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Ortega-Portilla PA, Carrisoza-Urbina J, Bedolla-Alva MA, Cortéz-Hernández O, Juárez-Ramírez M, Baay-Guzmán G, Huerta-Yepez S, Gutiérrez-Pabello JA. Necrosis plays a role in the concentration of mycobacterial antigens in granulomas from Mycobacterium bovis naturally infected cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 272:110757. [PMID: 38723459 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The dynamics that develop between cells and molecules in the host against infection by Mycobacterium bovis, leads to the formation of granulomas mainly present in the lungs and regional lymph nodes in cattle. Cell death is one of the main features in granuloma organization, however, it has not been characterized in granulomatous lesions caused by M. bovis. In this study we aimed to identify the profiles of cell death in the granuloma stages and its relationship with the accumulation of bacteria. We identified necrosis, activated caspase-3, LC3B/p62 using immunohistochemistry and digital pathology analysis on 484 granulomatous lesions in mediastinal lymph nodes from 23 naturally infected cattle. Conclusions: greater amounts of mycobacterial antigens were identified in granulomas from calves compared with adult cattle. The highest percentage of necrosis and quantity of mycobacterial antigens were identified in granuloma stages (III/IV) from adults. The LC3B/p62 profile was heterogeneous in granulomas between adults and calves. Our data suggest that necrosis is associated with a higher amount of mycobacterial antigens in the late stages of granuloma and the development of autophagy appears to play an heterogeneous effector response against infection in adults and calves. These results represent one of the first approaches in the identification of cell death in the four stages of granulomas in bovine tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Ortega-Portilla
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Tuberculosis y Brucelosis, Departamento de Microbiologia e inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jacobo Carrisoza-Urbina
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Tuberculosis y Brucelosis, Departamento de Microbiologia e inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario A Bedolla-Alva
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar Cortéz-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Tuberculosis y Brucelosis, Departamento de Microbiologia e inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mireya Juárez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Baay-Guzmán
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José A Gutiérrez-Pabello
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Tuberculosis y Brucelosis, Departamento de Microbiologia e inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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2
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Okugbeni N, du Toit A, Cole-Holman V, Johnson G, Loos B, Kinnear C. Measurement of Autophagy Activity Reveals Time-Dependent, Bacteria-Specific Turnover during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010024. [PMID: 36678372 PMCID: PMC9864524 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) uses various mechanisms to evade its killing. One of such is phagosomal damage and cytosolic translocation which is then targeted by the host's bactericidal autophagy pathway. It is suggested that cytosolic translocation of M. tb is time-dependent, occurring at later time points of 48 to 72 h post-infection. It is, however, not known whether increased autophagic targeting correlates with these time points of infection. We investigated the time-dependent profile of autophagy activity through the course of M. tb infection in mammalian macrophages. Autophagy activity was inferred by the turnover measurement of autophagy markers and M. tb bacilli in THP-1 and RAW 264.7 macrophages. Over a period of 4 to 72 h, we observed highest autophagy turnover at 48 h of infection in M. tb-containing cells. This was evident by the highest turnover levels of p62 and intracellular M. tb. This supports observations of phagosomal damage mostly occurring at this time point and reveal the correlation of increased autophagy activity. The findings support the preservation of autophagy activity despite M. tb infection while also highlighting time-dependent differences in M. tb-infected macrophages. Future studies may explore time-dependent exogenous autophagy targeting towards host-directed anti-tuberculosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Okugbeni
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, US/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Genomics Centre, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - André du Toit
- Neuro Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Victoria Cole-Holman
- South African Medical Research Council Genomics Centre, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Glynis Johnson
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, US/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Ben Loos
- Neuro Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Craig Kinnear
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, US/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Genomics Centre, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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3
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Cho T, Khatchadourian C, Nguyen H, Dara Y, Jung S, Venketaraman V. A review of the BCG vaccine and other approaches toward tuberculosis eradication. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2454-2470. [PMID: 33769193 PMCID: PMC8475575 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1885280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive eradication efforts, Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health burden, one that disproportionally affects poorer, less developed nations. The only vaccine approved for TB, the Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) vaccine remains controversial because it's stated efficacy has been cited as anywhere from 0 to 80%. Nevertheless, there have been exciting discoveries about the mechanism of action of the BCG vaccine that suggests it has a role in immunization schedules today. We review recent data suggesting the vaccine imparts protection against both tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis pathogens via a newly discovered immune system called trained immunity. BCG's efficacy also appears to be tied to its affect on granulocytes at the epigenetic and hematopoietic stem cell levels, which we discuss in this article at length. We also write about how the different strains of the BCG vaccine elicit different immune responses, suggesting that certain BCG strains are more immunogenic than others. Finally, our review delves into how the current vaccine is being reformulated to be more efficacious, and track the development of the next generation vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cho
