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Chaudhary P, Bhattacharjee A, Khatri S, Dalal RC, Kopittke PM, Sharma S. Delineating the soil physicochemical and microbiological factors conferring disease suppression in organic farms. Microbiol Res 2024; 289:127880. [PMID: 39236602 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Organic farming utilizes farmyard manure, compost, and organic wastes as sources of nutrients and organic matter. Soil under organic farming exhibits increased microbial diversity, and thus, becomes naturally suppressive to the development of soil-borne pathogens due to the latter's competition with resident microbial communities. Such soils that exhibit resistance to soil-borne phytopathogens are called disease-suppressive soils. Based on the phytopathogen suppression range, soil disease suppressiveness is categorised as specific- or general- disease suppression. Disease suppressiveness can either occur naturally or can be induced by manipulating soil properties, including the microbiome responsible for conferring protection against soil-borne pathogens. While the induction of general disease suppression in agricultural soils is important for limiting pathogenic attacks on crops, the factors responsible for the phenomenon are yet to be identified. Limited efforts have been made to understand the systemic mechanisms involved in developing disease suppression in organically farmed soils. Identifying the critical factors could be useful for inducing disease suppressiveness in conducive soils as a cost-effective alternative to the application of pesticides and fungicides. Therefore, this review examines the soil properties, including microbiota, and assesses indicators related to disease suppression, for the process to be employed as a tactical option to reduce pesticide use in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Chaudhary
- The University of Queensland and Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Research Academy, New Delhi 110016, India; Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India; School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Annapurna Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivani Khatri
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ram C Dalal
- The University of Queensland and Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Research Academy, New Delhi 110016, India; School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Kopittke
- The University of Queensland and Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Research Academy, New Delhi 110016, India; School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shilpi Sharma
- The University of Queensland and Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Research Academy, New Delhi 110016, India; Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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Un Jan Contreras S, Redfern LK, Maguire LW, Promi SI, Gardner CM. Small Interfering RNAs (siRNAs) Negatively Impact Growth and Gene Expression of Environmentally Relevant Bacteria in In Vitro Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13856-13865. [PMID: 39066708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Rising global populations have amplified food scarcity and ushered in the development of genetically modified (GM) crops containing small interference RNAs (siRNAs) that control gene expression to overcome these challenges. The use of RNA interference (RNAi) in agriculture remains controversial due to uncertainty regarding the unintended release of genetic material and downstream nontarget effects, which have not been assessed in environmental bacteria to date. To evaluate the impacts of siRNAs used in agriculture on environmental bacteria, this study assessed microbial growth and viability as well as transcription activity with and without the presence of environmental stressors. Results showed a statistically significant reduction in growth capacity and maximum biomass achieved when bacteria are exposed to siRNAs alone and with additional external stress (p < 0.05). Further transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that nutrient cycling gene activities were found to be consistently and significantly altered following siRNA exposure, particularly among carbon (xylA, FBPase, limEH, Chitinase, rgl, rgh, rgaE, mannanase, ara) and nitrogen (ureC, nasA, narB, narG, nirK) cycling genes (p < 0.05). Decreases in carbon cycling gene transcription profiles were generally significantly enhanced when siRNA exposure was coupled with nutrient or antimicrobial stress. Collectively, findings suggest that certain conditions facilitate the uptake of siRNAs from their surrounding environments that can negatively affect bacterial growth and gene expression activity, with uncertain downstream impacts on ecosystem homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Un Jan Contreras
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, 405 Spokane St., Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - L K Redfern
- Department of Bioengineering, Civil Engineering, and Environmental Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd., Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - L W Maguire
- Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 301E E Dean Keeton St c1700, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - S I Promi
- Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 301E E Dean Keeton St c1700, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - C M Gardner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, 405 Spokane St., Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 301E E Dean Keeton St c1700, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Li Z, Sun X, Pan J, Wang T, Li Y, Li X, Hou S. Combining No-Tillage with Hairy Vetch Return Improves Production and Nitrogen Utilization in Silage Maize. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2084. [PMID: 39124202 PMCID: PMC11313950 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The combination of no-till farming and green manure is key to nourishing the soil and increasing crop yields. However, it remains unclear how to enhance the efficiency of green manure under no-till conditions. We conducted a two-factor field trial of silage maize rotated with hairy vetch to test the effects of tillage methods and returning. Factor 1 is the type of tillage, which is divided into conventional ploughing and no-tillage; factor 2 is the different ways of returning hairy vetch as green manure, which were also compared: no return (NM), stubble return (H), mulching (HM), turnover (HR, for CT only), and live coverage (LM, for NT only). Our findings indicate that different methods of returning hairy vetch to the field will improve maize yield and quality. The best results were obtained in CT and NT in HM and LM, respectively. Specifically, HM resulted in the highest dry matter quality and yield, with improvements of 35.4% and 31.9% over NM under CT, respectively. It also demonstrated the best economic and net energy performance. However, other treatments had no significant effect on the beneficial utilization and return of nutrients. The LM improved yields under NT by boosting soil enzyme activity, promoting nitrogen transformation and accumulation, and increasing nitrogen use efficiency for better kernel development. Overall, NTLM is best at utilizing and distributing soil nutrients and increasing silage maize yield. This finding supports the eco-efficient cultivation approach in silage maize production in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Xingrong Sun
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.S.); (X.L.)
| | - Jie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Tao Wang
- Rapeseed Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550008, China;
| | - Yuan Li
- Grasslands and Sustainable Farming, Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Halolantie 31A, FI-71750 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Xiuting Li
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.S.); (X.L.)
| | - Shuai Hou
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.S.); (X.L.)
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Naumova N, Barsukov P, Baturina O, Rusalimova O, Kabilov M. West-Siberian Chernozem: How Vegetation and Tillage Shape Its Bacteriobiome. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2431. [PMID: 37894089 PMCID: PMC10609427 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Managing soil biodiversity using reduced tillage is a popular approach, yet soil bacteriobiomes in the agroecosystems of Siberia has been scarcely studied, especially as they are related to tillage. We studied bacteriobiomes in Chernozem under natural steppe vegetation and cropped for wheat using conventional or no tillage in a long-term field trial in the Novosibirsk region, Russia, by using the sequence diversity of the V3/V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Proteobacteria summarily accounted for 80% of the total number of sequences, with Actinobacteria alone averaging 51%. The vegetation (natural vs. crop) and tillage (ploughed vs. no-till) affected the bacterial relative abundance at all taxonomic levels and many taxa, e.g., hundreds of OTUs. However, such changes did not translate into α-biodiversity changes, i.e., observed and potential OTUs' richness, Shannon, and Simpson, excepting the slightly higher evenness and equitability in the top 0-5 cm of the undisturbed soil. As for the β-biodiversity, substituting conventional ploughing with no tillage and maintaining the latter for 12 years notably shifted the soil bacteriobiome closer to the one in the undisturbed soil. This study, presenting the first inventory of soil bacteriobiomes under different tillage in the south of West Siberia, underscores the need to investigate the seasonality and longevity aspects of tillage, especially as they are related to crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Naumova
- Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.B.); (O.R.)
| | - Pavel Barsukov
- Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.B.); (O.R.)
| | - Olga Baturina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Olga Rusalimova
- Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.B.); (O.R.)
| | - Marsel Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.B.); (M.K.)
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Singh S, Singh S, Lukas SB, Machado S, Nouri A, Calderon F, Rieke ER, Cappellazzi SB. Long-term agro-management strategies shape soil bacterial community structure in dryland wheat systems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13929. [PMID: 37626146 PMCID: PMC10457325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microbes play a crucial role in soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling and are influenced by management practices. Therefore, quantifying the impacts of various agricultural management practices on soil microbiomes and their activity is crucial for making informed management decisions. This study aimed to assess the impact of various management systems on soil bacterial abundance and diversity, soil enzyme activities and carbon mineralization potential in wheat-based systems. To accomplish this, soil samples from 0 to 15 cm depth were collected from ongoing long-term field trials in eastern Oregon region under wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow (WF), WF with different tillage (WT), wheat-pea (Pisum sativum L.) (WP), WF under different crop residue management (CR) and natural undisturbed/unmanaged grassland pasture (GP). These trials consisted of an array of treatments like tillage intensities, nitrogen rates, organic amendments, and seasonal residue burning. This study was a part of the Soil Health Institute's North American Project to Evaluate Soil Health measurements (NAPESHM). Bacterial community structure was determined using amplicon sequencing of the V4 region of 16SrRNA genes and followed the protocols of the Earth Microbiome Project. In addition, extracellular enzyme activities, and carbon mineralization potential (1d-CO2) were measured. Among different trials, 1d-CO2 in WT, WP, and CR studies averaged 53%, 51% and 87% lower than GP systems, respectively. Enzyme activities were significantly greater in GP compared to the other managements and followed similar trend as respiration. We observed higher evenness in GP and higher richness in spring residue burning treatment of CR study. Our results indicated that species evenness is perhaps a better indicator of soil health in comparison to other indices in dryland wheat systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Singh
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, 2121 S 1St, Hermiston, OR, 97838, USA
| | - Surendra Singh
- Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, 48037 Tubbs Ranch Rd., Adams, OR, 97810, USA
| | - Scott B Lukas
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, 2121 S 1St, Hermiston, OR, 97838, USA.
