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Wu Y, Ji X, Yang Y, Wu B. Discovery of a fully human antibody to the proximal membrane terminus of MUC1 based on a B-cell high-throughput screening technique. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 142:113204. [PMID: 39317052 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Mucin 1 plays an important role in tumor signaling and is overexpressed in adenocarcinoma and the digestive system. Many antibodies have been developed against MUC1 targets. Previously developed antibodies were mainly directed against distal membrane-terminal MUC1-N, but distal membrane-terminal MUC1-N is shed during cell growth and therefore binds to antibodies developed against tandem repeat sequences and becomes ineffective. Here, we provide a simple and rapid method for preparing antibodies targeting the proximal membrane end of MUC1. Immunological target antigens were designed based on Biocytogen Renlite KO mice. With the help of B-cell high-throughput screening technology, we rapidly screened and prepared fully human antibodies with human-macaque cross-reactivity, high affinity, high specificity, and endocytosis. Using this method, we screened 40 antibodies with human-monkey cross-reactivity, which specifically recognized breast cancer cell lines with human and monkey affinities ranging from (1.04E-07-2.91E-09). Of these, the antibodies with germline genes IGHV4-59*01 and IGHV3-30*03 had nanomolar affinities, with high endocytosis effects in breast cancer cells. Ab.07 (IGHV3-30*03) coupled with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) showed good anti-tumor activity in different tumor cells. In summary, we describe a method for designing and producing excellent antibodies that can be assembled into antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies by proximal-membrane-end immunization and B-cell high-throughput screening that can rapidly generate high-quality antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Institute of Antibody and Drug Research, Biocytogen (Beijing) Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 102609, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, China
| | - Xin Ji
- Institute of Antibody and Drug Research, Biocytogen (Beijing) Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 102609, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Antibody and Drug Research, Biocytogen (Beijing) Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 102609, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, China.
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
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2
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Basnet S, Van der Heijden M, Quixabeira DCA, Jirovec E, Grönberg-Vähä-Koskela SAM, Clubb JHA, Kanerva A, Pakola S, Haybout L, Arias V, Hemminki O, Kudling T, Zafar S, Cervera-Carrascon V, Santos JM, Hemminki A. Overcoming effector T cell exhaustion in ovarian cancer ascites with a novel adenovirus encoding for a MUC1 bispecific antibody engager and IL-2 cytokine. Mol Ther 2024; 32:3114-3127. [PMID: 38910324 PMCID: PMC11403222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell-focused cancer immunotherapy including checkpoint inhibitors and cell therapies has been rapidly evolving over the past decade. Nevertheless, there remains a major unmet medical need in oncology generally and immuno-oncology specifically. We have constructed an oncolytic adenovirus, Ad5/3-E2F-d24-aMUC1aCD3-IL-2 (TILT-322), which is armed with a human aMUC1aCD3 T cell engager and IL-2. TILT-322 treatment stimulated T cell cytotoxicity through the increased presence of granzyme B, perforin, and interferon-gamma. Additional immune profiling indicated TILT-322 increased gamma delta T cell activation and impacted other cell types such as natural killer cells and natural killer-like T cells that are traditionally involved in cancer immunotherapy. TILT-322 treatment also decreased the proportion of exhausted CD8+ T cells as demarked by immune checkpoint expression in ovarian ascites samples. Overall, our data showed that TILT-322 treatment led to an enhanced T cell activation and reversed T cell exhaustion translating into high antitumor efficacy when given locally or intravenously. The analysis of blood and tumors isolated from an in vivo patient-derived ovarian cancer xenograft model suggested TILT-322 mediated tumor control through improved T cell functions. Therefore, TILT-322 is a promising novel anti-tumor agent for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saru Basnet
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), Research Program Unit (RPU), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirte Van der Heijden
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), Research Program Unit (RPU), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dafne C A Quixabeira
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), Research Program Unit (RPU), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elise Jirovec
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), Research Program Unit (RPU), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna A M Grönberg-Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital (HUS), Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James H A Clubb
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), Research Program Unit (RPU), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Santeri Pakola
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), Research Program Unit (RPU), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital (HUS), Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lyna Haybout
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), Research Program Unit (RPU), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor Arias
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), Research Program Unit (RPU), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otto Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Urology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatiana Kudling
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), Research Program Unit (RPU), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sadia Zafar
- Applied Tumor Genomics HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Research Program, Research Program Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor Cervera-Carrascon
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joao M Santos
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), Research Program Unit (RPU), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital (HUS), Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Yang L, Hu Q, Huang T. Breast Cancer Treatment Strategies Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: How to Convert "Cold" Tumors to "Hot" Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7208. [PMID: 39000314 PMCID: PMC11241188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer characterized as "cold tumors" exhibit low levels of immune cell infiltration, which limits the efficacy of conventional immunotherapy. Recent studies have focused on strategies using nanotechnology combined with tumor microenvironment modulation to transform "cold tumors" into "hot tumors". This approach involves the use of functionalized nanoparticles that target and modify the tumor microenvironment to promote the infiltration and activation of antitumor immune cells. By delivering immune activators or blocking immunosuppressive signals, these nanoparticles activate otherwise dormant immune responses, enhancing tumor immunogenicity and the therapeutic response. These strategies not only promise to increase the response rate of breast cancer patients to existing immunotherapies but also may pave new therapeutic avenues, providing a new direction for the immunotherapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liucui Yang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qingyi Hu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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4
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Zhang XY, Hong LL, Ling ZQ. MUC16: clinical targets with great potential. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:101. [PMID: 38758220 PMCID: PMC11101557 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-024-01365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Mucin 16 (MUC16) is a membrane-bound mucin that is abnormally expressed or mutated in a variety of diseases, especially tumors, while being expressed in normal body epithelium. MUC16 and its extracellular components are often important cancer-related biomarkers. Abnormal expression of MUC16 promotes tumor progression through mesenchymal protein, PI3K/AKT pathway, JAK2/STAT3 pathway, ERK/FBW7/c-Myc, and other mechanisms, and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors. In addition, MUC16 also helps tumor immune escape by inhibiting T cells and NK cells. Many drugs and trials targeting MUC16 have been developed, and MUC16 may be a new direction for future treatments. In this paper, the mechanism of action of MUC16 in the development of cancer, especially in the immune escape of tumor, is introduced in detail, indicating the potential of MUC16 in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Zhang
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No.1 Banshan East Rd., Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang, Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Lian-Lian Hong
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No.1 Banshan East Rd., Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No.1 Banshan East Rd., Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China.