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Huy Nguyen
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Yash Dara
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Shuna Jung
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
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4
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Simonson AW, Umstead TM, Lawanprasert A, Klein B, Almarzooqi S, Halstead ES, Medina SH. Extracellular matrix-inspired inhalable aerogels for rapid clearance of pulmonary tuberculosis. Biomaterials 2021; 273:120848. [PMID: 33915409 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, and limiting the spread of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is now an urgent global health priority. Essential to the persistence of this disease is the ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to circumvent host defenses by infecting lung macrophages to create a cellular niche for its survival and proliferation. This has urged the development of new therapeutic strategies that act through mechanisms distinct from conventional antibiotics, and thus are effective against MDR bacteria, while being able to efficiently kill persister Mtb cells in infected host macrophages. Here, we report a new class of gel-like microparticle aerosols, or 'aerogels', designed to exploit metabolic vulnerabilities of Mtb pathogens and TB-infected macrophages to enable preferential delivery of synergistic peptide-antibiotic combinations for potent and rapid antitubercular therapy. This is achieved by formulating aerogels through the supramolecular assembly of a de novo designed anti-TB peptide and the extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived polysaccharide, hyaluronic acid (HA). Importantly, HA serves as a nutrient source for Mtb cells during tissue invasion and proliferation, and is recognized by CD44 receptors highly expressed on lung macrophages during TB infection. By exploiting this metabolic substrate for pathogen targeting, HA aerogels are shown to avidly bind and kill both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant mycobacteria, while being efficiently internalized into macrophage host cells in vitro and in vivo to clear Mtb persisters. This multifaceted bioactivity suggests aerogels may serve as a versatile inhalable platform upon which novel biomaterials-enabled therapeutics can be developed to rapidly clear pulmonary MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Simonson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Todd M Umstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA; Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Atip Lawanprasert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bailey Klein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sarah Almarzooqi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - E Scott Halstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA; Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Scott H Medina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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5
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Strong EJ, Lee S. Targeting Autophagy as a Strategy for Developing New Vaccines and Host-Directed Therapeutics Against Mycobacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:614313. [PMID: 33519771 PMCID: PMC7840607 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.614313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial disease is an immense burden worldwide. This disease group includes tuberculosis, leprosy (Hansen's disease), Buruli Ulcer, and non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease. The burden of NTM disease, both pulmonary and ulcerative, is drastically escalating globally, especially in developed countries such as America and Australia. Mycobacteria's ability to inhibit or evade the host immune system has contributed significantly to its continued prevalence. Pre-clinical studies have highlighted promising candidates that enhance endogenous pathways and/or limit destructive host responses. Autophagy is a cell-autonomous host defense mechanism by which intracytoplasmic cargos can be delivered and then destroyed in lysosomes. Previous studies have reported that autophagy-activating agents, small molecules, and autophagy-activating vaccines may be beneficial in restricting intracellular mycobacterial infection, even with multidrug-resistant strains. This review will examine how mycobacteria evade autophagy and discusses how autophagy could be exploited to design novel TB treatment strategies, such as host-directed therapeutics and vaccines, against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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6
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Pathogen-specific antimicrobials engineered de novo through membrane-protein biomimicry. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:467-480. [PMID: 33390588 PMCID: PMC8131206 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-00665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Precision antimicrobials aim to kill pathogens without damaging commensal bacteria in the host, and thus to cure disease without antibiotic-associated dysbiosis. Here, we report the de novo design of a synthetic host defence peptide that targets a specific pathogen by mimicking key molecular features of the pathogen’s channel-forming membrane proteins. By exploiting physical and structural vulnerabilities within the pathogen’s cellular envelope, we designed a peptide sequence that undergoes instructed tryptophan-zippered assembly within the mycolic-acid rich outer membrane of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to specifically kill the pathogen without collateral toxicity towards lung commensal bacteria or host tissue. These ‘mycomembrane-templated’ assemblies elicit rapid mycobactericidal activity, and enhance the potency of antibiotics by improving their otherwise poor diffusion across the rigid Mtb envelope with respect to agents that exploit transmembrane protein channels for antimycobacterial activity. This biomimetic strategy may aid the design of other narrow-spectrum antimicrobial peptides.
