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Drago G, Aloi N, Ruggieri S, Longo A, Contrino ML, Contarino FM, Cibella F, Colombo P, Longo V. Guardians under Siege: Exploring Pollution's Effects on Human Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7788. [PMID: 39063030 PMCID: PMC11277414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical pollution poses a significant threat to human health, with detrimental effects on various physiological systems, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, mental, and perinatal domains. While the impact of pollution on these systems has been extensively studied, the intricate relationship between chemical pollution and immunity remains a critical area of investigation. The focus of this study is to elucidate the relationship between chemical pollution and human immunity. To accomplish this task, this study presents a comprehensive review that encompasses in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies, shedding light on the ways in which chemical pollution can modulate human immunity. Our aim is to unveil the complex mechanisms by which environmental contaminants compromise the delicate balance of the body's defense systems going beyond the well-established associations with defense systems and delving into the less-explored link between chemical exposure and various immune disorders, adding urgency to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and their implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspare Drago
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (G.D.); (N.A.); (S.R.); (A.L.); (F.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Noemi Aloi
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (G.D.); (N.A.); (S.R.); (A.L.); (F.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Silvia Ruggieri
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (G.D.); (N.A.); (S.R.); (A.L.); (F.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Alessandra Longo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (G.D.); (N.A.); (S.R.); (A.L.); (F.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Maria Lia Contrino
- Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Siracusa, Corso Gelone 17, 96100 Siracusa, Italy; (M.L.C.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Fabio Massimo Contarino
- Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Siracusa, Corso Gelone 17, 96100 Siracusa, Italy; (M.L.C.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Fabio Cibella
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (G.D.); (N.A.); (S.R.); (A.L.); (F.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (G.D.); (N.A.); (S.R.); (A.L.); (F.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Valeria Longo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (G.D.); (N.A.); (S.R.); (A.L.); (F.C.); (V.L.)
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2
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O'Shea TM, McGrath M, Aschner JL, Lester B, Santos HP, Marsit C, Stroustrup A, Emmanuel C, Hudak M, McGowan E, Patel S, Fry RC. Environmental influences on child health outcomes: cohorts of individuals born very preterm. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:1161-1176. [PMID: 35948605 PMCID: PMC9363858 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The National Institutes of Health's Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program was designed to address solution-oriented research questions about the links between children's early life environment and their risks of pre-, peri-, and post-natal complications, asthma, obesity, neurodevelopmental disorders, and positive health. Children born very preterm are at increased risk for many of the outcomes on which ECHO focuses, but the contributions of environmental factors to this risk are not well characterized. Three ECHO cohorts consist almost exclusively of individuals born very preterm. Data provided to ECHO from cohorts can be used to address hypotheses about (1) differential risks of chronic health and developmental conditions between individuals born very preterm and those born at term; (2) health disparities across social determinants of health; and (3) mechanisms linking early-life exposures and later-life outcomes among individuals born very preterm. IMPACT: The National Institutes of Health's Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Program is conducting solution-oriented research on the links between children's environment and health. Three ECHO cohorts comprise study participants born very preterm; these cohorts have enrolled, to date, 1751 individuals born in 14 states in the U.S. in between April 2002 and March 2020. Extensive data are available on early-life environmental exposures and child outcomes related to neurodevelopment, asthma, obesity, and positive health. Data from ECHO preterm cohorts can be used to address questions about the combined effects of preterm birth and environmental exposures on child health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Michael O'Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Monica McGrath
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Judy L Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Barry Lester
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hudson P Santos
- Biobehavioral Laboratory, School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carmen Marsit
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Annemarie Stroustrup
- Departments of Pediatrics and Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, Northwell Health, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | - Crisma Emmanuel
- Biobehavioral Laboratory, School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark Hudak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Elisabeth McGowan
- Women & Infants Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Simran Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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3
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Huang G, Gao H, Chen Y, Lin W, Shen J, Xu S, Liu D, Wu Z, Lin X, Jiang T, Dong B, Sun P. Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) as the Prognostic Factor for Recurrence/Residual Disease in HSIL Patients After LEEP. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:1923-1936. [PMID: 37152868 PMCID: PMC10162391 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s406082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is considered correlated with cancer prognosis including cervical cancer, in addition to high-risk papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection, of which the predictive value in prognosis of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) remains unknown. Here, the prognostic predictive value of PLR in HSIL after loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) was evaluated. Patients and Methods This study included 335 nonpregnant participants with histopathologically confirmed HSIL and 3- and 5-year follow-ups from the Fujian Cervical Lesions Screening Cohorts (FCLSCs) between September 2016 and September 2018. PLR and other variables were evaluated to identify the factors related to the recurrence/residual cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)-free survival (RFS), namely, the time from LEEP at baseline to first detection of recurrence/residual CIN or end of