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China.
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang, Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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5
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Li Y, Wu C, Lee J, Ning Q, Lim J, Eoh H, Wang S, Hurrell BP, Akbari O, Ou JHJ. Hepatitis B virus e antigen induces atypical metabolism and differentially regulates programmed cell deaths of macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012079. [PMID: 38466743 PMCID: PMC10957081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can undergo M1-like proinflammatory polarization with low oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and high glycolytic activities or M2-like anti-inflammatory polarization with the opposite metabolic activities. Here we show that M1-like macrophages induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV) display high OXPHOS and low glycolytic activities. This atypical metabolism induced by HBV attenuates the antiviral response of M1-like macrophages and is mediated by HBV e antigen (HBeAg), which induces death receptor 5 (DR5) via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to induce death-associated protein 3 (DAP3). DAP3 then induces the expression of mitochondrial genes to promote OXPHOS. HBeAg also enhances the expression of glutaminases and increases the level of glutamate, which is converted to α-ketoglutarate, an important metabolic intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, to promote OXPHOS. The induction of DR5 by HBeAg leads to apoptosis of M1-like and M2-like macrophages, although HBeAg also induces pyroptosis of the former. These findings reveal novel activities of HBeAg, which can reprogram mitochondrial metabolism and trigger different programmed cell death responses of macrophages depending on their phenotypes to promote HBV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Wu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Qiqi Ning
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Juhyeon Lim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sean Wang
- Michael Amini Transfusion Medicine Center, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin P. Hurrell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jing-hsiung James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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6
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Cong Y, Devoogdt N, Lambin P, Dubois LJ, Yaromina A. Promising Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches Based on VHHs for Cancer Management. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:371. [PMID: 38254860 PMCID: PMC10814765 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the distinctive structure of heavy chain-only antibodies in species belonging to the Camelidae family has elicited significant interest in their variable antigen binding domain (VHH) and gained attention for various applications, such as cancer diagnosis and treatment. This article presents an overview of the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of VHHs as compared to conventional antibodies, and their usage in diverse applications. The singular properties of VHHs are explained, and several strategies that can augment their utility are outlined. The preclinical studies illustrating the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy of distinct VHHs in diverse formats against solid cancers are summarized, and an overview of the clinical trials assessing VHH-based agents in oncology is provided. These investigations demonstrate the enormous potential of VHHs for medical research and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cong
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW—School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Group (MITH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Philippe Lambin
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW—School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.C.); (P.L.)
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ludwig J. Dubois
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW—School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Ala Yaromina
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW—School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.C.); (P.L.)
