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Osawa R, Jo TS, Nakamura R, Futami K, Itayama T, Chadeka EA, Ngetich B, Nagi S, Kikuchi M, Njenga SM, Ouma C, Sonye GO, Hamano S, Minamoto T. Methodological assessment for efficient collection of Schistosoma mansoni environmental DNA and improved schistosomiasis surveillance in tropical wetlands. Acta Trop 2024; 260:107402. [PMID: 39270921 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by trematodes of genus Schistosoma, is among the most seriously neglected tropical diseases. Although rapid surveillance of risk areas for Schistosoma transmission is vital to control schistosomiasis, the habitat and infection status of this parasite are difficult to assess. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis, involving the detection of extra-organismal DNA in water samples, facilitates cost-efficient and sensitive biomonitoring of aquatic environments and is a promising tool to identify Schistosoma habitat and infection risk areas. However, in tropical wetlands, highly turbid water causes filter clogging, thereby decreasing the filtration volume and increasing the risk of false negatives. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to conduct laboratory experiments and field surveys in Lake Victoria, Mbita, to determine the appropriate filter pore size for S. mansoni eDNA collection in terms of particle size and filtration volume. In the laboratory experiment, aquarium water was sequentially filtered using different pore size filters. Targeting >3 µm size fraction was found to be sufficient to capture S. mansoni eDNA particles, regardless of their life cycle stage (egg, miracidia, and cercaria). In the field surveys, GF/D (2.7 µm nominal pore size) filter yielded 2.5-times the filtration volume obtained with a smaller pore size filter and pre-filtration methods under the same time constraints. Moreover, a site-occupancy model was applied to the field detection results to estimate S. mansoni eDNA occurrence and detection probabilities and assess the number of water samples and PCR replicates necessary for efficient eDNA detection. Overall, this study reveals an effective method for S. mansoni eDNA detection in turbid water, facilitating the rapid and sensitive monitoring of its distribution and cost-effective identification of schistosomiasis transmission risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Osawa
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University: 3-11, Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiaki S Jo
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University: 3-11, Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science: 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan; Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Ryukoku University: 1-5, Yokotani, Oe-cho, Seta, Otsu City, Shiga 520-2194, Japan
| | - Risa Nakamura
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kyoko Futami
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Itayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Bunkyo-cyo, Nagasaki, 852-8131, Japan
| | - Evans Asena Chadeka
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI): P O Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benard Ngetich
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI): P O Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sachiyo Nagi
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University: 8-1 Kawada-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan
| | - Mihoko Kikuchi
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Sammy M Njenga
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI): P O Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Collins Ouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University: Maseno, Kenya
| | - George O Sonye
- Ability to solve by Knowledge (ASK) Community Based Organization: P.O. Box 30, Mbita, Kenya
| | - Shinjiro Hamano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University: 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI): P O Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Toshifumi Minamoto
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University: 3-11, Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
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Wang XY, Li Q, Li YL, Guo SY, Li SZ, Zhou XN, Guo JG, Bergquist R, Juma S, Zhang JF, Yang K, Xu J. Prevalence and correlations of schistosomiasis mansoni and schistosomiasis haematobium among humans and intermediate snail hosts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis Poverty 2024; 13:63. [PMID: 39218903 PMCID: PMC11367875 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-024-01233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of schistosomiasis is particularly difficult in sub-Saharan Africa, which currently harbours 95% of this disease. The target population for preventive chemotherapy (PC) is expanded to all age group at risk of infection, thus increasing the demands of praziquantel (PZQ) tablets according to the new released guideline by World Health Organization. Due to the gap between available PZQ for PC and requirements, alternative approaches to assess endemicity of schistosomiasis in a community, are urgently needed for more quick and precise methods. We aimed to find out to which degree the infection status of snails can be used to guide chemotherapy against schistosomiasis. METHODS We searched literature published from January 1991 to December 2022, that reported on the prevalence rates of Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium in the intermediate snails Biomphalaria spp. and Bulinus spp., respectively, and in humans. A random effect model for meta-analyses was used to calculate the pooled prevalence estimate (PPE), with heterogeneity assessed using I-squared statistic (I2), with correlation and regression analysis for the exploration of the relationship between human S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections and that in their specific intermediate hosts. RESULTS Forty-seven publications comprising 59 field investigations were included. The pooled PPE of schistosomiasis, schistosomiasis mansoni and schistosomiasis haematobium in humans were 27.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 24.0-31.1%], 25.6% (95% CI: 19.9-31.3%), and 28.8% (95% CI: 23.4-34.3%), respectively. The snails showed an overall infection rate of 8.6% (95% CI: 7.7-9.4%), with 12.1% (95% CI: 9.9-14.2%) in the Biomphalaria spp. snails and 6.9% (95% CI: 5.7-8.1%) in the Bulinus spp. snails. The correlation coefficient was 0.3 (95% CI: 0.01-0.5%, P < 0.05) indicating that the two variables, i.e. all intermediate host snails on the one hand and the human host on the other, were positively correlated. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence rate of S. mansoni and S. haematobium is still high in endemic areas. Given the significant, positive correlation between the prevalence of schistosomes in humans and the intermediate snail hosts, more attention should be paid to programme integration of snail surveillance in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, No. 207 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, 214064, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, 214064, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, No. 207 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yin-Long Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, No. 207 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Su-Ying Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, No. 207 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, No. 207 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, No. 207 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jia-Gang Guo
- WHO Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert Bergquist
- Geospatial Health, Ingerod, formerly UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Brastad, Sweden
| | - Saleh Juma
- Ministry of Health of Zanzibar, P.O. Box 236, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Jian-Feng Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, 214064, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, 214064, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, 214064, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, 214064, Jiangsu, China
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, No. 207 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Glidden CK, Singleton AL, Chamberlin A, Tuan R, Palasio RGS, Caldeira RL, Monteiro AMV, Lwiza KMM, Liu P, Silva V, Athni TS, Sokolow SH, Mordecai EA, De Leo GA. Climate and urbanization drive changes in the habitat suitability of Schistosoma mansoni competent snails in Brazil. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4838. [PMID: 38898012 PMCID: PMC11186836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Schistosoma parasites. Schistosoma are obligate parasites of freshwater Biomphalaria and Bulinus snails, thus controlling snail populations is critical to reducing transmission risk. As snails are sensitive to environmental conditions, we expect their distribution is significantly impacted by global change. Here, we used machine learning, remote sensing, and 30 years of snail occurrence records to map the historical and current distribution of forward-transmitting Biomphalaria hosts throughout Brazil. We identified key features influencing the distribution of suitable habitat and determined how Biomphalaria habitat has changed with climate and urbanization over the last three decades. Our models show that climate change has driven broad shifts in snail host range, whereas expansion of urban and peri-urban areas has driven localized increases in habitat suitability. Elucidating change in Biomphalaria distribution-while accounting for non-linearities that are difficult to detect from local case studies-can help inform schistosomiasis control strategies.
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Grants
- R01 AI102918 NIAID NIH HHS
- R01 AI168097 NIAID NIH HHS
- R35 GM133439 NIGMS NIH HHS
- T32 GM144273 NIGMS NIH HHS
- This work was supported by the Belmont Collaborative Forum on Climate, Environment and Health (US-NSF ICER-2024383, FAPESP), by a grant of the Stanford Center for Innovation in Global Health, and the Stanford Program for Disease Ecology, Health and the Environment. GADL was partially supported also by an NSF EEID grant (DEB – 2011179). EAM and CKG were supported by the National Science Foundation and the Fogarty International Center (grant no. DEB-2011147). EAM was additionally supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (grant nos R01AI168097 and R01AI102918), the National Institutes of Health (grant no. R35GM133439), and by seed grants from the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, King Center on Global Development, Center for Innovation in Global Health, and the Terman Award. CKG was additionally supported by a Stanford Institute for Human-centered Artificial Intelligence Postdoctoral Fellowship. TSA was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences under grant number T32GM144273. SHS was supported by NSF grant number 2024385.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K Glidden
- Stanford University, Department of Biology, Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford University, Department of Biology, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Alyson L Singleton
- Stanford University, Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Chamberlin
- Stanford University, Department of Oceans, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ping Liu
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vivian Silva
- National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - Susanne H Sokolow
- Stanford University, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford, CA, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Stanford University, Department of Biology, Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University, Department of Biology, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Giulio A De Leo
- Stanford University, Department of Oceans, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
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4