| | - Stephen Machado
- Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, 48037 Tubbs Ranch Rd., Adams, OR, 97810, USA
| | - Amin Nouri
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, 2121 S 1St, Hermiston, OR, 97838, USA
| | - Francisco Calderon
- Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, 48037 Tubbs Ranch Rd., Adams, OR, 97810, USA
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Khan MH, Liu H, Zhu A, Khan MH, Hussain S, Cao H. Conservation tillage practices affect soil microbial diversity and composition in experimental fields. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1227297. [PMID: 37601340 PMCID: PMC10433396 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1227297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Conservation tillage is a widely used technique worldwide, but the effects of conservation tillage on bacterial community structure are poorly understood. We explored proportional alterations in the bacterial community under different tillage treatments. Methodology Hence, this study utilized high-throughput sequencing technique to investigate the structure and assembly processes of microbial communities in different tillage treatments. Results and discussion Tillage treatments included tillage no-straw retention (CntWt), no-tillage with straw retention (CntWntS), tillage with straw retention (CntWtS), no-tillage and no-straw retention (CntWnt). The influence of tillage practices on soil bacterial communities was investigated using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Different tillage methods and straw retention systems significantly influenced soil parameters such as total potassium and pH were not affected by tillage practices, while straw retention significantly affected soil parameters including nitrogen content, available phosphorus and available potassium. Straw retention decreased bacterial diversity while increased bacterial richness. The effect of straw retention and tillage on bacterial communities was greater than with no tillage. Phylogenetic β-diversity analysis showed that deterministic homogeneous selection processes were dominated, while stochastic processes were more pronounced in tillage without straw retention. Ecological network analysis showed that microbial community correlation was increased in CntWntS and CntWnt. Straw retention treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of bacterial taxa Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and OD1, while Nitrospirae, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia significantly decreased. Conclusion The conservation tillage practices significantly affect soil properties, bacterial composition, and assembly processes; however, further studies are required to investigate the impact of different crops, tillage practices and physiological characteristics on bacterial community structure and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzammil Hassan Khan
- College of Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anning Zhu
- Fengqiu Agro-Ecological Experimental Station, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mudassir Hassan Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz Hussain
- College of Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Kumar R, Choudhary JS, Naik SK, Mondal S, Mishra JS, Poonia SP, Kumar S, Hans H, Kumar S, Das A, Kumar V, Bhatt BP, Chaudhari SK, Malik RK, Craufurd P, McDonald A, Sherpa SR. Influence of conservation agriculture-based production systems on bacterial diversity and soil quality in rice-wheat-greengram cropping system in eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1181317. [PMID: 37485518 PMCID: PMC10356824 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1181317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Conservation agriculture (CA) is gaining attention in the South Asia as an environmentally benign and sustainable food production system. The knowledge of the soil bacterial community composition along with other soil properties is essential for evaluating the CA-based management practices for achieving the soil environment sustainability and climate resilience in the rice-wheat-greengram system. The long-term effects of CA-based tillage-cum-crop establishment (TCE) methods on earthworm population, soil parameters as well as microbial diversity have not been well studied. Methods Seven treatments (or scenarios) were laid down with the various tillage (wet, dry, or zero-tillage), establishment method (direct-or drill-seeding or transplantation) and residue management practices (mixed with the soil or kept on the soil surface). The soil samples were collected after 7 years of experimentation and analyzed for the soil quality and bacterial diversity to examine the effect of tillage-cum-crop establishment methods. Results and Discussion Earthworm population (3.6 times), soil organic carbon (11.94%), macro (NPK) (14.50-23.57%) and micronutrients (Mn, and Cu) (13.25 and 29.57%) contents were appreciably higher under CA-based TCE methods than tillage-intensive farming practices. Significantly higher number of OTUs (1,192 ± 50) and Chao1 (1415.65 ± 14.34) values were observed in partial CA-based production system (p ≤ 0.05). Forty-two (42) bacterial phyla were identified across the scenarios, and Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes were the most dominant in all the scenarios. The CA-based scenarios harbor a high abundance of Proteobacteria (2-13%), whereas the conventional tillage-based scenarios were dominated by the bacterial phyla Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi and found statistically differed among the scenarios (p ≤ 0.05). Composition of the major phyla, i.e., Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes were associated differently with either CA or farmers-based tillage management practices. Overall, the present study indicates the importance of CA-based tillage-cum-crop establishment methods in shaping the bacterial diversity, earthworms population, soil organic carbon, and plant nutrient availability, which are crucial for sustainable agricultural production and resilience in agro-ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Jaipal Singh Choudhary
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Farming System Research Centre for Hill and Plateau Region, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sushanta Kumar Naik
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Farming System Research Centre for Hill and Plateau Region, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Surajit Mondal
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Shish Pal Poonia
- Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA)-CIMMYT, Patna, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Hansraj Hans
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Anup Das
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Virender Kumar
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | | | | | - Ram Kanwar Malik
- Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA)-CIMMYT, Patna, India
| | | | - Andrew McDonald
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Bertola M, Righetti L, Gazza L, Ferrarini A, Fornasier F, Cirlini M, Lolli V, Galaverna G, Visioli G. Perenniality, more than genotypes, shapes biological and chemical rhizosphere composition of perennial wheat lines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1172857. [PMID: 37223792 PMCID: PMC10200949 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1172857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Perennial grains provide various ecosystem services compared to the annual counterparts thanks to their extensive root system and permanent soil cover. However, little is known about the evolution and diversification of perennial grains rhizosphere and its ecological functions over time. In this study, a suite of -OMICSs - metagenomics, enzymomics, metabolomics and lipidomics - was used to compare the rhizosphere environment of four perennial wheat lines at the first and fourth year of growth in comparison with an annual durum wheat cultivar and the parental species Thinopyrum intermedium. We hypothesized that wheat perenniality has a greater role in shaping the rhizobiome composition, biomass, diversity, and activity than plant genotypes because perenniality affects the quality and quantity of C input - mainly root exudates - hence modulating the plant-microbes crosstalk. In support of this hypothesis, the continuous supply of sugars in the rhizosphere along the years created a favorable environment for microbial growth which is reflected in a higher microbial biomass and enzymatic activity. Moreover, modification in the rhizosphere metabolome and lipidome over the years led to changes in the microbial community composition favoring the coexistence of more diverse microbial taxa, increasing plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite the dominance of the perenniality effect, our data underlined that the OK72 line rhizobiome distinguished from the others by the increase in abundance of Pseudomonas spp., most of which are known as potential beneficial microorganisms, identifying this line as a suitable candidate for the study and selection of new perennial wheat lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bertola
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Laura Gazza
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrarini
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Flavio Fornasier
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Unit of Gorizia, Gorizia, Italy
| | - Martina Cirlini
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Veronica Lolli
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Visioli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Evenson G, Osterholz WR, Shedekar VS, King K, Mehan S, Kalcic M. Representing soil health practice effects on soil properties and nutrient loss in a watershed-scale hydrologic model. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2023; 52:537-548. [PMID: 35182392 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Watershed-scale hydrologic models are commonly used to assess the water quality effects of agricultural conservation practices that improve soil health (e.g., cover crops and no-till). However, models rarely account for how these practices (i.e., soil health practices) affect soil physical and functional properties such as water holding capacity and soil aggregate stability, which may, in turn, affect water quality. We introduce a method to represent changes in soil physical and functional properties caused by soil health practices in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. We used the SWAT model's default representation of winter cover crops and no-till and modified soil descriptive parameters to depict soil health practice effects on soil properties. We assumed that the soil health practices would increase soil organic carbon (SOC), a principal indicator of soil health, by 0.01 g C g-1 of soil and then estimated changes in other soil properties (e.g., water holding capacity) using SOC-based predictive equations and preceding literature. Results indicated that our soil property modifications had statistically significant effects on simulated hydrology and nutrient loss, though outputs were more substantially affected by the model's default representation of cover crops and no-till. Results also indicated that soil health practices can reduce nitrogen and total phosphorus loss but may increase dissolved reactive phosphorus loss. Our representation of soil health practices provides a more complete estimate of practice efficacy but underscores a need for additional observational data to verify results and guide further model improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grey Evenson
- Dep. of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, USA
- Current address: USEPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | | | - Vinayak S Shedekar
- Dep. of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kevin King
- USDA-ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sushant Mehan
- Dep. of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Margaret Kalcic
- Dep. of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State Univ. Translational Data Analytics Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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10
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Martin P, Annette R, Ilona L. Disentangling the mixed effects of soil management on microbial diversity and soil functions: A case study in vineyards. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3568. [PMID: 36864059 PMCID: PMC9981623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Promoting soil functioning by maintaining soil microbial diversity and activity is central for sustainable agriculture. In viticulture, soil management often includes tillage, which poses a multifaceted disturbance to the soil environment and has direct and indirect effects on soil microbial diversity and soil functioning. However, the challenge of disentangling the effects of different soil management practices on soil microbial diversity and functioning has rarely been addressed. In this study, we investigated the effects of soil management on soil bacterial and fungal diversity as well as soil functions (soil respiration and decomposition) using a balanced experimental design with four soil management types in nine vineyards in Germany. Application of structural equation modelling enabled us to investigate the causal relationships of soil disturbance, vegetation cover, and plant richness on soil properties, microbial diversity, and soil functions. We could show that soil disturbance by tillage increased bacterial diversity but decreased fungal diversity. We identified a positive effect of plant diversity on bacterial diversity. Soil respiration showed a positive response to soil disturbance, while decomposition was negatively affected in highly disturbed soils via mediated effects of vegetation removal. Our results contribute to the understanding of direct and indirect effects of vineyard soil management on soil life and aids designing targeted recommendations for agricultural soil management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingel Martin
- Department of Applied Ecology, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Str. 1, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany.