follow-up, by logistic and Cox regression. Results In the Kaplan‒Meier analysis, HR-HPV infection (p=0.049/0.012), higher PLR (p=0.031/0.038), and gland invasion (p=0.047) had a higher risk for recurrence/residual CIN at the 3-/5-year follow-up. The univariate logistic and Cox regression analyses showed significant differences and a higher cumulative risk in patients with HR-HPV infection (OR=3.917, p=0.026; HR=3.996, p=0.020) and higher PLR (OR=2.295, p=0.041; HR=2.161, p=0.030) at the 5-year follow-up. The findings by multivariate Cox regression analysis were similar, indicating a poor prognosis for patients with HR-HPV infection (HR=3.901, p=0.023) and higher PLR (HR=2.082, p=0.038) at the 5-year follow-up. The calibration plot showed a better model fit for RFS at the 3-year follow-up. Conclusion Preoperative PLR level and HR-HPV infection could be available markers for predicting recurrence/residual disease of HSIL after LEEP. Clinically, combining PLR with HR-HPV tests may provide novel evaluation method and reference for management in post-treatment patients with cervical precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxiang Huang
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children’s Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Women and Children’s Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hangjing Gao
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children’s Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Women and Children’s Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children’s Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Women and Children’s Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Lin
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children’s Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Women and Children’s Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Shen
- Fujian Provincial Cervical Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Health Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuxia Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dabin Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xite Lin
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children’s Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Women and Children’s Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children’s Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Women and Children’s Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binhua Dong
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children’s Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Women and Children’s Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengming Sun
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children’s Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Women and Children’s Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Pengming Sun; Binhua Dong, Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-591-87558732; +86-13599071900, Fax +86-591-87551247, Email ; ; ;
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4
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Freedman AN, Eaves LA, Rager JE, Gavino-Lopez N, Smeester L, Bangma J, Santos HP, Joseph RM, Kuban KC, O'Shea TM, Fry RC. The placenta epigenome-brain axis: placental epigenomic and transcriptomic responses that preprogram cognitive impairment. Epigenomics 2022; 14:897-911. [PMID: 36073148 PMCID: PMC9475498 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2022-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The placenta-brain axis reflects a developmental linkage where disrupted placental function is associated with impaired neurodevelopment later in life. Placental gene expression and the expression of epigenetic modifiers such as miRNAs may be tied to these impairments and are understudied. Materials & methods: The expression levels of mRNAs (n = 37,268) and their targeting miRNAs (n = 2083) were assessed within placentas collected from the ELGAN study cohort (n = 386). The ELGAN adolescents were assessed for neurocognitive function at age 10 and the association with placental mRNA/miRNAs was determined. Results: Placental mRNAs related to inflammatory and apoptotic processes are under miRNA control and associated with cognitive impairment at age 10. Conclusion: Findings highlight key placenta epigenome-brain relationships that support the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Freedman
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren A Eaves
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Julia E Rager
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Noemi Gavino-Lopez
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisa Smeester
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jacqueline Bangma
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hudson P Santos
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA
| | - Robert M Joseph
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Karl Ck Kuban
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Thomas Michael O'Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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5
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Abstract
Individuals born extremely preterm (before 28 weeks of gestation) comprise only about 0.7% of births in the United States and an even lower proportion in other high resource countries. However, these individuals account for a disproportionate number of children with cerebral palsy, intellectual deficit, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and epilepsy. This review describes two large multiple center cohorts comprised of individuals born extremely preterm: the EPICURE cohort, recruited 1995 in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, and the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn (ELGAN), recruited 2002-2004 in five states in the United States. The primary focus of these studies has been neurodevelopmental disorders, but also of interest are growth, respiratory illness, and parent- and self-reported global health and well-being. Both of these studies indicate that among individuals born extremely preterm the risks of most neurodevelopmental disorders are increased. Early life factors that contribute to this risk include perinatal brain damage, some of which can be identified using neonatal head ultrasound, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and neonatal systemic inflammation. Prenatal factors, particularly the family's socioeconomic position, also appear to contribute to risk. For most adverse outcomes, the risk is higher in males. Young adults born extremely preterm who have neurodevelopmental impairment, as compared to those without such impairment, rate their quality of life lower. However, young adults born extremely preterm who do not have neurodevelopmental impairments rate their quality of life as being similar to that of young adults born at term. Finally, we summarize the current state of interventions designed to improve the life course of extremely premature infants, with particular focus on efforts to prevent premature birth and on postnatal efforts to prevent adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve L Taylor
- Genevieve L Taylor MD: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - T Michael O'Shea
- T. Michael O'Shea, MD, MPH: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine.
