any migraine, 95% CI = 1.61-5.47; OR = 4.32 for MA, 95% CI = 2.16-8.65) and men (OR = 2.47 for any migraine, 95% CI = 1.32-4.61; OR = 3.61 for MA, 95% CI = 1.75-7.45). Specifically for MA, the association with CIS remained significant irrespective of PFO. MA prevalence increased with increasing magnitude of the right-to-left shunt in patients with PFO. INTERPRETATION MA has a strong association with CIS in young patients, independent of vascular risk factors and presence of PFO. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:242-253.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ville Artto
- Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauli Ylikotila
- Neurocenter, Turku University Hospital, Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Nilufer Yesilot
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Marialuisa Zedde
- Neurology Unit, Company Local Health Unit-Reggio Emilia National Institute for Research and Treatment, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Juha Huhtakangas
- Department of Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Numminen
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Jäkälä
- Kuopio University Hospital, Neurocenter Neurology, Finland and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ana C Fonseca
- Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital de Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Petra Redfors
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Alessandro Pezzini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jukka Putaala
- Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Nivukoski U, Niemelä M, Bloigu A, Bloigu R, Aalto M, Laatikainen T, Niemelä O. Combined effects of lifestyle risk factors on fatty liver index. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:109. [PMID: 32293287 PMCID: PMC7157978 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Factors of lifestyle may have a major impact on liver-related morbidity and mortality. We examined independent and joint effects of lifestyle risk factors on fatty liver index (FLI), a biomarker of hepatic steatosis, in a population-based cross-sectional national health survey. Methods The study included 12,368 participants (5784 men, 6584 women) aged 25–74 years. Quantitative estimates of alcohol use, smoking, adiposity and physical activity were used to establish a total score of risk factors, with higher scores indicating an unhealthier lifestyle. FLI was calculated based on an algorithm including body mass index, waist circumference, serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and triglycerides. Results The occurrence of FLI ≥ 60% indicating fatty liver increased from 2.4% in men with zero risk factors to 81.9% in those with a total risk score of 7–8 (p < 0.0005 for linear trend) and in women from 0 to 73.5% (p < 0.0005). The most striking individual impacts on the likelihood for FLI above 60% were observed for physical inactivity (p < 0.0005 for both genders) and alcohol consumption (p < 0.0005 for men). Interestingly, coffee consumption was also found to increase with increasing risk factor scores (p < 0.0005 for linear trend in both genders). Conclusions The data indicates that unfavorable combinations of lifestyle risk factors lead to a high likelihood of hepatic steatosis. Use of FLI as a diagnostic tool may benefit the assessment of interventions aimed at maintaining a healthy lifestyle and prevention of liver-related morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Nivukoski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Hanneksenrinne 7, 60220, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Markus Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Hanneksenrinne 7, 60220, Seinäjoki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aini Bloigu
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Risto Bloigu
- Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mauri Aalto
- Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271, Helsinki, Finland.,The Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services, 80100, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Hanneksenrinne 7, 60220, Seinäjoki, Finland.
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13
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Liver enzymes in alcohol consumers with or without binge drinking. Alcohol 2019; 78:13-19. [PMID: 30890357 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While alcohol use is linked with a wide variety of health problems, the question of whether differences in drinking patterns could yield different outcomes has remained unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS We measured liver enzymes (ALT, GGT) from alcohol consumers with or without binge drinking from a population-based sample in Finland, where binge-type drinking is common. Data on alcohol use, diet, body weight, lifestyle (smoking, coffee consumption, physical activity), and health status were collected from 19225 subjects (9492 men, 9733 women), aged 25-74 years. The participants were subsequently classified to subgroups, both according to the frequencies of binge drinking and the amounts of regular alcohol intake (low-, medium-, and high-risk drinking). RESULTS The quantity of regular alcohol use was roughly linearly related with GGT and ALT activities. ANOVA analyses of the trends according to the frequency of binge drinking showed a significant GGT increase in both men (p < 0.0005) and women (p < 0.0005), and a significant increase of ALT in men (p < 0.0005). In those with low-risk overall consumption, markedly higher GGT (p < 0.0005) and ALT (p < 0.0005) occurred in those with binge drinking more than once a month, compared with those with no such occasions. Binge drinking occurring ≤1/month also resulted in higher GGT (p < 0.0005) and ALT (p < 0.05) activities. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasize possible adverse consequences of binge drinking on hepatic function even in those with low-risk overall consumption. The pattern of drinking should be more systematically implicated in clinical recommendations for drinking reduction.