| | - Reineke Annette
- Department of Crop Protection, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Str. 1, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Leyer Ilona
- Department of Applied Ecology, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Str. 1, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany
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11
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Van Eerd LL, Chahal I, Peng Y, Awrey JC. Influence of cover crops at the four spheres: A review of ecosystem services, potential barriers, and future directions for North America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159990. [PMID: 36356783 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cover crops have been studied for over a century, but the recognition of a complex interaction of cover crop on the Earth's biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere is relatively recent. Furthermore, previously published cover crop research has largely focused on evaluating cover crop impacts on subsequent crop yield. Understanding the cover crop-induced benefits on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, wind and water erosion, weed control, and soil microbial communities has gained considerable attention in the last few decades, which is crucial to make progress towards developing sustainable agricultural production systems. New research is continuously published to gain a comprehensive understanding of the multiple ecosystem services provided by cover crops. Here, in this review, we aimed to (a) summarize current knowledge related to cover crop impacts on agroecosystem functioning and explore the potential mechanisms responsible for those effects, and (b) identify the key factors limiting the adoption of cover crops into agroecosystems and the conspicuous knowledge gaps in cover crop research. Overall, the review results suggest that cover crops increased subsequent crop yield, increased SOC storage, increased weed suppression, mitigated N2O emissions, reduced wind and water erosion, suppressed plant pathogens, and increased soil microbial activity and wildlife biodiversity. However, the magnitude of benefits observed with cover crops varied with cover crop type, location, and the duration of cover cropping. Notably, cover crop termination methods, designing crop rotations to fit cover crops, additional costs associated with cover crop integration, and uncertainty related to economic returns with cover crops are some of the major barriers limiting the adoption of cover crops into production systems, particularly in North America. In addition to long-term effects, future research on cover crop agronomy, breeding cover crop cultivars, and interactive effects of cover crops with other sustainable land management practices is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Van Eerd
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Inderjot Chahal
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yajun Peng
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica C Awrey
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Jaja N, Codling EE, Timlin D, Rutto LK, Reddy VR. Phytoremediation efficacy of native vegetation for nutrients and heavy metals on soils amended with poultry litter and fertilizer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 25:1423-1434. [PMID: 36644901 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2161466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Poultry litter on agricultural lands could introduce nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), heavy metals in soil and ground water. Native vegetations were identified to assess efficacy for phytoremediation of nutrients and metals from soil and water. Objective was to measure capability of multi-year native species to remove metals, nutrients, and prevent Nitrate-N leaching below the rooting zone. Treatments were distributed in four replicates with/without fertilization. Suction lysimeters were installed at 30, 60, and 90-cm depths in 3 of 4 replicates. Species were identified, recorded, five specified cuttings sampled. Plant, soil, water samples were prepared and analyzed by spectroscopy. Nitrate-N extraction, nitrates in water samples were determined using flow injection analysis. Fertilized plots (NVM) had 39% more biomass yield than unfertilized plots (NVN). In plants, nutrient and metal concentrations varied significantly with 14% increase in Zn, 36% and 26% in K and Mg over NVN for first and second year. Uneven between NVM and NVN, topsoil had higher values for most nutrients and metals. Largest P and (NO3-)-N in plant and water were observed from NVM. Cultivation of native vegetation appears to be an effective approach for remediation of excess nitrates-N, P, heavy metals from surface and sub-surface zones of the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngowari Jaja
- Adaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Eton E Codling
- Adaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Dennis Timlin
- Adaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Laban K Rutto
- Agriculture Research Station, College of Agriculture, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA
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13
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Wilhelm RC, Amsili JP, Kurtz KSM, van Es HM, Buckley DH. Ecological insights into soil health according to the genomic traits and environment-wide associations of bacteria in agricultural soils. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1. [PMID: 37081121 PMCID: PMC9829723 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbiomes are sensitive to current and previous soil conditions, and bacterial 'bioindicators' of biological, physical, and chemical soil properties have considerable potential for soil health assessment. However, the lack of ecological or physiological information for most soil microorganisms limits our ability to interpret the associations of bioindicators and, thus, their utility for guiding management. We identified bioindicators of tillage intensity and twelve soil properties used to rate soil health using a 16S rRNA gene-based survey of farmland across North America. We then inferred the genomic traits of bioindicators and evaluated their environment-wide associations (EWAS) with respect to agricultural management practice, disturbance, and plant associations with 89 studies from agroecosystems. Most bioindicators were either positively correlated with biological properties (e.g., organic matter) or negatively correlated with physical and chemical properties. Higher soil health ratings corresponded with smaller genome size and higher coding density, while lower ratings corresponded with larger genomes and higher rrn copy number. Community-weighted genome size explained most variation in health ratings. EWAS linked prominent bioindicators with the impacts of environmental disturbances. Our findings provide ecological insights into bioindicators of soil properties relevant to soil health management, illustrating the tight coupling of microbiome and soil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland C Wilhelm
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Bradfield Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Joseph P Amsili
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Bradfield Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kirsten S M Kurtz
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Bradfield Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Harold M van Es
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Bradfield Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Daniel H Buckley
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Bradfield Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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14
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Eckardt NA, Ainsworth EA, Bahuguna RN, Broadley MR, Busch W, Carpita NC, Castrillo G, Chory J, DeHaan LR, Duarte CM, Henry A, Jagadish SVK, Langdale JA, Leakey ADB, Liao JC, Lu KJ, McCann MC, McKay JK, Odeny DA, Jorge de Oliveira E, Platten JD, Rabbi I, Rim EY, Ronald PC, Salt DE, Shigenaga AM, Wang E, Wolfe M, Zhang X. Climate change challenges, plant science solutions. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:24-66. [PMID: 36222573 PMCID: PMC9806663 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a defining challenge of the 21st century, and this decade is a critical time for action to mitigate the worst effects on human populations and ecosystems. Plant science can play an important role in developing crops with enhanced resilience to harsh conditions (e.g. heat, drought, salt stress, flooding, disease outbreaks) and engineering efficient carbon-capturing and carbon-sequestering plants. Here, we present examples of research being conducted in these areas and discuss challenges and open questions as a call to action for the plant science community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Rajeev N Bahuguna
- Centre for Advanced Studies on Climate Change, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur 848125, Bihar, India
| | - Martin R Broadley
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Gabriel Castrillo
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Joanne Chory
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amelia Henry
- International Rice Research Institute, Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - S V Krishna Jagadish
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79410, USA
| | - Jane A Langdale
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Andrew D B Leakey
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Crop Sciences, and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - James C Liao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11528, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Jen Lu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11528, Taiwan
| | - Maureen C McCann
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - John K McKay
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Damaris A Odeny
- The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics–Eastern and Southern Africa, Gigiri 39063-00623, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - J Damien Platten
- International Rice Research Institute, Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Ismail Rabbi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320 Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Ellen Youngsoo Rim
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Pamela C Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, California 94704, USA
| | - David E Salt
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alexandra M Shigenaga
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Marnin Wolfe
- Auburn University, Dept. of Crop Soil and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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15
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Steiner M, Pingel M, Falquet L, Giffard B, Griesser M, Leyer I, Preda C, Uzman D, Bacher S, Reineke A. Local conditions matter: Minimal and variable effects of soil disturbance on microbial communities and functions in European vineyards. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280516. [PMID: 36706082 PMCID: PMC9882891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil tillage or herbicide applications are commonly used in agriculture for weed control. These measures may also represent a disturbance for soil microbial communities and their functions. However, the generality of response patterns of microbial communities and functions to disturbance have rarely been studied at large geographical scales. We investigated how a soil disturbance gradient (low, intermediate, high), realized by either tillage or herbicide application, affects diversity and composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities as well as soil functions in vineyards across five European countries. Microbial alpha-diversity metrics responded to soil disturbance sporadically, but inconsistently across countries. Increasing soil disturbance changed soil microbial community composition at the European level. However, the effects of soil disturbance on the variation of microbial communities were smaller compared to the effects of location and soil covariates. Microbial respiration was consistently impaired by soil disturbance, while effects on decomposition of organic substrates were inconsistent and showed positive and negative responses depending on the respective country. Therefore, we conclude that it is difficult to extrapolate results from one locality to others because microbial communities and environmental conditions vary strongly over larger geographical scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Steiner
- Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (MS); (MP)
| | - Martin Pingel
- Department of Applied Ecology, Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
- * E-mail: (MS); (MP)
| | - Laurent Falquet
- Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Brice Giffard
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1065 SAVE Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, INRA, ISVV, Gradignan, France
| | - Michaela Griesser
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Ilona Leyer
- Department of Applied Ecology, Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Cristina Preda
- Department of Natural Sciences, Aleea Universitatii, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania
| | - Deniz Uzman
- Department of Crop Protection, Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Sven Bacher
- Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Annette Reineke
- Department of Crop Protection, Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
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16
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Diversity and Typology of Land-Use Explain the Occurrence of Alien Plants in a Protected Area. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182358. [PMID: 36145760 PMCID: PMC9503411 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant life history and functional characteristics play an important role in determining the invasive potential of plant species and have implications for management approaches. We studied the distribution of 24 alien plant taxa in a protected area in relation to different land-uses by applying ordination analyses and generalized linear models. Taxa richness is best explained by the presence of built-up areas, followed by residential areas, marshlands, and agricultural lands with semi-natural formations. The diversity of land-use within the grid cell proved to be an important explanatory factor, being the only significant variable explaining the richness of wood perennials and vines. The richness of annual herbs and seed-dispersed taxa is explained by a similar set of variables, with the exception of residential areas. The richness of invasive species is explained only by agricultural land and the diversity of land-use. The richness of taxa with predominant vegetative dispersal is best explained by built-up, marshland, and seminatural areas along with land-use diversity. When we consider only the presence of plant groups within grid cells, the results are similar. The results of similar studies may provide an important tool for defining sustainable practices and overall conservation management in protected areas.