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6
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Witney AA, Aller S, Strang BL. Metagenomic profiling of placental tissue suggests DNA virus infection of the placenta is rare. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34723784 PMCID: PMC8742990 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that pathogens can be transmitted across the placenta from mother to foetus. Recent re-evaluation of metagenomic studies indicates that the placenta has no unique microbiome of commensal bacteria. However, viral transmission across the placenta, including transmission of DNA viruses such as the human herpesviruses, is possible. A fuller understanding of which DNA virus sequence can be found in the placenta is required. We employed a metagenomic analysis to identify viral DNA sequences in placental metagenomes from full-term births (20 births), pre-term births (13 births), births from pregnancies associated with antenatal infections (12 births) or pre-term births with antenatal infections (three births). Our analysis found only a small number of DNA sequences corresponding to the genomes of human herpesviruses in four of the 48 metagenomes analysed. Therefore, our data suggest that DNA virus infection of the placenta is rare and support the concept that the placenta is largely free of pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Witney
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Sean Aller
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Blair L Strang
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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7
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Yadufashije C, Umugwaneza J, Muhimpundu L, Izere C, Munyeshyaka E, Mala A, Francois N, Mucumbitsi J, Sangano G, Ndayambaje M, Mwanzia L, Habyarimana T. Identification of Microorganisms associated with intraamniotic infection among women with preterm birth at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital, Rwanda: A case control study. IBNOSINA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmbs.ijmbs_64_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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Bangma JT, Hartwell H, Santos HP, O'Shea TM, Fry RC. Placental programming, perinatal inflammation, and neurodevelopment impairment among those born extremely preterm. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:326-335. [PMID: 33184498 PMCID: PMC7658618 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Individuals born extremely preterm are at significant risk for impaired neurodevelopment. After discharge from the neonatal intensive care, associations between the child's well-being and factors in the home and social environment become increasingly apparent. Mothers' prenatal health and socioeconomic status are associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes, and emotional and behavioral problems. Research on early life risk factors and on mechanisms underlying inter-individual differences in neurodevelopment later in life can inform the design of personalized approaches to prevention. Here, we review early life predictors of inter-individual differences in later life neurodevelopment among those born extremely preterm. Among biological mechanisms that mediate relationships between early life predictors and later neurodevelopmental outcomes, we highlight evidence for disrupted placental processes and regulated at least in part via epigenetic mechanisms, as well as perinatal inflammation. In relation to these mechanisms, we focus on four prenatal antecedents of impaired neurodevelopment, namely, (1) fetal growth restriction, (2) maternal obesity, (3) placental microorganisms, and (4) socioeconomic adversity. In the future, this knowledge may inform efforts to detect and prevent adverse outcomes in infants born extremely preterm. IMPACT: This review highlights early life risk factors and mechanisms underlying inter-individual differences in neurodevelopment later in life. The review emphasizes research on early life risk factors (fetal growth restriction, maternal obesity, placental microorganisms, and socioeconomic adversity) and on mechanisms (disrupted placental processes and perinatal inflammation) underlying inter-individual differences in neurodevelopment later in life. The findings highlighted here may inform efforts to detect and prevent adverse outcomes in infants born extremely preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T Bangma
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hadley Hartwell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hudson P Santos
- Biobehavioral Laboratory, School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - T Michael O'Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Biobehavioral Laboratory, School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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9
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Collier ARY, Ledyard R, Montoya-Williams D, Qiu M, Dereix AE, Farrokhi MR, Hacker MR, Burris HH. Racial and ethnic representation in epigenomic studies of preterm birth: a systematic review. Epigenomics 2020; 13:1735-1746. [PMID: 33264049 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We conducted a systematic review evaluating race/ethnicity representation in DNA methylomic studies of preterm birth. Data sources: PubMed, EMBASE, CINHAL, Scopus and relevant citations from 1 January 2000 to 30 June 2019. Study appraisal & synthesis methods: Two authors independently identified abstracts comparing DNA methylomic differences between term and preterm births that included race/ethnicity data. Results: 16 studies were included. Black and non-Hispanic Black deliveries were well represented (28%). However, large studies originating from more than 95% White populations were excluded due to unreported race/ethnicity data. Most studies were cross-sectional, allowing for reverse causation. Most studies were also racially/ethnically homogeneous, preventing direct comparison of DNA methylomic differences across race/ethnicities. Conclusion: In DNA methylomic studies, Black women and infants were well represented. However, the literature has limitations and precludes drawing definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ris Y Collier