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7
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Kan LLY, Liu D, Chan BCL, Tsang MSM, Hou T, Leung PC, Lam CWK, Wong CK. The flavonoids of Sophora flavescens exerts anti-inflammatory activity via promoting autophagy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-stimulated macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1615-1629. [PMID: 32794339 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0720-682rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a highly infectious air-borne disease, has remained a global health problem. Conventional treatment and preventions such as antibiotics and Bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine can be unreliable. In view of the increasing prevalence of anti-TB drug resistance, adjunctive therapy may be necessary to shorten the recovery time. We have previously shown that flavonoids in the medicinal herb Sophora flavescens exhibit anti-inflammatory and bactericidal activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular and cellular characteristics of flavonoids of S. flavescens (FSF) in BCG-stimulated macrophages for assessing their roles in anti-inflammation and autophagy. Mouse alveolar macrophage (MH-S) cell line and primary mouse peritoneal macrophages were stimulated in vitro with heat-inactivated BCG and treated with FSF, with or without autophagy inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 (BafA1). Gene expression was analyzed using quantitative PCR, and cytokine/chemokine release was analyzed by Milliplex assay and ELISA. Autophagy-related proteins were quantified by Western blot and flow cytometry, and autophagolysosomes were detected using fluorescence microscopy. In both MH-S cell line and mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated by heat-inactivated BCG, FSF was found to up-regulate autophagy-related proteins microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and protein 62 (p62), and suppress the induced proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, CCL5, and IL-6. FSF actively modulates immune processes through suppressing BCG-mediated inflammation by promoting autophagy in MH-S cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. We suggest that FSF may be useful as an adjunctive therapeutic agent for TB infection by modulating cell survival through autophagy and reducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Ling-Yu Kan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dehua Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Chung-Lap Chan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miranda Sin-Man Tsang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tianheng Hou
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher Wai-Kei Lam
- Faculty of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Chun Kwok Wong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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8
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Ornithine-A urea cycle metabolite enhances autophagy and controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3535. [PMID: 32669568 PMCID: PMC7363810 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are professional phagocytes known to play a vital role in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and disease progression. Here we compare Mtb growth in mouse alveolar (AMs), peritoneal (PMs), and liver (Kupffer cells; KCs) macrophages and in bone marrow-derived monocytes (BDMs). KCs restrict Mtb growth more efficiently than all other macrophages and monocytes despite equivalent infections through enhanced autophagy. A metabolomics comparison of Mtb-infected macrophages indicates that ornithine and imidazole are two top-scoring metabolites in Mtb-infected KCs and that acetylcholine is the top-scoring in Mtb-infected AMs. Ornithine, imidazole and atropine (acetylcholine inhibitor) inhibit Mtb growth in AMs. Ornithine enhances AMPK mediated autophagy whereas imidazole directly kills Mtb by reducing cytochrome P450 activity. Intranasal delivery of ornithine or imidazole or the two together restricts Mtb growth. Our study demonstrates that the metabolic differences between Mtb-infected AMs and KCs lead to differences in the restriction of Mtb growth. Kupffer cells are more resistant to M. tuberculosis when compared with alveolar macrophages. Here the authors show that this distinction is caused by the presence of ornithine and imidazole in Kupffer cells and that these metabolites can drive autophagy and M. tuberculosis killing in alveolar macrophages when given intranasally to infected mice.