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Sokouri EA, Ahouty Ahouty B, N'Djetchi M, Abé IA, Yao BGFD, Konan TK, MacLeod A, Noyes H, Nyangiri O, Matovu E, Koffi M. Impact of environmental factors on Biomphalaria pfeifferi vector capacity leading to human infection by Schistosoma mansoni in two regions of western Côte d'Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:179. [PMID: 38581062 PMCID: PMC10996162 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Intestinal schistosomiasis remains a worrying health problem, particularly in western Côte d'Ivoire, despite control efforts. It is therefore necessary to understand all the factors involved in the development of the disease, including biotic and abiotic factors. The aim of this study was to examine the factors that could support the maintenance of the intermediate host and its vectorial capacity in western Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS Data on river physicochemical, microbiological, and climatic parameters, the presence or absence of snails with Schistosoma mansoni, and human infections were collected between January 2020 and February 2021. Spearman rank correlation tests, Mann-Whitney, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and an appropriate model selection procedure were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The overall prevalence of infected snails was 56.05%, with infection reaching 100% in some collection sites and localities. Of 26 sites examined, 25 contained thermophilic coliforms and 22 contained Escherichia coli. Biomphalaria pfeifferi was observed in environments with lower land surface temperature (LST) and higher relative air humidity (RAH), and B. pfeifferi infection predominated in more acidic environments. Thermal coliforms and E. coli preferred higher pH levels. Lower maximum LST (LST_Max) and higher RAH and minimum LST (LST_Min) were favorable to E. coli, and lower LST_Max favored coliforms. The presence of B. pfeifferi was positively influenced by water temperature (T °C), LST_Min, RAH, and precipitation (Pp) (P < 0.05) and negatively influenced by pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), LST_Max, and mean land surface temperature (LST). The parameters pH, TDS, EC, LST_Min, LST, and Pp had a positive impact on snail infection, while LST_Max had a negative impact on infection. Only pH had a positive effect on coliform and E. coli abundance. Of the 701 people examined for human schistosomiasis, 73.13% were positive for the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) test and 12.01% for the Kato-Katz (KK) test. A positive correlation was established between human infections and the abundance of Biomphalaria (r2 = 0.879, P = 0.04959). CONCLUSIONS The results obtained reflect the environmental conditions that are conducive to the maintenance of S. mansoni infection in this part of the country. To combat this infection as effectively as possible, it will be necessary not only to redouble efforts but also to prioritize control according to the level of endemicity at the village level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige A Sokouri
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bernardin Ahouty Ahouty
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Martial N'Djetchi
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Innocent A Abé
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Ble Gbacla Flora Dominique Yao
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Thomas Konan Konan
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Annette MacLeod
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Liverpool, UK
| | - Harry Noyes
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Oscar Nyangiri
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire.
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Gomes ECDS, da Silva IEP, de Araújo HDA, Barbosa CS. Malacological, socio-environmental evaluation, and evidence of local transmission and maintenance of schistosomiasis in an urban area of Northeast Brazil. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107145. [PMID: 38336344 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
To present the current epidemiological scenario of schistosomiasis related to urban transmission through an epidemiological risk assessment in Porto de Galinhas, a coastal area of Pernambuco, Brazil. Malacological and parasitological surveys were performed between the years 2018 and 2020. Snails were identified taxonomically and examined to confirm infection by Schistosoma mansoni, and so to identify Schistosomiasis Transmission Foci (STF) by the artificial light exposure technique. Stool samples were examined using the Kato-Katz method to identify schistosomiasis cases. Socioeconomic, environmental, behavioural and health data were collected by a questionnaire applied to participates in the survey and used to predict the schistosomiasis risk occurrence by multivariate logistic regression. In all, a total of 6466 snails of Biomphalaria glabrata were collected and 36 breeding sites were identified, of which 25 % were STF. A total of 2236 individuals took part of the survey which identified 187 cases of schistosomiasis, registering a positivity percentage of 8.36 %. The surveys identified the neighbourhoods with the highest risk for transmission while the socioenvironmental analysis identifies other risk factors for disease occurrence, such as gender, age range, level of education and absence of water drainage. We found that areas with poor sanitation, flooding during winter periods and dwellings located near mangroves should be treated by health authorities as priority areas for health interventions to minimize disease transmission. In addition, efforts to improve the population's educational level could certainly contribute to the adoption of measures to prevent and control this neglected tropical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elainne Christine de Souza Gomes
- Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz - Ministry of Health, Cidade Universitária, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, CEP: 50.740-465, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Iris Edna Pereira da Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz - Ministry of Health, Cidade Universitária, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, CEP: 50.740-465, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Hallysson Douglas Andrade de Araújo
- Health Department of Ipojuca County (PE) - Brazil, Rua Cel. João Souza Leão, CEP: 55.590-000, Ipojuca, PE, Brazil; Biotechnology and Drugs Laboratory and Biomaterials Technology Laboratory - Academic Center of Vitória de Santo Antão, Federal University of Pernambuco, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n - Bela Vista, CEP: 55.608-680, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil; Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 CEP: 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Constança Simões Barbosa
- Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz - Ministry of Health, Cidade Universitária, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, CEP: 50.740-465, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Siama A, Eteme Enama S, Kalmobe J, Abah S, Foutchou A, Njan Nloga AM. Abundance, Distribution, and Diversity of Freshwater Snail and Prevalences of Their Infection by Cercaria of Fasciola gigantica and Schistosoma spp at Mayo-Vreck River, Far North Region of Cameroon. J Trop Med 2023; 2023:9527349. [PMID: 37900305 PMCID: PMC10611546 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9527349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Malacological and parasitological studies were conducted from April 2020 to March 2021 to determine the abundance and distribution of molluscs and cercariae of Schistosoma spp and Fasciola gigantica. Collected molluscs are exposed to strong light to induce cercarial release. Mollusc densities were higher at station 1 (Gamak) than in station 8 (Patakai), with Bellamya unicolor and Biomphalaria pfeifferi more abundant and Bulinus truncatus, B. tropicus, and B. globosus less abundant. The overall prevalence of cercariae (19.87%) is higher in station 3 (Yaye orchard), station 9 (Gougni), station 4 (Madiogo), station 5 (Madiogo pasture), and station 6 (Ziam 3). It varies significantly between 15.76% in station 8 and 25.77% in station 3, between 8.48% in B. truncatus and 25.53% in B. globosus, and between 19.27% for cercariae of Schistosoma spp and 21.60% for those of F. gigantica. Cercarial emissions in L. natalensis and B. pfeifferi were higher in hot and cold dry seasons; on the other hand, cercarial emissions in B. globosus were higher in hot dry seasons (31.48%) and rainy seasons (23.38%). Emissions of cercariae from S. haematobium are related to areas of human activity and defecation, while those of F. gigantica in L. natalensis, Schistosoma haematobium in B. tropicus, and S. mansoni in B. pfeifferi are related to grazing areas. Mayo-Vreck is a site that favors the endemicity of fascioliasis and human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Siama
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Pathology, School of Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Serges Eteme Enama
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Justin Kalmobe
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Pathology, School of Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Abah
- Special Mission of Tse-Tse Flies Eradication, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Angele Foutchou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
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Chaves CF, Sabino-Santos G, Cedraz FMA, Santos-Muccillo P, Filho JR, Zanardi VS, Moretto VT, Santos APC, Simões F, Barbosa LM, Silva LK, Reis MG, Blanton RE. Evidence for local transmission and maintenance of schistosomiasis in an urban neighbourhood in Northeast Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3153-3159. [PMID: 36057790 PMCID: PMC11013574 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a tropical neglected disease commonly associated with rural areas; however, urban schistosomiasis has been reported worldwide, and increasing urbanization is one of the most important demographic shifts of the 20th and now 21st centuries. The pattern of urbanization is not uniform so that within the same city the rates and sources of population increase vary. Here, we report on the parasite composition in one neighbourhood in the metropolitan area of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Using epidemiological data and population genetics, we find evidence for local transmission and maintenance of Schistosoma mansoni infection within an urban population and little contribution from rural-urban migration. Our findings provide direction for local mitigation strategies and to assist the public living in this neighbourhood to interrupt the local transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila F. Chaves
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Sabino-Santos
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Centre for Virology Research, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Ricardo Filho
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S. Zanardi
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Vanessa T. Moretto
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Simões
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Centre for Zoonoses Control, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lucio M. Barbosa
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luciano K. Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Ronald E. Blanton
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
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Pena RV, Machado RC, Caixeta MB, Araújo PS, de Oliveira EC, da Silva SM, Rocha TL. Lauric acid bilayer-functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles disrupt early development of freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818). Acta Trop 2022; 229:106362. [PMID: 35150640 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been indicated for the control of parasites and intermediate hosts, as well as applications in several sectors of nanomedicine. However, knowledge regarding its toxicity, mechanisms of action and the role of functionalization in gastropods that act as intermediate hosts of neglected disease parasites is still scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of lauric acid bilayer-functionalized IONPs (LA-IONPs), lauric acid isolated (LA) and iron ions in embryos and newly-hatched Biomphalaria glabrata. The snails were exposed to different concentrations of IONPs, LA and iron ions (1.0-97.65 mg L-1) during 144 h (embryos) and 96 h (newly-hatched) and multiple parameters were analyzed, such as mortality, hatching rate, developmental delay, and morphological changes. The results showed that both iron forms (LA-IONPs and iron ions) and LA promoted mortality, hatching inhibition and morphological changes in snail embryos in a concentration-dependent patterns. Embryos also showed iron bioaccumulation after exposure to both iron forms. High toxicity was observed in newly-hatched snails compared to embryos, indicating the protective role of ovigerous masses during the early developmental stages. LA induced high developmental toxicity compared to LA-IONPs and iron ions. Results showed the molluscicide activity of LA-IONPs and isolated LA, indicating their potential use as molluscicide in the snail control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Veloso Pena
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás CEP 74605050, Brazil
| | - Rafael Cosme Machado
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás CEP 74605050, Brazil
| | - Maxwell Batista Caixeta
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás CEP 74605050, Brazil
| | - Paula Sampaio Araújo
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás CEP 74605050, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás CEP 74605050, Brazil.