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17
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Song W, Wang J, Hou L. Effects of frequency and amount of stover mulching on soil nitrogen and the microbial functional guilds of the endosphere and rhizosphere. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:976154. [PMID: 36090112 PMCID: PMC9449521 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.976154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stover mulching as a conservation and sustainable agricultural practice is beneficial for maintaining soil nitrogen (N) requirements and plant health. The microbial functional guilds of the root and rhizosphere are important factors in the soil nitrogen cycle. However, it is unclear how the frequency and amount of stover mulching influence microbial functional guilds in the root and rhizosphere. Therefore, we investigated the responses of the microbial functional guilds in the endosphere and rhizosphere to maize stover mulching amounts (0, 1/3, 2/3, and total stover mulching every year) and frequencies (once every 3 years and twice every 3 years) under 10-year no-till management. The bacterial functional guilds of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and anaerobic nitrate oxidation displayed the significantly correlation with C/N, total nitrogen, NO3−, and NH4+. The fungal functional guilds of plant pathogens and saprotrophs showed significantly correlations with C/N, total nitrogen, and NO3−. Moreover, we found that bacterial guilds play a pivotal role in maintaining N requirements at the jointing stage, whereas root endophytic fungal guilds play a more important role than bacterial guilds in regulating plant health at the mature stage. The frequency and amount of stover mulching had significant effects on the microbial functional guilds in the root and rhizosphere. Our data suggest that stover mulch application twice every 3 years is the optimal mulching frequency because it yielded the lowest abundance of nitrifying and anaerobic nitrate-oxidising bacteria and the highest abundance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria at the jointing stage, as well as the lowest abundance of fungal plant pathogens in roots at the mature stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchen Song
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wenchen Song,
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Beijing Pollution Source Related Affair Management Center, Beijing, China
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18
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Singh U, Choudhary AK, Sharma S. A 3-year field study reveals that agri-management practices drive the dynamics of dominant bacterial taxa in the rhizosphere of Cajanus cajan. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Duan N, Li L, Liang X, Fine A, Zhuang J, Radosevich M, Schaeffer SM. Variation in Bacterial Community Structure Under Long-Term Fertilization, Tillage, and Cover Cropping in Continuous Cotton Production. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:847005. [PMID: 35444635 PMCID: PMC9015707 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.847005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural practices alter the structure and functions of soil microbial community. However, few studies have documented the alterations of bacterial communities in soils under long-term conservation management practices for continuous crop production. In this study, we evaluated soil bacterial diversity using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and soil physical and chemical properties within 12 combinations of inorganic N fertilization, cover cropping, and tillage throughout a cotton production cycle. Soil was collected from field plots of the West Tennessee Agriculture Research and Education Center in Jackson, TN, United States. The site has been under continuous cotton production for 38 years. A total of 38,038 OTUs were detected across 171 soil samples. The dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Chloroflexi, accounting for ∼70% of the total bacterial community membership. Conventional tillage increased alpha diversity in soil samples collected in different stages of cotton production. The effects of inorganic N fertilization and conventional tillage on the structure of bacterial communities were significant at all four sampling dates (p < 0.01). However, cover cropping (p < 0.05) and soil moisture content (p < 0.05) only showed significant influence on the bacterial community structure after burn-down of the cover crops and before planting of cotton (May). Nitrate-N appeared to have a significant effect on the structure of bacterial communities after inorganic fertilization and at the peak of cotton growth (p < 0.01). Structural equation modeling revealed that the relative abundances of denitrifying and nitrifying bacteria were higher when conventional tillage and vetch cover crop practices were applied, respectively. Our results indicate that long-term tillage and fertilization are key factors increasing the diversity and restructuring the composition of bacterial communities, whereas cover cropping may have shorter-term effects on soil bacteria community structure. In this study, management practices might positively influence relative abundances of bacterial functional groups associated with N cycling. The bacteria functional groups may build a network for providing N and meet microbial N needs in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Duan
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Lidong Li
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Aubrey Fine
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jie Zhuang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Mark Radosevich
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Sean M. Schaeffer
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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20
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Bhattacharyya SS, Ros GH, Furtak K, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R. Soil carbon sequestration - An interplay between soil microbial community and soil organic matter dynamics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152928. [PMID: 34999062 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil carbon sequestration (SCS) refers to the uptake of carbon (C) containing substances from the atmosphere and its storage in soil C pools. Soil microbial community (SMC) play a major role in C cycling and their activity has been considered as the main driver of differences in the potential to store C in soils. The composition of the SMC is crucial for the maintenance of soil ecosystem services, as the structure and activity of SMC also regulates the turnover and delivery of nutrients, as well as the rate of decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). Quantifying the impact of agricultural practices on both SMC and SCS is key to improve sustainability of soil management. Hence, we discuss the impact of farming practices improving SCS by altering SMC, SOM, and soil aggregates, unraveling their inter-and intra-relationships. Using quantitative and process driven insights from 197 peer-reviewed publications leads to the conclusion that the net benefits from agricultural management to improve SCS would not be sustainable if we overlook the role of soil microbial community. Reintroduction of the decayed microbial community to agricultural soils is crucial for enhancing long-term C storage potential of soils and stabilize them over time. The interactions among SMC, SOM, soil aggregates, and agricultural activities still require more knowledge and research to understand their full contribution to the SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard H Ros
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karolina Furtak
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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21
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Hernández-Guzmán M, Pérez-Hernández V, Navarro-Noya YE, Luna-Guido ML, Verhulst N, Govaerts B, Dendooven L. Application of ammonium to a N limited arable soil enriches a succession of bacteria typically found in the rhizosphere. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4110. [PMID: 35260645 PMCID: PMC8904580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop residue management and tillage are known to affect the soil bacterial community, but when and which bacterial groups are enriched by application of ammonium in soil under different agricultural practices from a semi-arid ecosystem is still poorly understood. Soil was sampled from a long-term agronomic experiment with conventional tilled beds and crop residue retention (CT treatment), permanent beds with crop residue burned (PBB treatment) or retained (PBC) left unfertilized or fertilized with 300 kg urea-N ha−1 and cultivated with wheat (Triticum durum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) rotation. Soil samples, fertilized or unfertilized, were amended or not (control) with a solution of (NH4)2SO4 (300 kg N ha−1) and were incubated aerobically at 25 ± 2 °C for 56 days, while CO2 emission, mineral N and the bacterial community were monitored. Application of NH4+ significantly increased the C mineralization independent of tillage-residue management or N fertilizer. Oxidation of NH4+ and NO2− was faster in the fertilized soil than in the unfertilized soil. The relative abundance of Nitrosovibrio, the sole ammonium oxidizer detected, was higher in the fertilized than in the unfertilized soil; and similarly, that of Nitrospira, the sole nitrite oxidizer. Application of NH4+ enriched Pseudomonas, Flavisolibacter, Enterobacter and Pseudoxanthomonas in the first week and Rheinheimera, Acinetobacter and Achromobacter between day 7 and 28. The application of ammonium to a soil cultivated with wheat and maize enriched a sequence of bacterial genera characterized as rhizospheric and/or endophytic independent of the application of urea, retention or burning of the crop residue, or tillage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Hernández-Guzmán
- Laboratory of Soil Ecology, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Alcaldía Gustavo A Madero, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valentín Pérez-Hernández
- Laboratory of Soil Ecology, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Alcaldía Gustavo A Madero, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla-Gutiérrez, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
| | - Yendi E Navarro-Noya
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Marco L Luna-Guido
- Laboratory of Soil Ecology, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Alcaldía Gustavo A Madero, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nele Verhulst
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batán, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Bram Govaerts
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batán, Texcoco, Mexico.,Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Luc Dendooven
- Laboratory of Soil Ecology, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Alcaldía Gustavo A Madero, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Chuckran PF, Hungate BA, Schwartz E, Dijkstra P. Variation in genomic traits of microbial communities among ecosystems. FEMS MICROBES 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Free-living bacteria in nutrient limited environments often exhibit traits which may reduce the cost of reproduction, such as smaller genome size, low GC content and fewer sigma (σ) factor and 16S rRNA gene copies. Despite the potential utility of these traits to detect relationships between microbial communities and ecosystem-scale properties, few studies have assessed these traits on a community-scale. Here, we analysed these traits from publicly available metagenomes derived from marine, soil, host-associated and thermophilic communities. In marine and thermophilic communities, genome size and GC content declined in parallel, consistent with genomic streamlining, with GC content in thermophilic communities generally higher than in marine systems. In contrast, soil communities averaging smaller genomes featured higher GC content and were often from low-carbon environments, suggesting unique selection pressures in soil bacteria. The abundance of specific σ-factors varied with average genome size and ecosystem type. In oceans, abundance of fliA, a σ-factor controlling flagella biosynthesis, was positively correlated with community average genome size—reflecting known trade-offs between nutrient conservation and chemotaxis. In soils, a high abundance of the stress response σ-factor gene rpoS was associated with smaller average genome size and often located in harsh and/or carbon-limited environments—a result which tracks features observed in culture and indicates an increased capacity for stress response in nutrient-poor soils. This work shows how ecosystem-specific constraints are associated with trade-offs which are embedded in the genomic features of bacteria in microbial communities, and which can be detected at the community level, highlighting the importance of genomic features in microbial community analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Chuckran