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9
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Chin KL, Sarmiento ME, Alvarez-Cabrera N, Norazmi MN, Acosta A. Pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections: current state and future management. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:799-826. [PMID: 31853742 PMCID: PMC7222044 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is a trend of increasing incidence in pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections (PNTM) together with a decrease in tuberculosis (TB) incidence, particularly in developed countries. The prevalence of PNTM in underdeveloped and developing countries remains unclear as there is still a lack of detection methods that could clearly diagnose PNTM applicable in these low-resource settings. Since non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental pathogens, the vicinity favouring host-pathogen interactions is known as important predisposing factor for PNTM. The ongoing changes in world population, as well as socio-political and economic factors, are linked to the rise in the incidence of PNTM. Development is an important factor for the improvement of population well-being, but it has also been linked, in general, to detrimental environmental consequences, including the rise of emergent (usually neglected) infectious diseases, such as PNTM. The rise of neglected PNTM infections requires the expansion of the current efforts on the development of diagnostics, therapies and vaccines for mycobacterial diseases, which at present, are mainly focused on TB. This review discuss the current situation of PNTM and its predisposing factors, as well as the efforts and challenges for their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ling Chin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Maria E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nadine Alvarez-Cabrera
- Center for Discovery and Innovation (CDI), Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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10
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Niu J, Zhang B, Cui K, Gao Y, Li Z, Qian Z. Suppression of miR-147b contributed to H37Rv-infected macrophage viability and migration in tuberculosis in vitro. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104125. [PMID: 32179078 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a severe infectious disease. It was reported that microRNAs played important roles in tuberculosis. However, the role of miR-147b in the disease remained unveiling. METHODS Tuberculosis cell model was established using macrophage THP-1 cells infected with H37Rv strain. RT-qPCR was first for examination of miR-147b relative expression. Cell viabilities were then measured with MTT. Cell transfection was to interfere the relative expression of miR-147b or C11orf87 in infected cells. RT-qPCR was adopted to confirm the transfection efficiency. Luciferase assay verified the binding sites between miR-147b and C11orf87. Migration was examined by scratch and relative protein expression of EMT biomarkers and phosphorylation of Pi3K and AKT were assessed via Western blot. RESULT MiR-147b expression was higher and cell viability decreased in H32Rv-THP-1 cells. Cell viability was shown higher after miR-147b downregulation. Luciferase assay confirmed the binding. RT-qPCR found C11orf87 expression was lower in the H32Rv-THP-1 cells. MTT suggested that cell viability fell with the decrease of C11orf87 in infectious cells. Moreover, when H32Rv-THP-1 cells were co-transfected with miR-147b inhibitor and si-C11orf87, cell viability, migration and EMT and activation of Pi3K/AKT pathway was partially reversed compared with mere downregulation of miR-147b. CONCLUSION miR-147b might regulate macrophage proliferation and migration through targeting C11orf87 via Pi3K/AKT pathway in Tuberculosis in vitro, which calls for in-depth inter-cellular researches and animal researches to further support that miR-147b/C11orf87 axis might be a potential therapeutic target for the molecular treatment of Tuberculosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Niu
- Tuberculosis Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Henan Provinve, China.
| | - Bianfang Zhang
- Tuberculosis Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Henan Provinve, China.
| | - Kuili Cui
- Tuberculosis Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Henan Provinve, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- Tuberculosis Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Henan Provinve, China.
| | - Zhenkui Li
- Tuberculosis Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Henan Provinve, China.
| | - Zhibin Qian
- Functional Laboratory of Basic Medical College of Xinxiang Medical College, Henan Province, 453003, China.