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Bisetegn H, Eshetu T, Erkihun Y. Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection among children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2021; 7:30. [PMID: 34847958 PMCID: PMC8638414 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-021-00156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by mainly Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma hematobium. The disease is very common in Africa including Ethiopia. Schistosoma mansoni is a major public health problem in Ethiopia especially among children. This review is aimed to indicate the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni among children at the national and regional levels. METHODS AND MATERIAL The PRISMA guidelines were followed. An electronic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE, and Google search were carried out using key terms. Articles published from the proceeding of professional associations such as the Ethiopian medical laboratory association, the Ethiopian public health association, and annual national research conferences were also searched to find additional eligible studies. Data were extracted independently by two investigators, and cross-checked by a third reviewer. The quality of included studies was assessed using JBI quality assessment criteria. Data were extracted using Microsoft excel and finally analyzed using STATA version 12. The pooled prevalence was done using a random-effects model. RESULT Overall 49 studies involving 20,493 children (10,572 male and 9, 921 females) were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection was 37.13% (95%CI:30.02-44.24). High heterogeneity was observed with I2 of 99.4%, P < 0.000. According to subgroup analysis, the pooled prevalence was high in the SNNPR (41.49%: 95%CI: 19.52-63.46) followed by the Amhara region (41.11%: 95%CI: 30.41-51.8), the Tigray region (31.40%: 95%CI:11.72-51.09), and the Oromia region (28.98%: 95%CI: 18.85-39.1). Year from 2011 to 2015 contributed to the highest prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection among children (46.31%: 95%:34.21-59.05). CONCLUSION This study revealed a 37.13% prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection among children. This is an alert to improve and implement appropriate control strategies such as mass drug administration in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtye Bisetegn
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Tegegne Eshetu
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, Department of Medical Parasitology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Erkihun
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Chala B, Hamde F. Emerging and Re-emerging Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases and the Challenges for Control: A Review. Front Public Health 2021; 9:715759. [PMID: 34676194 PMCID: PMC8524040 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.715759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne emerging and re-emerging diseases pose considerable public health problem worldwide. Some of these diseases are emerging and/or re-emerging at increasing rates and appeared in new regions in the past two decades. Studies emphasized that the interactions among pathogens, hosts, and the environment play a key role for the emergence or re-emergence of these diseases. Furthermore, social and demographic factors such as human population growth, urbanization, globalization, trade exchange and travel and close interactions with livestock have significantly been linked with the emergence and/or re-emergence of vector-borne diseases. Other studies emphasize the ongoing evolution of pathogens, proliferation of reservoir populations, and antimicrobial drug use to be the principal exacerbating forces for emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne infectious diseases. Still other studies equivocally claim that climate change has been associated with appearance and resurgence of vector-borne infectious diseases. Despite the fact that many important emerging and re-emerging vector-borne infectious diseases are becoming better controlled, our success in stopping the many new appearing and resurging vector-borne infectious diseases that may happen in the future seems to be uncertain. Hence, this paper reviews and synthesizes the existing literature to explore global patterns of emerging and re-emerging vector-borne infections and the challenges for their control. It also attempts to give insights to the epidemiological profile of major vector-borne diseases including Zika fever, dengue, West Nile fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Chikungunya, Yellow fever, and Rift Valley fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayissa Chala
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Feyissa Hamde
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