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society (ECOSS) and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society (ECOSS) and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Egbert Schwartz
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society (ECOSS) and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Paul Dijkstra
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society (ECOSS) and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
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Samaddar S, Karp DS, Schmidt R, Devarajan N, McGarvey JA, Pires AFA, Scow K. Role of soil in the regulation of human and plant pathogens: soils' contributions to people. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200179. [PMID: 34365819 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil and soil biodiversity play critical roles in Nature's Contributions to People (NCP) # 10, defined as Nature's ability to regulate direct detrimental effects on humans, and on human-important plants and animals, through the control or regulation of particular organisms considered to be harmful. We provide an overview of pathogens in soil, focusing on human and crop pathogens, and discuss general strategies, and examples, of how soils' extraordinarily diverse microbial communities regulate soil-borne pathogens. We review the ecological principles underpinning the regulation of soil pathogens, as well as relationships between pathogen suppression and soil health. Mechanisms and specific examples are presented of how soil and soil biota are involved in regulating pathogens of humans and plants. We evaluate how specific agricultural management practices can either promote or interfere with soil's ability to regulate pathogens. Finally, we conclude with how integrating soil, plant, animal and human health through a 'One Health' framework could lead to more integrated, efficient and multifunctional strategies for regulating detrimental organisms and processes. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of soils in delivering Nature's Contributions to People'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Samaddar
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S Karp
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Radomir Schmidt
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Naresh Devarajan
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jeffery A McGarvey
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Alda F A Pires
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kate Scow
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Cezar RM, Vezzani FM, Kaschuk G, Balsanelli E, de Souza EM, Vargas LK, Molin R. Crop rotation reduces the frequency of anaerobic soil bacteria in Red Latosol of Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2169-2177. [PMID: 34319574 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop diversity affects the processes of soil physical structuring and most likely provokes changes in the frequencies of soil microbial communities. The study was conducted for soil prokaryotic diversity sequencing 16S rDNA genes from a 25-year no-tillage experiment comprised of two crop systems: crop succession (Triticum aestivum-Glycine max) and rotation (Vicia sativa-Zea mays-Avena sativa-Glycine max-Triticum aestivum-Glycine max). The hypothesis was that a crop system with higher crop diversification (rotation) would affect the frequencies of prokaryotic taxa against a less diverse crop system (succession) altering the major soil functions guided by bacterial diversity. Soils in both crop systems were dominated by Proteobacteria (31%), Acidobacteria (23%), Actinobacteria (10%), and Gemmatimonadetes (7.2%), among other common copiotrophic soil bacteria. Crop systems did not affect the richness and diversity indexes of soil bacteria and soil archaea. However, the crop rotation system reduced only the frequencies of anaerobic metabolism bacteria Chloroacidobacteria, Holophagae, Spirochaetes, Euryarchaeota, and Crenarchaeota. It can be concluded that crop succession, a system that is poorer in root diversity over time, may have conditioned the soil to lower oxygen diffusion and built up ecological niches that suitable for anaerobic bacteria tolerating lower levels of oxygen. On the other hand, it appeared that crop rotation has restructured the soil over the years while enabling copiotrophic aerobic bacteria to dominate the soil ecosystem. The changes prompted by crop succession have implications for efficient soil organic matter decomposition, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, higher root activity, and overall soil productivity, which compromise to agriculture sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Matias Cezar
- Post-Graduate in Soil Science, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, CEP 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Machado Vezzani
- Post-Graduate in Soil Science, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, CEP 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Glaciela Kaschuk
- Post-Graduate in Soil Science, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, CEP 80035-050, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Balsanelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Francisco H. Dos Santos S/N, Curitiba, PR, CEP 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Maltempi de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Francisco H. Dos Santos S/N, Curitiba, PR, CEP 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Luciano Kayser Vargas
- Department of Agricultural Diagnosis and Research, Secretary of Agriculture and Livestock of the State of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Gonçalves Dias, 570, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90130-060, Brazil
| | - Rudimar Molin
- ABC Foundation, Rod. PR 151 km 288, Caixa-postal: 1003, Castro, PR, CEP 84165-700, Brazil
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Robertson JC, Randrup KV, Howe ER, Case MJ, Levin PS. Leveraging the potential of nature to meet net zero greenhouse gas emissions in Washington State. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11802. [PMID: 34327059 PMCID: PMC8308619 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The State of Washington, USA, has set a goal to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, the year around which the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommended we must limit global warming to 1.5 °C above that of pre-industrial times or face catastrophic changes. We employed existing approaches to calculate the potential for a suite of Natural Climate Solution (NCS) pathways to reduce Washington’s net emissions under three implementation scenarios: Limited, Moderate, and Ambitious. We found that NCS could reduce emissions between 4.3 and 8.8 MMT CO2eyr−1 in thirty-one years, accounting for 4% to 9% of the State’s net zero goal. These potential reductions largely rely on changing forest management practices on portions of private and public timber lands. We also mapped the distribution of each pathway’s Ambitious potential emissions reductions by county, revealing spatial clustering of high potential reductions in three regions closely tied to major business sectors: private industrial forestry in southwestern coastal forests, cropland agriculture in the Columbia Basin, and urban and rural development in the Puget Trough. Overall, potential emissions reductions are provided largely by a single pathway, Extended Timber Harvest Rotations, which mostly clusters in southwestern counties. However, mapping distribution of each of the other pathways reveals wider distribution of each pathway’s unique geographic relevance to support fair, just, and efficient deployment. Although the relative potential for a single pathway to contribute to statewide emissions reductions may be small, they could provide co-benefits to people, communities, economies, and nature for adaptation and resiliency across the state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily R Howe
- The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael J Case
- The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Phillip S Levin
- The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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26
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Yang T, Lupwayi N, Marc SA, Siddique KH, Bainard LD. Anthropogenic drivers of soil microbial communities and impacts on soil biological functions in agroecosystems. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Singh U, Choudhary AK, Sharma S. Agricultural practices modulate the bacterial communities, and nitrogen cycling bacterial guild in rhizosphere: field experiment with soybean. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2687-2695. [PMID: 33070344 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern agricultural management approaches are often dependent on the application of chemicals, resulting in adverse impacts on human and environmental health. Therefore, for sustainable agriculture, there is a need to implement integrated agriculture practices that can maintain natural soil microbiome and enhance crop production. Various agricultural approaches influence crop production by impacting the functional bacterial community entailed in biogeochemical cycles, for example, nitrogen (N) cycle. This study aimed to assess the rhizospheric N cycling community of soybean under three agricultural practices, namely, conservation agriculture (CA), conventional treatment (CT), and organic agriculture (OA) for two consecutive years (2017 and 2018). RESULTS A field experiment was designed under soybean-wheat cropping system employing CA, CT, and OA modules that included different practices of tillage, crop bedding pattern, crop residue retention, and nutrient application. Assessment of bacterial communities contributing to N transformation was performed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of important markers (nifH, amoA, narG, and nirK). CONCLUSION Results concluded that the practice of conservation agriculture comprising of raised bed, zero tillage, crop residue retention, and application of NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) nutrients favorably affected the plant attributes and the abundance of N cycling bacterial community over the two consecutive years. The outcome revealed the mechanistic principle behind enhanced plant growth under conservation agriculture, and opened up the possibility of regulating the N cycling bacterial community to develop sustainable and productive agro-ecosystems. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upma Singh
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil K Choudhary
- Division of Agronomy, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- ICAR - Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Shilpi Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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28
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Gabbarini LA, Figuerola E, Frene JP, Robledo NB, Ibarbalz FM, Babin D, Smalla K, Erijman L, Wall LG. Impacts of switching tillage to no-tillage and vice versa on soil structure, enzyme activities and prokaryotic community profiles in Argentinean semi-arid soils. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6133470. [PMID: 33571359 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of tillage on soil structure, physiology and microbiota structure were studied in a long-term field experiment, with side-to-side plots, established to compare effects of conventional tillage (CT) vs no-till (NT) agriculture. After 27 years, part of the field under CT was switched to NT and vice versa. Soil texture, soil enzymatic profiles and the prokaryotic community structure (16S rRNA genes amplicon sequencing) were analyzed at two soil depths (0-5 and 5-10 cm) in samples taken 6, 18 and 30 months after switching tillage practices. Soil enzymatic activities were higher in NT than CT, and enzymatic profiles responded to the changes much earlier than the overall prokaryotic community structure. Beta diversity measurements of the prokaryotic community indicated that the levels of stratification observed in long-term NT soils were already recovered in the new NT soils 30 months after switching from CT to NT. Bacteria and Archaea OTUs that responded to NT were associated with coarse soil fraction, soil organic carbon and C cycle enzymes, while CT responders were related to fine soil fractions and S cycle enzymes. This study showed the potential of managing the soil prokaryotic community and soil health through changes in agricultural management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano A Gabbarini