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7
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Tong X, Dong C, Liang S. Mucin1 as a potential molecule for cancer immunotherapy and targeted therapy. J Cancer 2024; 15:54-67. [PMID: 38164273 PMCID: PMC10751670 DOI: 10.7150/jca.88261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucin1 is a highly glycosylated type 1 transmembrane mucin that ranks second among 75 tumor-related antigens published by the National Cancer Institute, and has been identified as a possible therapeutic target over the past 30 years. MUC1 plays an important role in malignant transformation and disease evolution, including cell proliferation, survival, self-renewal, and metastatic invasion. MUC1 has been shown to interact with diverse effectors such as β-catenin, receptor tyrosine kinases, and cellular-abelsongene, which are of importance in the pathogenesis of various malignant tumors. Targeting MUC1 has been shown to be an effective way to induce tumor cell death in vivo and in vitro models. In recent years, a number of therapeutic strategies targeting MUC1 have been developed and their value for tumor therapy have been demonstrated experimentally. This review summarizes recent findings on the structure of MUC1, its expression in different tumors and its involved mechanism pathways, with emphasis on new progress in cancer therapy which related MUC1 in the past decade and evaluates their therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunyan Dong
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shujing Liang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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8
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Pawlowski KD, Duffy JT, Tiwari A, Zannikou M, Balyasnikova IV. Bi-Specific Killer Cell Engager Enhances NK Cell Activity against Interleukin-13 Receptor Alpha-2 Positive Gliomas. Cells 2023; 12:1716. [PMID: 37443750 PMCID: PMC10340194 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal brain tumor with limited therapeutic options. Bi-specific killer cell engagers (BiKEs) are novel immunotherapies designed to engage natural killer (NK) cells against cancer. We designed a BiKE molecule consisting of a single-domain CD16 antibody, an interleukin-15 linker, and a single-chain variable antibody against the glioma-associated antigen interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 (IL13Rα2). Recombinant BiKE protein was expressed in HEK cells and purified. Flow cytometric analysis of co-cultures of peripheral blood-derived NK cells with GBM6 and GBM39 patient-derived xenograft lines revealed significantly increased activation of NK cells (CD25+CD69+) and increased glioma cell killing following BiKE treatment compared to controls (n = 4, p < 0.01). Glioma cell killing was also confirmed via immunofluorescence staining for cleaved caspase-3 (p < 0.05). In vivo, intracranial delivery of NK cells with BiKE extended median survival in mice bearing GBM6 (p < 0.01) and GBM12 (p < 0.01) tumors compared to controls. Finally, histological analysis of brain tissues revealed a higher frequency of peritumoral NK cells in mice treated with BiKE than with NK cells alone (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we demonstrate that a BiKE generated in a mammalian expression system is functional in augmenting NK cell targeting of IL13Rα2-positive gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen D. Pawlowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Joseph T. Duffy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Arushi Tiwari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Markella Zannikou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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9
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Yong Joon Kim J, Sang Z, Xiang Y, Shen Z, Shi Y. Nanobodies: Robust miniprotein binders in biomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 195:114726. [PMID: 36754285 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Variable domains of heavy chain-only antibodies (VHH), also known as nanobodies (Nbs), are monomeric antigen-binding domains derived from the camelid heavy chain-only antibodies. Nbs are characterized by small size, high target selectivity, and marked solubility and stability, which collectively facilitate high-quality drug development. In addition, Nbs are readily expressed from various expression systems, including E. coli and yeast cells. For these reasons, Nbs have emerged as preferred antibody fragments for protein engineering, disease diagnosis, and treatment. To date, two Nb-based therapies have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Numerous candidates spanning a wide spectrum of diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders are under preclinical and clinical investigation. Here, we discuss the structural features of Nbs that allow for specific, versatile, and strong target binding. We also summarize emerging technologies for identification, structural analysis, and humanization of Nbs. Our main focus is to review recent advances in using Nbs as a modular scaffold to facilitate the engineering of multivalent polymers for cutting-edge applications. Finally, we discuss remaining challenges for Nb development and envision new opportunities in Nb-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Yong Joon Kim
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhe Sang
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yufei Xiang
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhuolun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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10
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Li Y, Wu L, Liu Y, Ma S, Huang B, Feng X, Wang H. A novel multifunctional anti-PD-L1-CD16a-IL15 induces potent cancer cell killing in PD-L1-positive tumour cells. Transl Oncol 2022; 21:101424. [PMID: 35477065 PMCID: PMC9136603 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-PD-L1 single-domain antibodies were identified from hPD-L1-immunized camels. Three novel multifunctional antibodies, anti-PD-L1-CD16a, anti-PD-L1-IL15, and anti-PD-L1-CD16a-IL15, target PD-L1-positive cancer cells. Anti-PD-L1-IL15 and anti-PD-L1-CD16a-IL15, but not anti-PD-L1-CD16a, stimulate immune cell proliferation in vitro. The anti-PD-L1 antibodies can bind PD-L1-positive cells. Anti-PD-L1-CD16a-IL15 has the strongest antitumour activity, both in vitro and in vivo.
Cancer is the most acute disease and the leading cause of patient death worldwide. Both chemotherapy and molecular-based therapies play an important role in curing cancer. However, the median and overall survival of patients is poor. To date, immune therapies have changed the treatment methods for cancer patients. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1, also known as B-H1, CD274) is a well-studied tumor antigen. PD-L1 is overexpressed in colon cancer, lung cancer, and so on and plays a vital role in cancer development. In this study, anti-PD-L1 single-domain antibodies were identified from recombinant human PD-L1 (rhPD-L1)-immunized llamas. Then, we generated a novel multifunctional anti-PD-L1-CD16a-IL15 antibody targeting PD-L1-positive tumor cells. Anti-PD-L1-CD16a-IL15 was constructed by linking the Interleukin-2 (IL-2) signal peptide, anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody (anti-PD-L1-VHH) and anti-cluster of differentiation 16a single domain antibody (anti-CD16a-VHH), and Interleukin-15/Interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL15/IL-15Rα). This anti-PD-L1-CD16a-IL15 fusion protein can be expressed and purified from HEK-293F cells. In vitro, our data showed that the anti-PD-L1-CD16a-IL15 fusion protein can recruit T cells and drive natural killer cells (NK) with specific killing of PD-L1-overexpressing tumor cells. Furthermore, in the xenograft model, the anti-PD-L1-CD16a-IL15 fusion protein inhibited tumor growth with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These data suggested that the anti-PD-L1-CD16a-IL15 fusion protein has a latent function in antitumour activity, with better guidance for future cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lingjun Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yueying Liu