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14
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Nivukoski U, Niemelä M, Bloigu A, Bloigu R, Aalto M, Laatikainen T, Niemelä O. Impacts of unfavourable lifestyle factors on biomarkers of liver function, inflammation and lipid status. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218463. [PMID: 31220128 PMCID: PMC6586311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adopting a healthy lifestyle is associated with prolonged life expectancy. The main modifiable lifestyle-related risk factors are hazardous alcohol drinking, smoking, excess body weight and lack of physical activity. Our aim was to estimate the impact of unfavourable lifestyle factors on abnormalities in laboratory tests reflecting liver status, inflammation and lipid metabolism in a population-based cross-sectional study. METHODS The study included 22,273 participants (10,561 men, 11,712 women) aged 25-74 years from the National FINRISK Study. Data on alcohol use, smoking, body weight, and physical activity were recorded from structured interviews. The risk scores for the various life style factors were established on a 0-8 scale and used to stratify the population in classes to allow estimates of their joint effects. Serum liver enzymes (GGT, ALT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profiles were measured using standard laboratory techniques. RESULTS Consistent dose-response relationships were observed between the number of unfavourable risk factors and serum levels of GGT, ALT, CRP, cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides (p < 0.0005 for linear trend in all comparisons). When compared with those with zero risk factors, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for abnormalities in all biomarkers were significantly higher in those with a sum of risk score two or more. The most striking increases in ORs in the group with the highest numbers of risk factors were observed among men in serum GGT: 26.6 (12.4-57.0), ALT: 40.3 (5.3-307.8), CRP: 16.2 (7.8-33.7) and serum triglycerides: 14.4 (8.6-24.0). CONCLUSIONS The data support the view that the presence of unfavourable life style risk factors is associated with distinct abnormalities in laboratory tests for liver function, inflammation and lipid status. Such biomarkers may prove to be of value in the assessment of interventions aimed at reducing unfavourable risk factors and in helping individuals in long-term maintenance of lifestyle modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Nivukoski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Markus Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Seinäjoki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aini Bloigu
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Risto Bloigu
- Infrastructure for Population studies, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mauri Aalto
- Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- The Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Seinäjoki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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15
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Archer M, Kampman O, Bloigu A, Bloigu R, Luoto K, Kultti J, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen E, Leinonen E, Niemelä O. Assessment of alcohol consumption in depression follow-up using self-reports and blood measures including inflammatory biomarkers. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 54:243-250. [PMID: 30809628 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alcohol consumption has been suggested a major role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of depression. However, reliable identification of hazardous drinking continues to be problematic. We compared the accuracy of different biomarkers and self-reports of alcohol consumption in the follow-up study of depression. METHODS Data from 202 patients with major depressive disorder were obtained through self-reports, AUDIT and AUDIT-C questionnaires and biomarker analyses. The clinical assessments and measurements of biomarkers (GT, CDT, GT-CDT-combination, MCV, ALT, AST, hs-CRP, IL-6) were performed at baseline and after six months of treatment. Based on self-reported alcohol intake at baseline the patients were classified to three subgroups. RESULTS About 27.2% of patients were categorized to high-risk drinkers, 26.3% low-risk drinkers and 46.5% abstainers. High-risk drinkers showed significantly higher mean values of GT, CDT, GT-CDT-combination and IL-6 than abstainers, diagnostic accuracy being highest with the combined marker of GT-CDT. The accuracy of AUDIT and AUDIT-C to detect high-risk drinking was also significant. During follow-up, the differences observed in the biomarkers at baseline disappeared together with recovery from depression. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest the combined use of GT-CDT and AUDIT questionnaires to improve the identification of drinking of patients with depression. This approach could be useful for improving treatment adherence and outcome in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Archer
- University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Kampman
- University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland.,Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Aini Bloigu
- Medical Informatics and Statistics Research Group, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Risto Bloigu
- Medical Informatics and Statistics Research Group, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaisa Luoto
- University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland.,Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kultti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Mari Hämäläinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Esa Leinonen