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel Ledyard
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Diana Montoya-Williams
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maylene Qiu
- Biomedical Library, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandra E Dereix
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Minou Raschid Farrokhi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, USA
| | - Michele R Hacker
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heather H Burris
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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10
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Comparative analysis of immune related genes between domestic pig and germ-free minipig. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:44. [PMID: 33292811 PMCID: PMC7709342 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, minipig has been considered as an animal model that is appropriate for human disease model to study toxicology, pharmacology, and xenotransplantation. Nevertheless, minipigs are bred in various environment according to their use. Here, we suggest that minipigs used for research should be bred in well-controlled facility, comparing immune status of pigs raised in different breeding environment. DNA microarray was performed with ear skin and placenta of Landrace domestic pigs (DPs) and Minnesota germ-free minipigs (GPs). Their immune transcriptome was analyzed by gene ontology (GO) annotation database, based on criteria of |log2 fold change| ≥1 with P ≤ 0.05. As a result, we found that immune related genes in the ear skin of DPs were highly activated, compared to GPs. On the other hand, no significant s were found in the placenta. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed in five candidate immune genes. Their fold changes were consistent with the results from DNA microarray (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, we experimentally proved that porcine immune system was affected by different breeding environment, suggesting the importance of controlling microbes in animal room for the qualified research.
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11
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Bannister S, Messina NL, Novakovic B, Curtis N. The emerging role of epigenetics in the immune response to vaccination and infection: a systematic review. Epigenetics 2020; 15:555-593. [PMID: 31914857 PMCID: PMC7574386 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1712814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has highlighted the role of infection-induced epigenetic events in the development of cancer. More recently, attention has focused on the ability of non-carcinogenic infections, as well as vaccines, to modify the human epigenome and modulate the immune response. This review explores this rapidly evolving area of investigation and outlines the many and varied ways in which vaccination and natural infection can influence the human epigenome from modulation of the innate and adaptive immune response, to biological ageing and modification of disease risk. The implications of these epigenetic changes on immune regulation and their potential application to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic infection and vaccine development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bannister
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nicole L. Messina
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Boris Novakovic
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Epigenetics Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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12
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Oldenburg KS, O’Shea TM, Fry RC. Genetic and epigenetic factors and early life inflammation as predictors of neurodevelopmental outcomes. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 25:101115. [PMID: 32444251 PMCID: PMC7363586 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2020.101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Among individuals born very preterm, perinatal inflammation, particularly if sustained or recurring, is highly likely to contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, including cerebral white matter damage, cerebral palsy, cognitive impairment, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Antecedents and correlates of perinatal inflammation include socioeconomic disadvantage, maternal obesity, maternal infections, fetal growth restriction, neonatal sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Genetic factors can modify susceptibility to perinatal inflammation and to neurodevelopmental disorders. Preliminary evidence supports a role of epigenetic markers as potential mediators of the presumed effects of preterm birth and/or its consequences on neurodevelopment later in life. Further study is needed of factors such as sex, psychosocial stressors, and environmental exposures that could modify the relationship of early life inflammation to later neurodevelopmental impairments. Also needed are pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to attenuate inflammation towards the goal of improving the neurodevelopment of individuals born very preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi S. Oldenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - T. Michael O’Shea
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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13