- Department of Hypertension, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Siwen Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Biyi Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xianjing Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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11
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Wang J, Kang G, Yuan H, Cao X, Huang H, de Marco A. Research Progress and Applications of Multivalent, Multispecific and Modified Nanobodies for Disease Treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 12:838082. [PMID: 35116045 PMCID: PMC8804282 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.838082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies such as nanobodies are progressively demonstrating to be a valid alternative to conventional monoclonal antibodies also for clinical applications. Furthermore, they do not solely represent a substitute for monoclonal antibodies but their unique features allow expanding the applications of biotherapeutics and changes the pattern of disease treatment. Nanobodies possess the double advantage of being small and simple to engineer. This combination has promoted extremely diversified approaches to design nanobody-based constructs suitable for particular applications. Both the format geometry possibilities and the functionalization strategies have been widely explored to provide macromolecules with better efficacy with respect to single nanobodies or their combination. Nanobody multimers and nanobody-derived reagents were developed to image and contrast several cancer diseases and have shown their effectiveness in animal models. Their capacity to block more independent signaling pathways simultaneously is considered a critical advantage to avoid tumor resistance, whereas the mass of these multimeric compounds still remains significantly smaller than that of an IgG, enabling deeper penetration in solid tumors. When applied to CAR-T cell therapy, nanobodies can effectively improve the specificity by targeting multiple epitopes and consequently reduce the side effects. This represents a great potential in treating malignant lymphomas, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma and solid tumors. Apart from cancer treatment, multispecific drugs and imaging reagents built with nanobody blocks have demonstrated their value also for detecting and tackling neurodegenerative, autoimmune, metabolic, and infectious diseases and as antidotes for toxins. In particular, multi-paratopic nanobody-based constructs have been developed recently as drugs for passive immunization against SARS-CoV-2 with the goal of impairing variant survival due to resistance to antibodies targeting single epitopes. Given the enormous research activity in the field, it can be expected that more and more multimeric nanobody molecules will undergo late clinical trials in the next future. Systematic Review Registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Shaoxing, Tianjin University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangbo Kang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Shaoxing, Tianjin University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibin Yuan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Shaoxing, Tianjin University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaocang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Shaoxing, Tianjin University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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12
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IL-1β promotes hypoxic vascular endothelial cell proliferation through the miR-24-3p/NKAP/NF-kB axis. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:230630. [PMID: 35005769 PMCID: PMC8766822 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Our previous data indicated that miR-24-3p is involved in the regulation of vascular endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and migration/invasion. However, whether IL-1β affects hypoxic HUVECs by miR-24-3p is still unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in hypoxic HUVECs. Methods: We assessed the mRNA expression levels of miR-24-3p, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1A) and NF-κB-activating protein (NKAP) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). ELISA measured the expression level of IL-1β. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays evaluated the effect of miR-24-3p or si-NKAP+miR-24 on cell proliferation (with or without IL-1β). Transwell migration and invasion assays were used to examine the effects of miR-24-3p or si-NKAP+miR-24-3p on cell migration and invasion (with or without IL-1β). Luciferase reporter assays were used to identify the target of miR-24-3p. Results: We demonstrated that in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patient blood samples, the expression of miR-24-3p is down-regulated, the expression of IL-1β or NKAP is up-regulated, and IL-1β or NKAP is negatively correlated with miR-24-3p. Furthermore, IL-1β promotes hypoxic HUVECs proliferation by down-regulating miR-24-3p. In addition, IL-1β also significantly promotes the migration and invasion of hypoxic HUVECs; overexpression of miR-24-3p can partially rescue hypoxic HUVECs migration and invasion. Furthermore, we discovered that NKAP is a novel target of miR-24-3p in hypoxic HUVECs. Moreover, both the overexpression of miR-24-3p and the suppression of NKAP can inhibit the NF-κB/pro-IL-1β signaling pathway. However, IL-1β mediates suppression of miR-24-3p activity, leading to activation of the NKAP/NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, our results reveal a new function of IL-1β in suppressing miR-24-3p up-regulation of the NKAP/NF-κB pathway.
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13
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Macrophages activated by hepatitis B virus have distinct metabolic profiles and suppress the virus via IL-1β to downregulate PPARα and FOXO3. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110284. [PMID: 35081341 PMCID: PMC8830375 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages display phenotypic plasticity and can be induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV) to undergo either M1-like pro-inflammatory or M2-like anti-inflammatory polarization. Here, we report that M1-like macrophages stimulated by HBV exhibit a strong HBV-suppressive effect, which is diminished in M2-like macrophages. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that HBV induces the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in M1-like macrophages, which display a high oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activity distinct from that of conventional M1-like macrophages. Further analysis indicates that OXPHOS attenuates the expression of IL-1β, which suppresses the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) in hepatocytes to suppress HBV gene expression and replication. Moreover, multiple HBV proteins can induce the expression of IL-1β in macrophages. Our results thus indicate that macrophages can respond to HBV by producing IL-1β to suppress HBV replication. However, HBV can also metabolically reprogram macrophages to enhance OXPHOS to minimize this host antiviral response.