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Mesquita SG, Neves FGDS, Scholte RGC, Carvalho ODS, Fonseca CT, Caldeira RL. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for Schistosoma mansoni detection in Biomphalaria spp. from schistosomiasis-endemic areas in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:388. [PMID: 34362440 PMCID: PMC8343921 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04888-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis a neglected tropical disease endemic in Brazil. It is caused by the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, which is transmitted by snails of the genus Biomphalaria. Among measures used to control and eliminate schistosomiasis, accurate mapping and monitoring of snail breeding sites are recommended. Despite the limitations of parasitological methods, they are still used to identify infected snails. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic method for the identification of infected snails. In the work reported here, we aimed to validate the use of LAMP for the detection of S. mansoni in snails of the genus Biomphalaria. METHODS Snails were collected in five municipalities of the Mucuri Valley and Jequitinhonha Valley regions in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Snails were pooled according to collection site and then squeezed for the detection of S. mansoni and other trematode larvae. Pooled snails were subjected to pepsin digestion and DNA extraction. Molecular assays were performed for species-specific identification and characterization of the samples. A previously described LAMP assay was adapted, evaluated, and validated using laboratory and field samples. RESULTS Using the parasitological method described here, S. mansoni cercariae were detected in snails from two collection sites, and cercariae of the family Spirorchiidae were found in snails from one site. The snails were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Biomphalaria glabrata, the main snail host of S. mansoni in Brazil, was detected in 72.2% of the collection sites. Biomphalaria kuhniana, which is resistant to S. mansoni infection, was found in the remaining sites. Multiplex, low stringency (LS), and conventional PCR allowed the detection of positive snails in four additional sites. Trematodes belonging to the families Strigeidae and Echinostomatidae were detected by multiplex PCR in two sites. The LAMP assay was effective in detecting the presence of S. mansoni infection in laboratory (7 days post-infection) and field samples with no cross-reactivity for other trematodes. When compared to LS and conventional PCR, LAMP showed 100% specificity, 85.7% sensitivity, and a κ index of 0.88. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that LAMP is a good alternative method for the detection and monitoring of transmission foci of S. mansoni, as it was three times as effective as the parasitological examination used here for the detection of infection, and is more directly applicable in the field than other molecular techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gonçalves Mesquita
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Floria Gabriela dos Santos Neves
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Guilherme Carvalho Scholte
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Omar dos Santos Carvalho
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Cristina Toscano Fonseca
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia e Imunologia Parasitária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Roberta Lima Caldeira
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma and belongs to the neglected tropical diseases. The disease has been reported in 78 countries, with around 290.8 million people in need of treatment in 2018. Schistosomiasis is predominantly considered a rural disease with a subsequent focus of research and control activities in rural settings. Over the past decades, occurrence and even expansion of schistosomiasis foci in peri-urban and urban settings have increasingly been observed. Rural-urban migration in low- and middle-income countries and subsequent rapid and unplanned urbanization are thought to explain these observations. Fifty-five percent (55%) of the world population is already estimated to live in urban areas, with a projected increase to 68% by 2050. In light of rapid urbanization and the efforts to control morbidity and ultimately achieve elimination of schistosomiasis, it is important to deepen our understanding of the occurrence, prevalence, and transmission of schistosomiasis in urban and peri-urban settings. A systematic literature review looking at urban and peri-urban schistosomiasis was therefore carried out as a first step to address the research and mapping gap. METHODOLOGY Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic computer-aided literature review was carried out using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the World Health Organization Database in November 2019, which was updated in March 2020. Only papers for which at least the abstract was available in English were used. Relevant publications were screened, duplicates were removed, guidelines for eligibility were applied, and eligible studies were reviewed. Studies looking at human Schistosoma infections, prevalence, and intensity of infection in urban and peri-urban settings were included as well as those focusing on the intermediate host snails. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 248 publications met the inclusion criteria. The selected studies confirm that schistosomiasis is prevalent in peri-urban and urban areas in the countries assessed. Earlier studies report higher prevalence levels in urban settings compared to data extracted from more recent publications, yet the challenge of migration, rapid uncontrolled urbanization, and resulting poor living conditions highlight the potential for continuous or even newly established transmission to take place. CONCLUSIONS The review indicates that schistosomiasis has long existed in urban and peri-urban areas and remains a public health problem. There is, however, a challenge of comparability of settings due to the lack of a clear definition of what constitutes urban and peri-urban. There is a pressing need for improved monitoring of schistosomiasis in urban communities and consideration of treatment strategies.