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Microbiología de Suelo, Centro de Bioquímica y Microbiología de Suelos, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, B1876BXD Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eva Figuerola
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI, CONICET), C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P Frene
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Microbiología de Suelo, Centro de Bioquímica y Microbiología de Suelos, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, B1876BXD Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia B Robledo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Microbiología de Suelo, Centro de Bioquímica y Microbiología de Suelos, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, B1876BXD Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico M Ibarbalz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI, CONICET), C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Doreen Babin
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kornelia Smalla
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Leonardo Erijman
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI, CONICET), C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis G Wall
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Microbiología de Suelo, Centro de Bioquímica y Microbiología de Suelos, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, B1876BXD Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Harman G, Khadka R, Doni F, Uphoff N. Benefits to Plant Health and Productivity From Enhancing Plant Microbial Symbionts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:610065. [PMID: 33912198 PMCID: PMC8072474 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants exist in close association with uncountable numbers of microorganisms around, on, and within them. Some of these endophytically colonize plant roots. The colonization of roots by certain symbiotic strains of plant-associated bacteria and fungi results in these plants performing better than plants whose roots are colonized by only the wild populations of microbes. We consider here crop plants whose roots are inhabited by introduced organisms, referring to them as Enhanced Plant Holobionts (EPHs). EPHs frequently exhibit resistance to specific plant diseases and pests (biotic stresses); resistance to abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, salinity, and flooding; enhanced nutrient acquisition and nutrient use efficiency; increased photosynthetic capability; and enhanced ability to maintain efficient internal cellular functioning. The microbes described here generate effects in part through their production of Symbiont-Associated Molecular Patterns (SAMPs) that interact with receptors in plant cell membranes. Such interaction results in the transduction of systemic signals that cause plant-wide changes in the plants' gene expression and physiology. EPH effects arise not only from plant-microbe interactions, but also from microbe-microbe interactions like competition, mycoparasitism, and antibiotic production. When root and shoot growth are enhanced as a consequence of these root endophytes, this increases the yield from EPH plants. An additional benefit from growing larger root systems and having greater photosynthetic capability is greater sequestration of atmospheric CO2. This is transferred to roots where sequestered C, through exudation or root decomposition, becomes part of the total soil carbon, which reduces global warming potential in the atmosphere. Forming EPHs requires selection and introduction of appropriate strains of microorganisms, with EPH performance affected also by the delivery and management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Harman
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, United States
| | - Ram Khadka
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Directorate of Agricultural Research, Banke, Nepal
| | - Febri Doni
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norman Uphoff
- CALS International Agriculture Programs, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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30
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Delitte M, Caulier S, Bragard C, Desoignies N. Plant Microbiota Beyond Farming Practices: A Review. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.624203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have always grown and evolved surrounded by numerous microorganisms that inhabit their environment, later termed microbiota. To enhance food production, humankind has relied on various farming practices such as irrigation, tilling, fertilization, and pest and disease management. Over the past few years, studies have highlighted the impacts of such practices, not only in terms of plant health or yields but also on the microbial communities associated with plants, which have been investigated through microbiome studies. Because some microorganisms exert beneficial traits that improve plant growth and health, understanding how to modulate microbial communities will help in developing smart farming and favor plant growth-promoting (PGP) microorganisms. With tremendous cost cuts in NGS technologies, metagenomic approaches are now affordable and have been widely used to investigate crop-associated microbiomes. Being able to engineer microbial communities in ways that benefit crop health and growth will help decrease the number of chemical inputs required. Against this background, this review explores the impacts of agricultural practices on soil- and plant-associated microbiomes, focusing on plant growth-promoting microorganisms from a metagenomic perspective.
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Ouverson T, Eberly J, Seipel T, Menalled FD, Ishaq SL. Temporal Soil Bacterial Community Responses to Cropping Systems and Crop Identity in Dryland Agroecosystems of the Northern Great Plains. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.624242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrialized agriculture results in simplified landscapes where many of the regulatory ecosystem functions driven by soil biological and physicochemical characteristics have been hampered or replaced with intensive, synthetic inputs. To restore long-term agricultural sustainability and soil health, soil should function as both a resource and a complex ecosystem. In this study, we examined how cropping systems impact soil bacterial community diversity and composition, important indicators of soil ecosystem health. Soils from a representative cropping system in the semi-arid Northern Great Plains were collected in June and August of 2017 from the final phase of a 5-year crop rotation managed either with chemical inputs and no-tillage, as a USDA-certified organic tillage system, or as a USDA-certified organic sheep grazing system with reduced tillage intensity. DNA was extracted and sequenced for bacteria community analysis via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacterial richness and diversity decreased in all farming systems from June to August and was lowest in the chemical no-tillage system, while evenness increased over the sampling period. Crop species identity did not affect bacterial richness, diversity, or evenness. Conventional no-till, organic tilled, and organic grazed management systems resulted in dissimilar microbial communities. Overall, cropping systems and seasonal changes had a greater effect on microbial community structure and diversity than crop identity. Future research should assess how the rhizobiome responds to the specific phases of a crop rotation, as differences in bulk soil microbial communities by crop identity were not detectable.
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Agricultural Soil Management Practices Differentially Shape the Bacterial and Fungal Microbiome of Sorghum bicolor. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02345-20. [PMID: 33310712 PMCID: PMC8090879 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02345-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soils play important roles in biological productivity. While past work suggests that microbes affect soil health and respond to agricultural practices, it is not well known how soil management shapes crop host microbiomes. To elucidate the impact of management on microbial composition and function in the sorghum microbiome, we performed 16S rRNA gene and ITS2 amplicon sequencing and metatranscriptomics on soil and root samples collected from a site in California's San Joaquin Valley that is under long-term cultivation with 1) standard (ST) or no tilling (NT) and 2) cover-cropping (CC) or leaving the field fallow (NO). Our results revealed that microbial diversity, composition, and function change across tillage and cover type, with a heightened response in fungal communities, versus bacterial. Surprisingly, ST harbored greater microbial alpha diversity than NT, indicating that tillage may open niche spaces for broad colonization. Across management regimes, we observed class-level taxonomic level shifts. Additionally, we found significant functional restructuring across treatments, including enrichment for microbial lipid and carbohydrate transport and metabolism and cell motility with NT. Differences in carbon cycling were also observed, with increased prevalence of glycosyltransferase and glycoside hydrolase carbohydrate active enzyme families with CC. Lastly, treatment significantly influenced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which had the greatest prevalence and activity under ST, suggesting that soil practices mediate known beneficial plant-microbe relationships. Collectively, our results demonstrate how agronomic practices impact critical interactions within the plant microbiome and inform future efforts to configure trait-associated microbiomes in crops.Importance While numerous studies show that farming practices can influence the soil microbiome, there are often conflicting results on how microbial diversity and activity respond to treatment. In addition, there is very little work published on how the corresponding crop plant microbiome is impacted. With bacteria and fungi known to critically affect soil health and plant growth, we concurrently compared how the practices of no and standard tillage, in combination with either cover-cropping or fallow fields, shape soil and plant-associated microbiomes between the two classifications. In determining not only the response to treatment in microbial diversity and composition, but for activity as well, this work demonstrates the significance of agronomic practice in modulating plant-microbe interactions, as well as encourages future work on the mechanisms involved in community assemblages supporting similar crop outcomes.
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Gastélum G, Rocha J. La milpa como modelo para el estudio de la microbiodiversidad e interacciones planta-bacteria. TIP REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA EN CIENCIAS QUÍMICO-BIOLÓGICAS 2020. [DOI: 10.22201/fesz.23958723e.2020.0.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
La microbiología agrícola busca reemplazar a los agroquímicos por microorganismos o sus productos como agentes de control biológico, debido a que el uso de tecnologías de la revolución verde tiene efectos negativos sobre el ambiente, los productores y sus familias, los consumidores y la salud de los cultivos. Sin embargo, el conocimiento actual acerca de las interacciones benéficas planta-bacteria en ambientes complejos es limitado e insuficiente, para lograr el éxito esperado de los productos biológicos. Las milpas son agroecosistemas tradicionales donde se cultivan diversas variedades de maíz nativo con otras especies asociadas; no se utiliza riego, ni labranza y aunque su aplicación va en aumento, comúnmente no se utilizan agroquímicos; por esto, la milpa representa una fuente de conocimiento sobre prácticas sustentables. Recientemente, se han descrito cambios en las comunidades microbianas de los sistemas agrícolas a causa de la modernización y a la domesticación de las plantas. En la milpa, también se han identificado interacciones benéficas planta-bacteria que parecen haberse perdido en los cultivos modernos. En esta revisión, discutimos las estrategias clásicas y modernas de la microbiología agrícola que pueden ser aplicadas en el estudio de la milpa. El establecimiento de la milpa como modelo de estudio de las interacciones planta-bacteria puede resultar en la generación del conocimiento necesario para disminuir el uso de agroquímicos en los sistemas agrícolas modernos, así como evitar su creciente uso en las milpas.