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14
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Asaadi Y, Jouneghani FF, Janani S, Rahbarizadeh F. A comprehensive comparison between camelid nanobodies and single chain variable fragments. Biomark Res 2021; 9:87. [PMID: 34863296 PMCID: PMC8642758 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00332-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
By the emergence of recombinant DNA technology, many antibody fragments have been developed devoid of undesired properties of natural immunoglobulins. Among them, camelid heavy-chain variable domains (VHHs) and single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are the most favored ones. While scFv is used widely in various applications, camelid antibodies (VHHs) can serve as an alternative because of their superior chemical and physical properties such as higher solubility, stability, smaller size, and lower production cost. Here, these two counterparts are compared in structure and properties to identify which one is more suitable for each of their various therapeutic, diagnosis, and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Asaadi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fazlollahi Jouneghani
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Janani
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
- Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Al-Baradie RS. Nanobodies as versatile tools: A focus on targeted tumor therapy, tumor imaging and diagnostics. Hum Antibodies 2021; 28:259-272. [PMID: 32831197 DOI: 10.3233/hab-200425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies and vaccines have widely been studied for the immunotherapy of cancer, though their large size appears to limit their functionality in solid tumors, in large part due to unique properties of tumor microenvironment. Smaller formats of antibodies have been developed to throw such restrictions. These small format antibodies include antigen binding fragments, single-chain variable fragments, single variable domain of camelid antibody (so-called nanobody (Nb) or VHH). Since their serendipitous discovery, nanobodies have been studies at length in the fields of research, diagnostics and therapy. These antigen binding fragments, originating from camelid heavy-chain antibodies, possess unusual hallmarks in terms of (small) size, stability, solubility and specificity, hence allowing cost-effective production and sometimes out performing monoclonal antibodies. In addition, these small camelid heavy-chain antibodies are highly adaptable tools for cancer research as they enable specific modulation of targets, enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins alike. Molecular imaging studies benefit from the rapid, homogeneous tumor accumulation of nanobodies and their fast blood clearance, permitting previously unattainable fast tumor visualization. Moreover, they are endowed with considerable therapeutic potential as inhibitors of receptor-ligand pairs and deliverers of drugs or drug-loaded nanoparticles towards tumors. In this review, we shed light on the current status of nanobodies in diagnosis and imaging of tumor and exploiting nanobodies revert immunosuppressive events, modulation of immune checkpoints, and as deliverers of drugs for targeted tumor therapy.
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16
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Dillon PM, Tushir-Singh J, Lum LG. Bispecific antibodies for the treatment of breast cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 22:1017-1027. [PMID: 33896311 PMCID: PMC8576064 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1922665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are more than two dozen bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) in development with a variety of designs which are relevant to breast cancer. The field of BsAbs for breast cancer includes agents that co-direct immune recognition of the cancer cell, target unique cancer antigens, and target the microenvironment. BsAbs are being developed for use as antibody-drug conjugates and as homing signals for engineered T-cells. AREAS COVERED This review covers potential targets for bispecific antibodies, agents in pre-clinical development, agents in clinical trials, combinatorial therapies, and future directions. EXPERT OPINION There is no BsAb approval expected for breast cancer in the near term, but late-stage trials are underway. Future BsAb roles in breast cancer are possible given unmet needs in estrogen receptor+ disease, residual disease, and de-escalating chemotherapy use. The HER2+ space shows hints of success for BsAbs, but is already crowded. Areas of unmet need still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Dillon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jogender Tushir-Singh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lawrence G Lum
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA
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17
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Sharifi J, Khirehgesh MR, Akbari B, Soleymani B, Mansouri K. Paper Title "Hu7CG2: A Novel Humanized Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Biparatopic Nanobody". Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:525-533. [PMID: 33772436 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy is an effective and appropriate approach with low side effects in cancer therapy compared with other treatment approaches. Epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR, is a favorable biomarker as targeted therapy because it overexpresses in several cancers. Monoclonal antibodies are common agents for targeted therapy. Nanobody is the smallest format of monoclonal antibodies with unique properties that include hiding epitope targeting, high stability, low production cost, and ease of connection to other components. The main challenge in targeted therapy by monoclonal antibodies is their immunogenicity due to their non-human nature. In this study, we designed, constructed, and evaluated a novel humanized anti- EGFR biparatopic nanobody, hu7CG2. The hu7CG2 was designed by grafting the complementarity-determining regions of two camelid anti- EGFR nanobodies known as 7C12 and EG2 to a universal scaffold and then connected with a glycine-serine linker. The results of antigen-binding activity and cell viability assays showed that the hu7CG2 inhibited the growth of EGFR overexpression tumor cells. The data showed that hu7CG2 might be a useful tool in the targeting and treatment of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Sharifi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khirehgesh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bahman Akbari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. .,Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Bijan Soleymani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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18
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Rossotti MA, Bélanger K, Henry KA, Tanha J. Immunogenicity and humanization of single‐domain antibodies. FEBS J 2021; 289:4304-4327. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Rossotti
- Life Sciences Division Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Kasandra Bélanger
- Life Sciences Division Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Kevin A. Henry
- Life Sciences Division Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
| | - Jamshid Tanha
- Life Sciences Division Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
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19