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Bezerra DVF, Queiroz JW, Câmara VAV, Maciel BLL, Nascimento ELT, Jerônimo SMB. Factors Associated with Schistosoma mansoni Infestation in Northeast Brazil: A Need to Revisit Individual and Community Risk Factors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1404-1411. [PMID: 33591939 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, schistosomiasis continues to be an important health issue. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with Schistosoma mansoni infestation. A cross-sectional study was performed to assess factors associated with S. mansoni endemicity in a municipality in Northeast Brazil with a history of reporting schistosomiasis. Participants were divided into four groups: 1) new S. mansoni cases (n = 44), 2) past history of S. mansoni treatment (n = 78), 3) immediate neighbors (n = 158), and 4) nearby controls (n = 35). Multiple comparisons analysis was performed. Subjects had a mean of 6.6 ± 3.9 years of education, and no difference was observed regarding family income (one-way ANOVA, P = 0.215). A total of 95.9% of the individuals had rudimentary cesspit as sanitary wastewater. The mean body mass index was 28.3 ± 5.1, with 41.0% and 24.1% overweight and obesity, respectively. Of note, 28.9% of adults had hypertension. Hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were higher in the recent S. mansoni treated group (Wilks' lambda, P < 0.001). Male gender was more prevalent in new S. mansoni cases (likelihood ratio, P < 0.001), close proximity to water collections was a risk for S. mansoni infestation (likelihood ratio, P < 0.001), and a better hematological status was observed in individuals recently treated with praziquantel. This study indicates the need to maintain surveillance for S. mansoni in low-transmission areas and the need to establish community-based interventions to control transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle V F Bezerra
- 1Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,2Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - José W Queiroz
- 1Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,3Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Victor A V Câmara
- 1Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Bruna L L Maciel
- 2Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,4Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Eliana L T Nascimento
- 1Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,5Department of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Selma M B Jerônimo
- 1Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,2Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,3Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,6Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases, INCT-DT, Salvador, Brazil
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Hailegebriel T, Nibret E, Munshea A. Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Snail Intermediate Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:8850840. [PMID: 32963554 PMCID: PMC7492904 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8850840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Africa. These schistosome parasites use freshwater snail intermediate hosts to complete their lifecycle. Varied prevalence rates of these parasites in the snail intermediate hosts were reported from several African countries, but there were no summarized data for policymakers. Therefore, this study was aimed to systematically summarize the prevalence and geographical distribution of S. mansoni and S. haematobium among freshwater snails in Africa. METHODS Literature search was carried out from PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus which reported the prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium among freshwater snails in Africa. The pooled prevalence was determined using a random-effect model, while heterogeneities between studies were evaluated by I 2 test. The meta-analyses were conducted using Stata software, metan command. RESULTS A total of 273,643 snails were examined for the presence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium cercaria in the eligible studies. The pooled prevalence of schistosome cercaria among freshwater snails was 5.5% (95% CI: 4.9-6.1%). The pooled prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium cercaria was 5.6% (95% CI: 4.9-6.3%) and 5.2% (95% CI: 4.6-5.7%), respectively. The highest pooled prevalence was observed from Nigeria (19.0%; 95% CI: 12.7-25.3%), while the lowest prevalence was reported from Chad (0.05%; 95% CI: 0.03-0.13). Higher prevalence of schistosome cercaria was observed from Bulinus globosus (12.3%; 95% CI: 6.2-18.3%) followed by Biomphalaria sudanica (6.7%; 95% CI: 4.5-9.0%) and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (5.1%; 95% CI: 4.1-6.2%). The pooled prevalence of schistosome cercaria obtained using PCR was 26.7% in contrast to 4.5% obtained by shedding cercariae. CONCLUSION This study revealed that nearly 6% of freshwater snails in Africa were infected by either S. haematobium or S. mansoni. The high prevalence of schistosomes among freshwater snails highlights the importance of appropriate snail control strategies in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamirat Hailegebriel
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Endalkachew Nibret
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Abaineh Munshea
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Silva LK, Barbosa LM, Kovach JD, Dos Santos Teixeira R, Soares ÊS, Cardoso CW, Marques RVM, Dos Santos TP, G Reis M, Blanton RE. The changing profile of schistosomiasis in a changing urban landscape. Int J Parasitol 2019; 50:27-34. [PMID: 31783024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since 2007, most of humanity resides in urban areas, a trend which continues worldwide. Diseases usually associated with rural contexts are now emerging or newly recognised in cities. In the neighbourhood of São Bartolomeu in Salvador, Brazil, the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in 2011 was >20%. Following enrollment and treatment of a portion of the community, ~25% of the area underwent urban renewal. In 2015, we returned to enrol individuals who had previously participated and a cohort that had not taken part in 2011. Thus, infected individuals in one group experienced specific drug treatment plus improved living conditions and the second group only improved living conditions. Between 2011 and 2015 there were no organised treatment programs, but adequate sanitation increased from 69% to 92% coverage, household flooding decreased, and the presence of indoor toilets increased to 99% of households. Ownership of household appliances also increased significantly. The overall prevalence of schistosome infections was 6.2%. In 2015, the cohort first seen in 2011 had a higher prevalence (8.7%) than those first seen in 2015 (4.8%) and showed a few demographic differences. The 2011 cohort was older, more likely born in Salvador, less likely to have lived outside of Salvador, spent a greater percentage of their lifetime in Salvador, but more likely to have travelled. The population structure of the parasites from both cohorts underwent a marked change with similar increased component and infrapopulation differentiation and >10 fold decrease in effective population size. There was a 4-5 year shift in age-specific prevalence in 2015 for all compared with 2011. While praziquantel may have helped reduce prevalence, our evidence suggests that the structural changes and improvements in living conditions had the biggest impact on schistosomiasis in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano K Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lúcio M Barbosa