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Chahal I, Van Eerd LL. Cover crop and crop residue removal effects on temporal dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen in a temperate, humid climate. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235665. [PMID: 32645041 PMCID: PMC7347225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of seasonal dynamics of soil C and N pools is crucial to understand the land management practices for enhancing agricultural sustainability. In a cover crop (CC) experiment established in 2007 and repeated at an adjacent site in 2008, we evaluated the medium-term impact of CC (no cover crop control (no-CC), oat (Avena sativa L.), oilseed radish (OSR, Raphanus sativus L. var. oleoferus Metzg. Stokes), winter cereal rye (rye, Secale cereale L.), and a mixture of OSR+Rye) and crop residue management (residue removed (-R) and residue retained (+R)) on soil C and N dynamics and sequestration. Labile and stable fractions of C and N were determined at seven different time points from 0-15 cm depth during tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growing season in 2015 and 2016 (referred to as site-years). As expected, over the tomato growing season in both site-years, organic C (OC) and total N did not change while the labile C and N fractions changed with greater concentrations observed at 2 weeks after tillage (WAT) and greater treatment differences observed for seven out of eleven soil attributes at tomato harvest. Therefore, 2WAT (early June) and tomato harvest (early September) are reasonably optimum sampling times for soil C and N attributes. Seasonal variation of labile fractions suggested the potential impact of substrate availability from crop residues on soil C and N cycling. Medium-term CC usage enhanced the surface soil C and N storage. Overall, this study highlights the positive and synergistic influences of CCs and maintaining crop residues in increasing both labile and stable fractions of C and N and enhancing soil quality in a temperate humid climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderjot Chahal
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura L Van Eerd
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada
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Hu X, Liang A, Yao Q, Liu Z, Yu Z, Wang G, Liu J. Ridge Tillage Improves Soil Properties, Sustains Diazotrophic Communities, and Enhances Extensively Cooperative Interactions Among Diazotrophs in a Clay Loam Soil. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1333. [PMID: 32714293 PMCID: PMC7344147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced tillage practices [such as ridge tillage (RT)] have been potential solutions to the weed pressures of long-term no tillage (NT) and the soil-intensive disturbances caused by conventional tillage [such as moldboard plow (MP) tillage]. Although soil diazotrophs are significantly important in global nitrogen (N) cycling and contribute to the pool of plant-available N in agroecosystems, little is currently known about the responses of diazotrophic communities to different long-term tillage practices. In the current study, we investigated the differences among the effects of NT, RT, and MP on soil properties, diazotrophic communities, and co-occurrence network patterns in bulk and rhizosphere soils under soybean grown in clay loam soil of Northeast China. The results showed that RT and MP led to higher contents of total C, N, and available K compared to NT in both bulk and rhizosphere soils, and RT resulted in higher soybean yield than NT and MP. Compared to NT and RT, MP decreased the relative abundances of free-living diazotrophs, while it promoted the growth of copiotrophic diazotrophs. Little differences of diazotrophic community diversity, composition, and community structure were detected between RT and NT, but MP obviously decreased diazotrophic diversity and changed the diazotrophic communities in contrast to NT and RT in bulk soils. Soil nitrogenous nutrients had negative correlations with diazotrophic diversity and significantly influenced the diazotrophic community structure. Across all diazotrophs' networks, the major diazotrophic interactions transformed into a cooperatively dominated network under RT, with more intense and efficient interactions among species than NT and MP. Overall, our study suggested that RT, with minor soil disturbances, could stabilize diazotrophic diversity and communities as NT and possessed highly positive interactions among diazotrophic species relative to NT and MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Aizhen Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhuxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenhua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
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Srour AY, Ammar HA, Subedi A, Pimentel M, Cook RL, Bond J, Fakhoury AM. Microbial Communities Associated With Long-Term Tillage and Fertility Treatments in a Corn-Soybean Cropping System. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1363. [PMID: 32670235 PMCID: PMC7330075 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tillage and fertilization are common practices used to enhance soil fertility and increase yield. Changes in soil edaphic properties associated with different tillage and fertility regimes have been widely examined, yet, the microbially mediated pathways and ecological niches involved in enhancing soil fertility are poorly understood. The effects of long-term conventional tillage and no-till in parallel with three fertility treatments (No fertilization, N-only, and NPK) on soil microbial communities were investigated in a long-term field study that was established in the 1970's. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing of bacterial, fungal and oomycetes markers, followed by community-level functional and ecological assembly to discern principles governing tillage and fertility practices' influence on associated soil microbiomes. Both tillage and fertilizer significantly altered microbial community structure, but the tillage effect was more prominent than the fertilizer effect. Tillage significantly affected bacteria, fungi, fusaria, and oomycete beta-diversity, whereas fertilizer only affected bacteria and fungi beta-diversity. In our study different tillage and fertilizer regimes favored specific networks of metabolic pathways and distinct ecological guilds. No-till selected for beneficial microbes that translocate nutrients and resources and protect the host against pathogens. Notably, ecological guilds featuring arbuscular mycorrhizae, mycoparasites, and nematophagous fungi were favored in no-till soils, while fungal saprotrophs and plant pathogens dominated in tilled soils. Conventional till and fertilizer management shifted the communities toward fast growing competitors. Copiotrophic bacteria and fusarium species were favored under conventional tillage and in the presence of fertilizers. The analysis of the metagenomes revealed a higher abundance of predicted pathways associated with energy metabolism, translation, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, glycan biosynthesis and nucleotide metabolism in no-till. Furthermore, no specific pathways were found to be enriched under the investigated fertilization regimes. Understanding how tillage and fertilizer management shift microbial diversity, structure and ecological niches, such as presented here, can assist with designing farming systems that can maintain high crop yield, while reducing soil erosion and nutrient losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Y. Srour
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Hala A. Ammar
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Arjun Subedi
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Mirian Pimentel
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Rachel L. Cook
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jason Bond
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Ahmad M. Fakhoury
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
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Li Y, Zhang Q, Cai Y, Yang Q, Chang SX. Minimum tillage and residue retention increase soil microbial population size and diversity: Implications for conservation tillage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:137164. [PMID: 32059331 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A global meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of conservation tillage practices on soil microbial population size [based on microbial count and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) measurements], diversity (Shannon index), and microbial community structure. Both no-tillage (NT) and NT plus residue retention (NTS) increased soil microbial count as compared with conventional tillage (CT). Bacteria, fungi, and actinomycete counts were 3%, 18%, and 28%, respectively, higher under the NTS treatment relative to the NT treatment, and 38%, 41%, and 28%, respectively, higher in the CT plus residue retention (CTS) treatment than in the CT treatment. No-tillage, as compared to CT, increased total PLFAs by 11%. The concentration of fungal PLFAs was increased by 17% by NT as compared to CT, but was decreased by 52% by NTS as compared to NT. The actinomycete PLFA concentration was decreased by reduced tillage and CTS, compared to CT. Compared with CT, NT increased the Shannon index of the total microbial and bacterial communities by 4% and 6%, respectively. The bacterial count was negatively associated with mean annual precipitation (275-1624 mm) and experimental duration (1-35 years) and positively associated with initial total soil nitrogen concentration. Overall, relative to CT, minimum tillage alone increased soil microbial count, fungal biomass, and bacterial diversity; residue retention alone increased soil microbial count and fungal diversity, and decreased the biomass of actinomycetes; combining minimum tillage and residue retention increased soil microbial count and fungal diversity. We conclude that the response to minimum tillage and residue retention was consistently positive for soil microbial count but was context dependent for microbial biomass, diversity, and community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou 730020, China; Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - Qingping Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Yanjiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Qian Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou 730020, China.
| | - Scott X Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada.
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Cover Crop Impact on Soil Organic Carbon, Nitrogen Dynamics and Microbial Diversity in a Mediterranean Semiarid Vineyard. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12083256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cover crop (CC) management in vineyards increases sustainability by improving soil chemical and biological fertility, but knowledge on its effects in semiarid soils is lacking. This study evaluated the effect of leguminous CC management on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, soil nitrate content and microbial diversity in a semiarid vineyard, in comparison to conventional tillage (CT). SOC and nitrate were monitored during vine-growing season; soil respiration, determined by incubation experiments, microbial biomass and diversity was analyzed after CC burial. The microbial diversity was evaluated by bacterial and fungal automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and high-throughput sequencing of 16SrDNA. CC increased nitrate content and, although it had no relevant effect on SOC, almost doubled its active microbial component, which contributes to SOC stabilization. An unexpected stability of the microbial communities under different soil managements was assessed, fungal diversity being slightly enhanced under CT while bacterial diversity increased under CC. The complete nitrifying genus Nitrospira and plant growth-promoting genera were increased under CC, while desiccation-tolerant genera were abundant in CT. Findings showed that temporary CC applied in semiarid vineyards does not optimize the provided ecosystem services, hence a proper management protocol for dry environments should be set up.