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11
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Singh B, Saqib M, Chakraborty A, Bhaskar S. Lipoarabinomannan from Mycobacterium indicus pranii shows immunostimulatory activity and induces autophagy in macrophages. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224239. [PMID: 31648257 PMCID: PMC6812838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) known for its immunotherapeutic potential against leprosy and tuberculosis is undergoing various clinical trials and also simultaneously being studied in animal models to get insight into the mechanistic details contributing to its protective efficacy as a vaccine candidate. Studies have shown potential immunomodulatory properties of MIP, the most significant being the ability to induce strong Th1 type of response, enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activation of APCs and lymphocytes, elicitation of M.tb specific poly-functional T cells. All of these form crucial components of host-immune response during M.tb infection. Also, MIP was found to be potent inducer of autophagy in macrophages which resulted in enhanced clearance of M.tb from MIP and M.tb co-infected cells. Hence, we further examined the component/s of MIP responsible for autophagy induction. Interestingly, we found that MIP lipids and DNA were able to induce autophagy but not the protein fraction. LAM being one of the crucial components of mycobacterial cell-wall lipids and possessing the ability of immunomodulation; we isolated LAM from MIP and did a comparative study with M.tb-LAM. Stimulation with MIP-LAM resulted in significantly high secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and displayed high autophagy inducing potential in macrophages as compared to M.tb-LAM. Treatment with MIP-LAM enhanced the co-localization of M.tb within the phago-lysosomes and increased the clearance of M.tb from the infected macrophages. This study describes LAM to be a crucial component of MIP which has significant contribution to its immunotherapeutic efficacy against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Singh
- Product Development Cell-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Saqib
- Product Development Cell-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anush Chakraborty
- Product Development Cell-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sangeeta Bhaskar
- Product Development Cell-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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12
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Su J, Liu D, Wang Q, Lin J, Song S, Huang K. Long-Time Instead of Short-Time Exposure in Vitro and Administration in Vivo of Ochratoxin A Is Consistent in Immunosuppression. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7485-7495. [PMID: 31180669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium, contaminating in a wide variety of foods and feeds. Mycotoxins, including OTA, could cause immunosuppression in almost all previous studies in vivo. However, the vast majority of results in vitro showed that mycotoxins caused immunostimulation. Why the results of studies in vitro are contrary to studies in vivo is unknown. Our study aims to explore the underlying reason and mechanism of the paradoxical effect. In this study, porcine alveolar macrophage cell line 3D4/21 was chosen as an in vitro model and treated with 1.0 μg/mL OTA for different times. Some indexes, such as expression of inflammatory cytokines, migration, phagocytosis, macrophage polarization, autophagy-related proteins, and Akt1 phosphorylation, were detected. The results showed that pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, migration, and phagocytosis were increased, with macrophage polarization to the M1 phenotype at 24 h of OTA exposure. Surprisedly, anti-inflammatory cytokine expression was increased, cell phagocytosis and migration were decreased, and macrophage polarization was switched from M1 to M2 at 72 h of OTA exposure. Furthermore, we found that long-time exposure of OTA also suppressed autophagy, and the autophagy activator blocked the OTA-induced immunosuppression. Phosphorylation of Akt1 plays a positive role in autophagy inhibition. In conclusion, long-time instead of short-time exposure of OTA in vitro induced immunosuppression. The immunosuppression mechanism of OTA in vitro involved inhibition of autophagy through upregulating p-Akt1. Our results provide new insight into research on the mechanism of mycotoxin-induced immunosuppression in vitro.
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Jang YJ, Kim JH, Byun S. Modulation of Autophagy for Controlling Immunity. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020138. [PMID: 30744138 PMCID: PMC6406335 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential process that maintains physiological homeostasis by promoting the transfer of cytoplasmic constituents to autophagolysosomes for degradation. In immune cells, the autophagy pathway plays an additional role in facilitating proper immunological functions. Specifically, the autophagy pathway can participate in controlling key steps in innate and adaptive immunity. Accordingly, alterations in autophagy have been linked to inflammatory diseases and defective immune responses against pathogens. In this review, we discuss the various roles of autophagy signaling in coordinating immune responses and how these activities are connected to pathological conditions. We highlight the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators that can impact immune responses and the mechanisms of action responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Jang
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanjugun55365, Korea.
| | - Jae Hwan Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea.
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