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De Groof TWM, Elder EG, Siderius M, Heukers R, Sinclair JH, Smit MJ. Viral G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Attractive Targets for Herpesvirus-Associated Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:828-846. [PMID: 33692148 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that establish lifelong, latent infections in their host. Spontaneous reactivation of herpesviruses is often asymptomatic or clinically manageable in healthy individuals, but reactivation events in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals can lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Moreover, herpesvirus infections have been associated with multiple proliferative cardiovascular and post-transplant diseases. Herpesviruses encode viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs) that alter the host cell by hijacking cellular pathways and play important roles in the viral life cycle and these different disease settings. In this review, we discuss the pharmacological and signaling properties of these vGPCRs, their role in the viral life cycle, and their contribution in different diseases. Because of their prominent role, vGPCRs have emerged as promising drug targets, and the potential of vGPCR-targeting therapeutics is being explored. Overall, these vGPCRs can be considered as attractive targets moving forward in the development of antiviral, cancer, and/or cardiovascular disease treatments. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In the last decade, herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as interesting drug targets with the growing understanding of their critical role in the viral life cycle and in different disease settings. This review presents the pharmacological properties of these viral receptors, their role in the viral life cycle and different diseases, and the emergence of therapeutics targeting viral GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo W M De Groof
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Elizabeth G Elder
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Marco Siderius
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Raimond Heukers
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - John H Sinclair
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Martine J Smit
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
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20
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Bose M, Mukherjee P. Potential of Anti-MUC1 Antibodies as a Targeted Therapy for Gastrointestinal Cancers. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E659. [PMID: 33167508 PMCID: PMC7712407 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers (GI) account for 26% of cancer incidences globally and 35% of all cancer-related deaths. The main challenge is to target cancer specific antigens. Mucins are heavily O-glycosylated proteins overexpressed in different cancers. The transmembrane glycoprotein MUC1 is the most likeable target for antibodies, owing to its specific overexpression and aberrant glycosylation in many types of cancers. For the past 30 years, MUC1 has remained a possible diagnostic marker and therapeutic target. Despite initiation of numerous clinical trials, a comprehensively effective therapy with clinical benefit is yet to be achieved. However, the interest in MUC1 as a therapeutic target remains unaltered. For all translational studies, it is important to incorporate updated relevant research findings into therapeutic strategies. In this review we present an overview of the antibodies targeting MUC1 in GI cancers, their potential role in immunotherapy (i.e., antibody-drug and radioimmunoconjugates, CAR-T cells), and other novel therapeutic strategies. We also present our perspectives on how the mechanisms of action of different anti-MUC1 antibodies can target specific hallmarks of cancer and therefore be utilized as a combination therapy for better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukulika Bose
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA;
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21
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Pourjafar M, Samadi P, Saidijam M. MUC1 antibody-based therapeutics: the promise of cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:1269-1286. [PMID: 33019839 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based targeted therapies have been able to target cancers with enhanced specificity and high efficacy. In this regard, identifying cancer markers (antigens) that are only present (tumor-specific antigens) or have an increased expression (tumor-associated antigen) on the surface of cancer cells is a crucial step for targeted cancer treatment. Various cancer antigens have already been used for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. MUC1 is one of the most important tumor markers with high levels of expression in various solid tumors which makes it as a potential target for antibody-based therapies. This review discusses preclinical and clinical results from various platforms based on monoclonal antibodies, nanobodies as well as bispecific antibodies against MUC1. We also highlight unmet challenges that must be overcome to generate more effective cancer immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Pourjafar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Pouria Samadi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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22
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Rodrigues Mantuano N, Natoli M, Zippelius A, Läubli H. Tumor-associated carbohydrates and immunomodulatory lectins as targets for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001222. [PMID: 33020245 PMCID: PMC7537339 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During oncogenesis, tumor cells present specific carbohydrate chains that are new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Whereas these tumor-associated carbohydrates (TACA) can be targeted with antibodies and vaccination approaches, TACA including sialic acid-containing glycans are able to inhibit anticancer immune responses by engagement of immune receptors on leukocytes. A family of immune-modulating receptors are sialic acid-binding Siglec receptors that have been recently described to inhibit antitumor activity mediated by myeloid cells, natural killer cells and T cells. Other TACA-binding receptors including selectins have been linked to cancer progression. Recent studies have shown that glycan-lectin interactions can be targeted to improve cancer immunotherapy. For example, interactions between the immune checkpoint T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 and the lectin galectin-9 are targeted in clinical trials. In addition, an antibody against the lectin Siglec-15 is being tested in an early clinical trial. In this review, we summarize the previous and current efforts to target TACA and to inhibit inhibitory immune receptors binding to TACA including the Siglec-sialoglycan axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Natoli
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Bathula NV, Bommadevara H, Hayes JM. Nanobodies: The Future of Antibody-Based Immune Therapeutics. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 36:109-122. [PMID: 32936001 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2020.3941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy is a fast evolving treatment strategy to reduce unwanted damage to healthy tissues, while increasing efficacy and specificity. Driven by state-of-the-art technology, this therapeutic approach is especially true of cancer. Antibodies with their remarkable specificity have revolutionized therapeutic strategies for autoimmune conditions and cancer, particularly blood-borne cancers, but have severe limitations in treating solid tumors. This is mainly due to their large molecular size, low stability, tumor-tissue penetration difficulties, and pharmacokinetic properties. The tumor microenvironment, rich in immune-suppressing molecules is also a major barrier in targeting solid tumors by antibody-based drugs. Nanobodies have recently emerged as an alternative therapeutic agent to overcome some of the drawbacks of traditional antibody treatment. Nanobodies are the VHH domains found on the heavy-chain only antibodies of camelids and are the smallest naturally available antibody fragments with excellent antigen-binding specificity and affinity, equivalent to conventional antibodies but with molecular weights as low as 15 kDa. The compact size, high stability, enhanced hydrophilicity, particularly in framework regions, excellent epitope interactions with protruding CDR3 regions, and improved tissue penetration make nanobodies the next-generation therapeutics (Nano-BioDrugs). In this review, the authors discuss the interesting properties of nanobodies and their advantages over their conventional counterparts and provide insight into how nanobodies are being utilized as agonists and antagonists, bispecific constructs, and drug and enzyme-conjugates to combat the tumor microenvironment and treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuthan V Bathula