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey D Kovach
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ronald E Blanton
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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16
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Blanton RE. Population Structure and Dynamics of Helminthic Infection: Schistosomiasis. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.ame-0009-2019. [PMID: 31325285 PMCID: PMC6650164 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ame-0009-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While disease and outbreaks are mainly clonal for bacteria and other asexually reproducing organisms, sexual reproduction in schistosomes and other helminths usually results in unique individuals. For sexually reproducing organisms, the traits conserved in clones will instead be conserved in the group of organisms that tends to breed together, the population. While the same tools are applied to characterize DNA, how results are interpreted can be quite different at times (see another article in this collection, http://www.asmscience.org/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.AME-0002-2018). It is difficult to know what the real effect any control program has on the parasite population without assessing the health of this population, how they respond to the control measure, and how they recover, if they do. This review, part of the Microbiology Spectrum Curated Collection: Advances in Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, concentrates on one approach using pooled samples to study schistosome populations and shows how this and other approaches have contributed to our understanding of this parasite family's biology and epidemiology. *This article is part of a curated collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Blanton
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44120
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17
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Gichuki PM, Kepha S, Mulewa D, Masaku J, Kwoba C, Mbugua G, Mazigo HD, Mwandawiro C. Association between Schistosoma mansoni infection and access to improved water and sanitation facilities in Mwea, Kirinyaga County, Kenya. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:503. [PMID: 31174478 PMCID: PMC6556037 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis remains a public health problem in Central Kenya despite concerted control efforts. Access to improved water and sanitation has been emphasized as important control measures. Few studies have assessed the association between access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities with Schistosoma mansoni infection in different environmental settings. This study assessed the association between S. mansoni infection and household access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities in Mwea, Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted between the months of August and October 2017. A total of 905 household heads from seven villages were interviewed and their stool samples screened for S. mansoni using the Kato Katz technique. Comparisons of demographic factors by S. mansoni infection were tested for significance using the chi-square test (χ2) or the Fisher exact test for categorical variables. Variables associated with S. mansoni infection were analyzed using univariable analysis and the strength of the association measured as odds ratio (OR) using mixed effects logistic regression at 95% CI, with values considered significant at p < 0.05. Results The overall prevalence of S. mansoni was, 23.1% (95% CI: 20.5–26.0%), with majority of the infections being of light intensity. Rurumi village had the highest prevalence at 33.3%, with Kirogo village having the least prevalence at 7.0%. Majority (84.1%) of the households lacked access to improved water sources but had access to improved sanitation facilities (75%). Households with access to piped water had the lowest S. mansoni infections. However, there was no significant association between S. mansoni infections with either the main source of water in the household (Odds Ratio (OR) =0.782 (95% CI: 0.497–1.229) p = 0.285 or sanitation facilities (OR = 1.018 (95% CI: 0.705–1.469) p = 0.926. Conclusion Our study suggests that S. mansoni is still a public health problem among all age groups in Mwea irrigation scheme, Kirinyaga County, Central Kenya. Majority of the households lacks access to improved water sources but have access to improved sanitation facilities. This study recommends initiatives to ensure adequate provision of improved water sources, and the inclusion of the adult community in preventive chemotherapy programs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4105-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Gichuki
- Eastern and Southern Africa Center for International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O BOX 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya. .,School of Health Sciences, Meru University of Science and Technology, P.O BOX 972-60200, Meru, Kenya.
| | - Stella Kepha
- London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London, WCIE 7HT, UK.,School of Public Health, Pwani University, P.O BOX 195-80108, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Damaris Mulewa
- Eastern and Southern Africa Center for International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O BOX 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Janet Masaku
- Eastern and Southern Africa Center for International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O BOX 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Celestine Kwoba
- Vectorborne diseases Control Unit, Ministry of Health, P.o box 86-10303, Wanguru, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Mbugua
- School of Health Sciences, Meru University of Science and Technology, P.O BOX 972-60200, Meru, Kenya
| | - Humphrey D Mazigo
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Charles Mwandawiro
- Eastern and Southern Africa Center for International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O BOX 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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