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O’Callaghan JL, Clifton VL, Prentis P, Ewing A, Miller YD, Pelzer ES. Modulation of Placental Gene Expression in Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11010080. [PMID: 31936801 PMCID: PMC7017208 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants are fetuses that have not reached their genetically programmed growth potential. Low birth weight predisposes these infants to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular, metabolic and neurodevelopmental conditions in later life. However, our understanding of how this pathology occurs is currently incomplete. Previous research has focused on understanding the transcriptome, epigenome and bacterial signatures separately. However, we hypothesise that interactions between moderators of gene expression are critical to understanding fetal growth restriction. Through a review of the current literature, we identify that there is evidence of modulated expression/methylation of the placental genome and the presence of bacterial DNA in the placental tissue of SGA infants. We also identify that despite limited evidence of the interactions between the above results, there are promising suggestions of a relationship between bacterial signatures and placental function. This review aims to summarise the current literature concerning fetal growth from multiple avenues and propose a novel relationship between the placental transcriptome, methylome and bacterial signature that, if characterised, may be able to improve our current understanding of the placental response to stress and the aetiology of growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. O’Callaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Queensland, Australia;
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Queensland, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Vicki L. Clifton
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia; (V.L.C.); (A.E.)
| | - Peter Prentis
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Adam Ewing
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia; (V.L.C.); (A.E.)
| | - Yvette D. Miller
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Elise S. Pelzer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Queensland, Australia;
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Padula AM, Monk C, Brennan PA, Borders A, Barrett ES, McEvoy C, Foss S, Desai P, Alshawabkeh A, Wurth R, Salafia C, Fichorova R, Varshavsky J, Kress A, Woodruff TJ, Morello-Frosch R. A review of maternal prenatal exposures to environmental chemicals and psychosocial stressors-implications for research on perinatal outcomes in the ECHO program. J Perinatol 2020; 40:10-24. [PMID: 31616048 PMCID: PMC6957228 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-019-0510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposures to environmental chemicals and psychosocial stressors during pregnancy have been individually associated with adverse perinatal outcomes related to birthweight and gestational age, but are not often considered in combination. We review types of psychosocial stressors and instruments used to assess them and classes of environmental chemical exposures that are known to adversely impact perinatal outcomes, and identify studies relevant studies. We discuss the National Institutes of Health's Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program that has combined existing longitudinal cohorts that include more than 50,000 children across the U.S. We describe future opportunities for investigators to use this important new resource for addressing relevant and critical research questions to maternal health. Of the 84 cohorts in ECHO, 38 collected data on environmental chemicals and psychosocial stressors and perinatal outcomes. The diverse ECHO pregnancy cohorts provide capacity to compare regions with distinct place-based environmental and social stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Padula
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
USA
| | | | | | - Ann Borders
- North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL,
USA
| | | | | | - Sophie Foss
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Preeya Desai
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Raina Fichorova
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Amii Kress
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Peric A, Weiss J, Vulliemoz N, Baud D, Stojanov M. Bacterial Colonization of the Female Upper Genital Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3405. [PMID: 31373310 PMCID: PMC6678922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria colonize most of the human body, and the female genital tract is not an exception. While the existence of a vaginal microbiota has been well established, the upper genital tract has been considered a sterile environment, with a general assumption that bacterial presence is associated with adverse clinical manifestation. However, recent metagenomic studies identified specific patterns of microbiota colonizing the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and placenta. These results need confirmation and further investigations since the data are only scarce. Bacterial colonization of these sites appears different from the vaginal one, despite evidence that vaginal bacteria could ascend to the upper genital tract through the cervix. Are these bacteria only commensal or do they play a role in the physiology of the female upper genital tract? Which are the genera that may have a negative and a positive impact on the female reproductive function? The aim of this review is to critically present all available data on upper genital tract microbiota and discuss its role in human reproduction, ranging from the technical aspects of these types of analyses to the description of specific bacterial genera. Although still very limited, research focusing on genital colonization of bacteria other than the vaginal milieu might bring novel insights into physiopathology of human reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Peric
- Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and Gynecological Endocrinology, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, 6000 Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Weiss
- Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and Gynecological Endocrinology, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, 6000 Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vulliemoz
- Fertility Medicine and Gynaecologic Endocrinology Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Baud
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Milos Stojanov
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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16
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Chen HJ, Gur TL. Intrauterine Microbiota: Missing, or the Missing Link? Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:402-413. [PMID: 31053242 PMCID: PMC6604064 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The intrauterine environment provides a key interface between the mother and the developing fetus during pregnancy, and is a target for investigating mechanisms of fetal programming. Studies have demonstrated an association between prenatal stress and neurodevelopmental disorders. The role of the intrauterine environment in mediating this effect is still being elucidated. In this review, we discuss emerging preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting the existence of microbial communities in utero. We also outline possible mechanisms of bacterial translocation to the intrauterine environment and immune responses to the presence of microbes or microbial components. Lastly, we overview the effects of intrauterine inflammation on neurodevelopment. We hypothesize that maternal gestational stress leads to disruptions in the maternal oral, gut, and vaginal microbiome that may lead to the translocation of bacteria to the intrauterine environment, eliciting an inflammatory response and resulting in deficits in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tamar L Gur
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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17
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Microorganisms in the Placenta: Links to Early-Life Inflammation and Neurodevelopment in Children. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:32/3/e00103-18. [PMID: 31043389 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00103-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to various stressors can influence both early and later life childhood health. Microbial infection of the intrauterine environment, specifically within the placenta, has been associated with deleterious birth outcomes, such as preterm birth, as well as adverse neurological outcomes later in life. The relationships among microorganisms in the placenta, placental function, and fetal development are not well understood. Microorganisms have been associated with perinatal inflammatory responses that have the potential for disrupting fetal brain development. Microbial presence has also been associated with epigenetic modifications in the placenta, as well other tissues. Here we review research detailing the presence of microorganisms in the placenta and associations among such microorganisms, placental DNA methylation, perinatal inflammation, and neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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18
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Proal A, Marshall T. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:373. [PMID: 30564562 PMCID: PMC6288442 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The illness ME/CFS has been repeatedly tied to infectious agents such as Epstein Barr Virus. Expanding research on the human microbiome now allows ME/CFS-associated pathogens to be studied as interacting members of human microbiome communities. Humans harbor these vast ecosystems of bacteria, viruses and fungi in nearly all tissue and blood. Most well-studied inflammatory conditions are tied to dysbiosis or imbalance of the human microbiome. While gut microbiome dysbiosis has been identified in ME/CFS, microbes and viruses outside the gut can also contribute to the illness. Pathobionts, and their associated proteins/metabolites, often control human metabolism and gene expression in a manner that pushes the body toward a state of illness. Intracellular pathogens, including many associated with ME/CFS, drive microbiome dysbiosis by directly interfering with human transcription, translation, and DNA repair processes. Molecular mimicry between host and pathogen proteins/metabolites further complicates this interference. Other human pathogens disable mitochondria or dysregulate host nervous system signaling. Antibodies and/or clonal T cells identified in patients with ME/CFS are likely activated in response to these persistent microbiome pathogens. Different human pathogens have evolved similar survival mechanisms to disable the host immune response and host metabolic pathways. The metabolic dysfunction driven by these organisms can result in similar clusters of inflammatory symptoms. ME/CFS may be driven by this pathogen-induced dysfunction, with the nature of dysbiosis and symptom presentation varying based on a patient's unique infectious and environmental history. Under such conditions, patients would benefit from treatments that support the human immune system in an effort to reverse the infectious disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Proal
- Autoimmunity Research Foundation, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
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