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hemashree Bommadevara
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jerrard M Hayes
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Yang EY, Shah K. Nanobodies: Next Generation of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1182. [PMID: 32793488 PMCID: PMC7390931 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of targeted medicine has greatly expanded treatment options and spurred new research avenues in cancer therapeutics, with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) emerging as a prevalent treatment in recent years. With mixed clinical success, mAbs still hold significant shortcomings, as they possess limited tumor penetration, high manufacturing costs, and the potential to develop therapeutic resistance. However, the recent discovery of “nanobodies,” the smallest-known functional antibody fragment, has demonstrated significant translational potential in preclinical and clinical studies. This review highlights their various applications in cancer and analyzes their trajectory toward their translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Y Yang
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Departments of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Departments of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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25
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Rashidijahanabad Z, Huang X. Recent advances in tumor associated carbohydrate antigen based chimeric antigen receptor T cells and bispecific antibodies for anti-cancer immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2020; 47:101390. [PMID: 31982247 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are a class of attractive antigens for the development of anti-cancer immunotherapy. Besides monoclonal antibodies and vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) targeting TACA are exciting directions to harness the power of the immune system to fight cancer. In this review, we focus on two TACAs, i.e., the GD2 ganglioside and the mucin-1 (MUC1) protein. The latest advances in CAR T cells and bispecific antibodies targeting these two antigens are presented. The roles of co-stimulatory molecules, structures of the sequences for antigen binding, methods for CAR and antibody construction, as well as strategies to enhance solid tumor penetration and reduce T cell exhaustion and death are discussed. Furthermore, approaches to reduce "on target, off tumor" side effects are introduced. With further development, CAR T cells and BsAbs targeting GD2 and MUC1 can become powerful agents to effectively treat solid tumor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/genetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/immunology
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Gangliosides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gangliosides/chemistry
- Gangliosides/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Mucin-1/immunology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/chemistry
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rashidijahanabad
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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26
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Huen J, Yan Z, Iwashkiw J, Dubey S, Gimenez MC, Ortiz ME, Patel SV, Jones MD, Riazi A, Terebiznik M, Babaei S, Shahinas D. A Novel Single Domain Antibody Targeting FliC Flagellin of Salmonella enterica for Effective Inhibition of Host Cell Invasion. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2665. [PMID: 31849856 PMCID: PMC6901939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric pathogen, Salmonella enterica is a major cause of human gastroenteritis globally and with increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics, alternative solutions are urgently needed. Single domain antibodies (sdAbs), the smallest antibody fragments that retain antigen binding specificity and affinity, are derived from variable heavy-chain only fragments (VHH) of camelid heavy-chain-only immunoglobulins. SdAbs typically contain a single disulfide bond simplifying recombinant protein production in microbial systems. These factors make sdAbs ideally suited for the development of effective anti-bacterial therapeutics. To this end, we generated an anti-Salmonella VHH library from which we screened for high affinity sdAbs. We present a novel sdAb (Abi-Se07) that targets the Salmonella virulence factor, FliC, required for bacterial motility and invasion of host cells. We demonstrate that Abi-Se07 bound FliC with a K D of 16.2 ± 0.1 nM. In addition, Abi-Se07 exhibited cross-serovar binding to whole cells of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Heidelberg, and Hadar. Abi-Se07 significantly inhibited bacterial motility and significantly reduced S. enterica colonization in a more native environment of chicken jejunum epithelium. Taken together, we have identified a novel anti-Salmonella sdAb and discuss future efforts toward therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Huen
- AbCelex Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhun Yan
- AbCelex Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Maria C. Gimenez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria E. Ortiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Ali Riazi
- AbCelex Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Mauricio Terebiznik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Saeid Babaei
- AbCelex Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Dea Shahinas
- AbCelex Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
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27
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Lecocq Q, De Vlaeminck Y, Hanssens H, D'Huyvetter M, Raes G, Goyvaerts C, Keyaerts M, Devoogdt N, Breckpot K. Theranostics in immuno-oncology using nanobody derivatives. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:7772-7791. [PMID: 31695800 PMCID: PMC6831473 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have become mainstream in cancer treatment. However, only patient subsets benefit from these expensive therapies, and often responses are short‐lived or coincide with side effects. A growing modality in precision oncology is the development of theranostics, as this enables patient selection, treatment and monitoring. In this approach, labeled compounds and an imaging technology are used to diagnose patients and select the best treatment option, whereas for therapy, related compounds are used to target cancer cells or the tumor stroma. In this context, nanobodies and nanobody-directed therapeutics have gained interest. This interest stems from their high antigen specificity, small size, ease of labeling and engineering, allowing specific imaging and design of therapies targeting antigens on tumor cells, immune cells as well as proteins in the tumor environment. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the state-of-the-art regarding the use of nanobodies as theranostics, and their importance in the emerging field of personalized medicine.