- University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere, Seinäjoki, Finland
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16
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Whitfield JB, Zhu G, Madden PAF, Montgomery GW, Heath AC, Martin NG. Biomarker and Genomic Risk Factors for Liver Function Test Abnormality in Hazardous Drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:473-482. [PMID: 30589442 PMCID: PMC6445646 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence and long-term excessive alcohol use may cause liver damage, but only some patients develop cirrhosis. Similarly, high alcohol intake without evident liver disease often but not always produces abnormal enzymatic liver function tests (LFTs), particularly gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). We postulate that the factors predisposing to cirrhosis in alcoholics and to liver enzyme abnormality in drinkers are similar, and that biochemical LFTs could therefore be useful as markers of risk of alcoholic liver disease in excessive drinkers. METHODS Data from participants in twin and twin-family studies on alcohol use and dependence were used to identify 1,003 people who had reported excessive alcohol intake (28 drinks or more per week). A total of 962 of these provided blood for biochemical tests at the same time. Body mass index (BMI) and biomarkers of metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and iron stores were used in logistic regression with abnormality in serum GGT, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as outcomes. We conducted genome-wide association analyses for GGT, ALT, and AST separately in the group reporting excessive alcohol intake (N = 951) and a low-intake group reporting 14 drinks or fewer per week (N = 8,716), and compared results. RESULTS Abnormal GGT and ALT among excessive drinkers were associated with higher BMI, triglycerides, insulin, uric acid, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and transferrin saturation; and with lower high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Abnormal AST was associated with triglycerides, ferritin, and transferrin saturation. ALT was significantly associated with variants at reported genetic loci for alcoholic liver disease (PNPLA3, rs738409, p = 0.0076; TM6SF2, rs10401969, p = 0.0076; HSD17B13, rs10433879, p = 0.0024). CONCLUSIONS Known risk factors for alcoholic cirrhosis including obesity and markers of metabolic syndrome, iron overload and inflammation are associated with liver enzyme abnormality in excessive drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Whitfield
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry , Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry , Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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17
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Niemelä O, Nivukoski U, Bloigu A, Bloigu R, Aalto M, Laatikainen T. Laboratory test based assessment of WHO alcohol risk drinking levels. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2019; 79:58-64. [PMID: 30721633 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2019.1571625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Low-risk thresholds for alcohol use differ across various national guidelines. To assess the novel WHO risk drinking levels in light of alcohol-sensitive common laboratory tests, we analysed biomarkers of liver status, inflammation and lipid profiles from a population-based survey of individuals classified to abstainers and different WHO risk drinking levels defined in terms of mean alcohol consumption per day. The study included 22,327 participants aged 25-74 years from the National FINRISK Study. Data on alcohol use, health status, diet, body weight and lifestyle (smoking, coffee consumption and physical activity) were recorded from structured interviews. Alcohol data from self-reports covering the past 12 months were used to categorize the participants into subgroups of abstainers and WHO risk drinking categories representing low, moderate, high and very high risk drinkers. Serum liver enzymes (GGT, ALT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profiles were measured using standard laboratory techniques. Alcohol risk category was roughly linearly related with the occurrence of elevated values for GGT, ALT and CRP. Alcohol drinking also significantly influenced the incidence of abnormalities in serum lipids. Significantly higher odds for abnormal GGT, ALT and altered lipid profiles remained in alcohol drinkers even after adjustment for age, waist circumference, physical inactivity, smoking and coffee consumption. A more systematic use of laboratory tests during treatment of individuals classified to WHO risk drinking categories may improve the assessment of alcohol-related health risks. Follow-ups of biomarker responses may also prove to be useful in health interventions aimed at reducing alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onni Niemelä
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit , Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere , Seinäjoki , Finland
| | - Ulla Nivukoski
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit , Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere , Seinäjoki , Finland
| | - Aini Bloigu
- b Medical Informatics and Statistics Research Group , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
| | - Risto Bloigu
- b Medical Informatics and Statistics Research Group , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
| | - Mauri Aalto
- c Department of Psychiatry , Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- d National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) , Helsinki , Finland.,e The Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland.,f Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services , Joensuu , Finland
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