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40
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Kraut-Cohen J, Zolti A, Shaltiel-Harpaz L, Argaman E, Rabinovich R, Green SJ, Minz D. Effects of tillage practices on soil microbiome and agricultural parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135791. [PMID: 31810706 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
No-tillage (NT) is a common soil-conservation management practice with known agricultural advantages and drawbacks. However, its short- and long-term effects on the soil microbiome have not been well established. Here, we compared conventional (CT), minimal (MT) and NT practices in two agricultural fields in the north of Israel over a period of 3 years. Edaphic properties, plant-associated pests, weed species abundance and soil microbial community structure were assessed to examine the effects of tillage. Tillage significantly altered physical and chemical soil properties, and a significant increase in hydrolytic and redox microbial activities was observed in NT soils from both sites. Consistent with this, the microbial community structure of NT samples diverged significantly over time from those of CT samples. Repetitive tillage and even a single tillage event caused significant changes in the relative abundance of microorganisms at taxonomic levels ranging from phylum to OTU. However, no significant difference between treatments was found in microbial community alpha-diversity or crop yield. Conversely, higher levels of weed diversity and some pests number were found in NT samples. Overall, we demonstrate that tillage plays a major role in shaping microbial community structure, and in influencing additional environmental, ecological and agricultural soil parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Kraut-Cohen
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Avihai Zolti
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Liora Shaltiel-Harpaz
- Migal Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel; Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, 12210, Israel
| | - Eli Argaman
- Soil Erosion Research Station, Soil Conservation & Drainage Division, Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development, Israel
| | | | - Stefan J Green
- Sequencing Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dror Minz
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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41
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Santillan E, Seshan H, Constancias F, Wuertz S. Trait-based life-history strategies explain succession scenario for complex bacterial communities under varying disturbance. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3751-3764. [PMID: 31241822 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trait-based approaches are increasingly gaining importance in community ecology, as a way of finding general rules for the mechanisms driving changes in community structure and function under the influence of perturbations. Frameworks for life-history strategies have been successfully applied to describe changes in plant and animal communities upon disturbance. To evaluate their applicability to complex bacterial communities, we operated replicated wastewater treatment bioreactors for 35 days and subjected them to eight different disturbance frequencies of a toxic pollutant (3-chloroaniline), starting with a mixed inoculum from a full-scale treatment plant. Relevant ecosystem functions were tracked and microbial communities assessed through metagenomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Combining a series of ordination, statistical and network analysis methods, we associated different life-history strategies with microbial communities across the disturbance range. These strategies were evaluated using tradeoffs in community function and genotypic potential, and changes in bacterial genus composition. We further compared our findings with other ecological studies and adopted a semi-quantitative competitors, stress-tolerants, ruderals (CSR) classification. The framework reduces complex data sets of microbial traits, functions and taxa into ecologically meaningful components to help understand the system response to disturbance and hence represents a promising tool for managing microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Santillan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hari Seshan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Florentin Constancias
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.,CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, F-34398, France.,Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d'Avignon, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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42
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Romdhane S, Spor A, Busset H, Falchetto L, Martin J, Bizouard F, Bru D, Breuil MC, Philippot L, Cordeau S. Cover Crop Management Practices Rather Than Composition of Cover Crop Mixtures Affect Bacterial Communities in No-Till Agroecosystems. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1618. [PMID: 31338089 PMCID: PMC6629898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cover cropping plays a key role in the maintenance of arable soil health and the enhancement of agroecosystem services. However, our understanding of how cover crop management impacts soil microbial communities and how these interactions might affect soil nutrient cycling is still limited. Here, we studied the impact of four cover crop mixtures varying in species richness and functional diversity, three cover crop termination strategies (i.e., frost, rolling, and glyphosate) and two levels of irrigation at the cover crop sowing on soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics, soil microbial diversity, and structure as well as the abundance of total bacteria, archaea, and N-cycling microbial guilds. We found that total nitrogen and soil organic carbon were higher when cover crops were killed by frost compared to rolling and glyphosate termination treatments, while cover crop biomass was positively correlated to soil carbon and C:N ratio. Modifications of soil properties due to cover crop management rather than the composition of cover crop mixtures were related to changes in the abundance of ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers, while there was no effect on the total bacterial abundance. Unraveling the underlying processes by which cover crop management shapes soil physico-chemical properties and bacterial communities is of importance to help selecting optimized agricultural practices for sustainable farming systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Romdhane
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Aymé Spor
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Hugues Busset
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Florian Bizouard
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - David Bru
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | | | - Laurent Philippot
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Cordeau
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
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43
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Banerjee S, Walder F, Büchi L, Meyer M, Held AY, Gattinger A, Keller T, Charles R, van der Heijden MGA. Agricultural intensification reduces microbial network complexity and the abundance of keystone taxa in roots. THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:1722-1736. [PMID: 30850707 PMCID: PMC6591126 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Root-associated microbes play a key role in plant performance and productivity, making them important players in agroecosystems. So far, very few studies have assessed the impact of different farming systems on the root microbiota and it is still unclear whether agricultural intensification influences the structure and complexity of microbial communities. We investigated the impact of conventional, no-till, and organic farming on wheat root fungal communities using PacBio SMRT sequencing on samples collected from 60 farmlands in Switzerland. Organic farming harbored a much more complex fungal network with significantly higher connectivity than conventional and no-till farming systems. The abundance of keystone taxa was the highest under organic farming where agricultural intensification was the lowest. We also found a strong negative association (R2 = 0.366; P < 0.0001) between agricultural intensification and root fungal network connectivity. The occurrence of keystone taxa was best explained by soil phosphorus levels, bulk density, pH, and mycorrhizal colonization. The majority of keystone taxa are known to form arbuscular mycorrhizal associations with plants and belong to the orders Glomerales, Paraglomerales, and Diversisporales. Supporting this, the abundance of mycorrhizal fungi in roots and soils was also significantly higher under organic farming. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report mycorrhizal keystone taxa for agroecosystems, and we demonstrate that agricultural intensification reduces network complexity and the abundance of keystone taxa in the root microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiran Banerjee
- Agroscope, Department of Agroecology & Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Walder
- Agroscope, Department of Agroecology & Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lucie Büchi
- Agroscope, Plant Production Systems, Route de Duillier 50, 1260, Nyon, Switzerland
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Marcel Meyer
- Agroscope, Department of Agroecology & Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alain Y Held
- Agroscope, Department of Agroecology & Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Gattinger
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, 5070, Frick, Switzerland
- Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Organic Farming with focus on Sustainable Soil Use, Karl-Glöckner-Str. 21C, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Keller
- Agroscope, Department of Agroecology & Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil & Environment, Box 7014, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Raphael Charles
- Agroscope, Plant Production Systems, Route de Duillier 50, 1260, Nyon, Switzerland
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Jordils 3, 1001, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcel G A van der Heijden
- Agroscope, Department of Agroecology & Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
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44
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Bredeson MM, Lundgren JG. Neonicotinoid insecticidal seed-treatment on corn contaminates interseeded cover crops intended as habitat for beneficial insects. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:222-228. [PMID: 30666494 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-02015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid seed treatments are extensively used to systemically protect corn from invertebrate herbivory. Interseeding cover crops can promote beneficial insect communities and their ecosystem services such as predation on pests, and this practice is gaining interest from farmers. In this study, cereal rye (Secale cereale) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) were planted between rows of early vegetative corn that had been seed-treated with thiamethoxam. Thiamethoxam and its insecticidal metabolite, clothianidin were quantified in cover crop leaves throughout the growing season. Thiamethoxam was present in cereal rye at concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.33 ± 0.09 ng/g of leaf tissue and was detected on six out of seven collection dates. Cereal rye leaves contained clothianidin at concentrations from 1.05 ± 0.22 to 2.61 ± 0.24 ng/g and was present on all sampling dates. Both thiamethoxam and clothianidin were detected in hairy vetch on all sampling dates at rates ranging from 0.10 ± 0.05 to 0.51 ± 0.11 ng/g and 0.56 ± 0.15 to 9.73 ± 5.04 ng/g of leaf tissue, respectively. Clothianidin was measured at a higher concentration than its precursor, thiamethoxam, in both plant species on every sampling date. Neonicotinoids entering interseeded cover crops from adjacent treated plants is a newly discovered route of exposure and potential hazard for non-target beneficial invertebrates. Future research efforts should examine the effects of systemic insecticides on biological communities in agroecosystems whose goal is to diversify plant communities using methods such as cover cropping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Bredeson
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
- Ecdysis Foundation, 46958 188th St, Estelline, SD, 57234, USA
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45
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Changes of paradigms in agriculture soil microbiology and new challenges in microbial ecology. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Alahmad A, Decocq G, Spicher F, Kheirbeik L, Kobaissi A, Tetu T, Dubois F, Duclercq J. Cover crops in arable lands increase functional complementarity and redundancy of bacterial communities. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Alahmad
- Unité ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058 CNRS)Université du Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences Amiens France
| | - Guillaume Decocq
- Unité ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058 CNRS)Université du Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences Amiens France
| | - Fabien Spicher
- Unité ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058 CNRS)Université du Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences Amiens France
| | - Louay Kheirbeik
- Unité ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058 CNRS)Université du Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences Amiens France
| | - Ahmad Kobaissi
- Applied Plant Biotechnology LaboratoryFaculty of Sciences ILebanese University Beirut Lebanon
| | - Thierry Tetu
- Unité ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058 CNRS)Université du Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences Amiens France
| | - Frédéric Dubois
- Unité ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058 CNRS)Université du Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences Amiens France
| | - Jérôme Duclercq
- Unité ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058 CNRS)Université du Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences Amiens France
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Montagna M, Berruti A, Bianciotto V, Cremonesi P, Giannico R, Gusmeroli F, Lumini E, Pierce S, Pizzi F, Turri F, Gandini G. Differential biodiversity responses between kingdoms (plants, fungi, bacteria and metazoa) along an Alpine succession gradient. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3671-3685. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Montagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Andrea Berruti
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Torino Italy
| | - Valeria Bianciotto
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Torino Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR IBBA); Lodi Italy
| | - Riccardo Giannico
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR IBBA); Lodi Italy
| | - Fausto Gusmeroli
- Fondazione Dott. Piero Fojanini di Studi Superiori; Sondrio Italy
| | - Erica Lumini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Torino Italy
| | - Simon Pierce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Flavia Pizzi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR IBBA); Lodi Italy
| | - Federica Turri
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR IBBA); Lodi Italy
| | - Gustavo Gandini
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR IBBA); Lodi Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
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