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28
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Zhao Y, Li Y, Wu X, Li L, Liu J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Li Q, Wang Z. Identification of anti-CD16a single domain antibodies and their application in bispecific antibodies. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 21:72-80. [PMID: 31564196 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1665953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD16a (FcγRIIIa) mediates the antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and is important for anti-tumor activities of many therapeutic antibodies. Bispecific antibody targeting natural killer (NK) cells has been studied for cancer therapy. In this work, anti-CD16a single-domain antibodies were identified from hCD16a immunized camel. Bispecific antibodies are then constructed by fusing these single domain antibodies with an anti-CEA single domain antibody. These bispecific antibodies can recruite NK cells to kill CEA-positive tumor cells, and inhibit tumor growth in vivo, suggesting that these anti-CD16a single domain antibodies are powerful tools to engaging NK cells for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Nayyar G, Chu Y, Cairo MS. Overcoming Resistance to Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies for Solid Tumors. Front Oncol 2019; 9:51. [PMID: 30805309 PMCID: PMC6378304 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, the prognosis of several solid tumor malignancies remains poor. Different factors associated with solid tumors including a varied genetic signature, complex molecular signaling pathways, defective cross talk between the tumor cells and immune cells, hypoxic and immunosuppressive effects of tumor microenvironment result in a treatment resistant and metastatic phenotype. Over the past several years, immunotherapy has emerged as an attractive therapeutic option against multiple malignancies. The unique ability of natural killer (NK) cells to target cancer cells without antigen specificity makes them an ideal candidate for use against solid tumors. However, the outcomes of adoptive NK cell infusions into patients with solid tumors have been disappointing. Extensive studies have been done to investigate different strategies to improve the NK cell function, trafficking and tumor targeting. Use of cytokines and cytokine analogs has been well described and utilized to enhance the proliferation, stimulation and persistence of NK cells. Other techniques like blocking the human leukocyte antigen-killer cell receptors (KIR) interactions with anti-KIR monoclonal antibodies, preventing CD16 receptor shedding, increasing the expression of activating NK cell receptors like NKG2D, and use of immunocytokines and immune checkpoint inhibitors can enhance NK cell mediated cytotoxicity. Using genetically modified NK cells with chimeric antigen receptors and bispecific and trispecific NK cell engagers, NK cells can be effectively redirected to the tumor cells improving their cytotoxic potential. In this review, we have described these strategies and highlighted the need to further optimize these strategies to improve the clinical outcome of NK cell based immunotherapy against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Nayyar
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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30
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Chanier T, Chames P. Nanobody Engineering: Toward Next Generation Immunotherapies and Immunoimaging of Cancer. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E13. [PMID: 31544819 PMCID: PMC6640690 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, cancer immunotherapies have produced impressive therapeutic results. However, the potency of immunotherapy is tightly linked to immune cell infiltration within the tumor and varies from patient to patient. Thus, it is becoming increasingly important to monitor and modulate the tumor immune infiltrate for an efficient diagnosis and therapy. Various bispecific approaches are being developed to favor immune cell infiltration through specific tumor targeting. The discovery of antibodies devoid of light chains in camelids has spurred the development of single domain antibodies (also called VHH or nanobody), allowing for an increased diversity of multispecific and/or multivalent formats of relatively small sizes endowed with high tissue penetration. The small size of nanobodies is also an asset leading to high contrasts for non-invasive imaging. The approval of the first therapeutic nanobody directed against the von Willebrand factor for the treatment of acquired thrombotic thrombocypenic purpura (Caplacizumab, Ablynx), is expected to bolster the rise of these innovative molecules. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in the development of nanobodies and nanobody-derived molecules for use in cancer immunotherapy and immunoimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Chanier
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institute Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Patrick Chames
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institute Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, 13009 Marseille, France.
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31
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Runcie K, Budman DR, John V, Seetharamu N. Bi-specific and tri-specific antibodies- the next big thing in solid tumor therapeutics. Mol Med 2018; 24:50. [PMID: 30249178 PMCID: PMC6154901 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based therapy has revitalized the world of cancer therapeutics since rituximab was first approved for the treatment of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Monoclonal antibodies against cancer antigens have been successful strategies for only a handful of cancer types due to many reasons including lack of antibody specificity and complex nature of tumor milieu which interfere with antibody efficacy. Polyspecific antibodies are promising class of anti-cancer agents which can be directed at multiple tumor antigens to eradicate tumor cells more precisely and effectively. They may overcome some of these limitations and have already changed treatment landscape for some malignancies such as B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pre-clinical studies and early phase clinical trials have demonstrated that this approach may be an effective strategy even for solid tumors. This review focuses on the development of bispecific and trispecific antibody therapy for the treatment of solid tumor malignancies and highlights the potential they hold for future therapies to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karie Runcie
- Department of Medicine, Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, USA
| | - Daniel R. Budman
- Department of Medicine, Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, USA
| | - Veena John
- Department of Medicine, Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, USA
| | - Nagashree Seetharamu
- Department of Medicine, Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, USA
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