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Suzuki SS, Baba YG, Toju H. Dynamics of species-rich predator-prey networks and seasonal alternations of core species. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1432-1443. [PMID: 37460838 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
In nature, entangled webs of predator-prey interactions constitute the backbones of ecosystems. Uncovering the network architecture of such trophic interactions has been recognized as the essential step for exploring species with great impacts on ecosystem-level phenomena and functions. However, it has remained a major challenge to reveal how species-rich networks of predator-prey interactions are continually reshaped through time in the wild. Here, we show that dynamics of species-rich predator-prey interactions can be characterized by remarkable network structural changes and alternations of species with greatest impacts on community processes. On the basis of high-throughput detection of prey DNA from 1,556 spider individuals collected in a grassland ecosystem, we reconstructed dynamics of interaction networks involving, in total, 50 spider species and 974 prey species and strains through 8 months. The networks were compartmentalized into modules (groups) of closely interacting predators and prey in each month. Those modules differed in detritus/grazing food chain properties, forming complex fission-fusion dynamics of belowground and aboveground energy channels across the seasons. The substantial shifts of network structure entailed alternations of spider species located at the core positions within the entangled webs of interactions. These results indicate that knowledge of dynamically shifting food webs is crucial for understanding temporally varying roles of 'core species' in ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka S Suzuki
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan.
| | - Yuki G Baba
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan.
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2
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Hsu G. An experimental framework for quantifying the degree of intraguild predation in omnivorous food webs in the field. J Zool (1987) 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G.‐C. Hsu
- Department of Life Science National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
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3
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Saqib HSA, Sun L, Pozsgai G, Liang P, You M, Gurr GM, You S. DNA metabarcoding of gut contents reveals key habitat and seasonal drivers of trophic networks involving generalist predators in agricultural landscapes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:5390-5401. [PMID: 36057113 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the networks of trophic interactions into which generalist predators are embedded is key to assessing their ecological role of in trophic networks and the biological control services they provide. The advent of affordable DNA metabarcoding approaches greatly facilitates quantitative understanding of trophic networks and their response to environmental drivers. Here, we examine how key environmental gradients interact to shape predation by Lycosidae in highly dynamic vegetable growing systems in China. RESULTS For the sampled Lycosidae, crop identity, pesticide use and seasons shape the abundance of prey detected in spider guts. For the taxonomic richness of prey, local- and landscape-scale factors gradients were more influential. Multivariate ordinations confirm that these crop-abundant spiders dynamically adjust their diet to reflect environmental constraints and seasonal availability to prey. CONCLUSION Plasticity in diet composition is likely to account for the persistence of spiders in relatively ephemeral brassica crops. Our findings provide further insights into the optimization of habitat management for predator-based biological control practices. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Sohaib Ahmed Saqib
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Linyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gabor Pozsgai
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Azorean Biodiversity Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Pingping Liang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Geoff M Gurr
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Graham Centre, Charles Sturt University, Orange, Australia
| | - Shijun You
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- BGI-Sanya, Sanya, China
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4
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Cuff JP, Kitson JJN, Hemprich-Bennett D, Tercel MPTG, Browett SS, Evans DM. The predator problem and PCR primers in molecular dietary analysis: swamped or silenced; depth or breadth? Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 23:41-51. [PMID: 36017818 PMCID: PMC10087656 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary metabarcoding has vastly improved our ability to analyse the diets of animals, but it is hampered by a plethora of technical limitations including potentially reduced data output due to the disproportionate amplification of the DNA of the focal predator, here termed 'the predator problem'. We review the various methods commonly used to overcome this problem, from deeper sequencing to exclusion of predator DNA during PCR, and how they may interfere with increasingly common multi-predator-taxon studies. We suggest that multi-primer approaches with an emphasis on achieving both depth and breadth of prey detections may overcome the issue to some extent, although multi-taxon studies require further consideration, as highlighted by an empirical example. We also review several alternative methods for reducing the prevalence of predator DNA that are conceptually promising but require additional empirical examination. The predator problem is a key constraint on molecular dietary analyses but, through this synthesis, we hope to guide researchers in overcoming this in an effective and pragmatic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P Cuff
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James J N Kitson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Maximillian P T G Tercel
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, La Profonde Rue, Trinity, Jersey, JE3 5BP, Channel Islands
| | - Samuel S Browett
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Darren M Evans
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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5
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Kuile AM, Apigo A, Bui A, DiFiore B, Forbes ES, Lee M, Orr D, Preston DL, Behm R, Bogar T, Childress J, Dirzo R, Klope M, Lafferty KD, McLaughlin J, Morse M, Motta C, Park K, Plummer K, Weber D, Young R, Young H. Predator–prey interactions of terrestrial invertebrates are determined by predator body size and species identity. Ecology 2022; 103:e3634. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Miller‐ter Kuile
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - Austen Apigo
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - An Bui
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - Bartholomew DiFiore
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Forbes
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - Michelle Lee
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - Devyn Orr
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - Daniel L. Preston
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado United States
| | - Rachel Behm
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - Taylor Bogar
- School of Biological Sciences University of Hong Kong Hong Kong HK
| | - Jasmine Childress
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - Rodolfo Dirzo
- Department of Biology Stanford University, Gilbert Biology Building, 371 Jane Stanford Way Stanford California United States
| | - Maggie Klope
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - Kevin D. Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center U.S. Geological Survey, at Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara United States
| | - John McLaughlin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - Marisa Morse
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - Carina Motta
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - Kevin Park
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - Katherine Plummer
- Department of Biology Stanford University, Gilbert Biology Building, 371 Jane Stanford Way Stanford California United States
| | - David Weber
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens Georgia United States
| | - Ronny Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
| | - Hillary Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States
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6
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Rodrigues I, Ramos V, Benhadi-Marín J, Moreno A, Fereres A, Pereira JA, Baptista P. A novel molecular diagnostic method for the gut content analysis of Philaenus DNA. Sci Rep 2022; 12:492. [PMID: 35017549 PMCID: PMC8752687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Philaenus spumarius is a vector of Xylella fastidiosa, one of the most dangerous plants pathogenic bacteria worldwide. There is currently no control measure against this pathogen. Thus, the development of vector control strategies, like generalist predators, such as spiders, could be essential to limit the spread of this vector-borne pathogen. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach was developed to principally detect DNA of P. spumarius in the spider's gut. Accordingly, 20 primer pairs, targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (cytB) genes, were tested for specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency in detecting P. spumarius DNA. Overall, two primer sets, targeting COI gene (COI_Ph71F/COI_Ph941R) and the cytB gene (cytB_Ph85F/cytB_Ph635R), showed the highest specificity and sensitivity, being able to amplify 870 pb and 550 bp fragments, respectively, with P. spumarius DNA concentrations 100-fold lower than that of the DNA of non-target species. Among these two primer sets, the cytB_Ph85F/cytB_Ph635R was able to detect P. spumarius in the spider Xysticus acerbus, reaching 50% detection success 82 h after feeding. The feasibility of this primer set to detect predation of P. spumarius by spiders was confirmed in the field, where 20% of the collected spiders presented positive amplifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal.,Departamento de Ingeniería Agrária, Universidad de Léon, Av. Portugal, n° 41, 24071, Léon, Spain
| | - Vítor Ramos
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Jacinto Benhadi-Marín
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Aránzazu Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA-CSIC), C/Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA-CSIC), C/Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alberto Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Paula Baptista
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal.
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7
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Ollivier M, Lesieur V, Tavoillot J, Bénetière F, Tixier M, Martin J. An innovative approach combining metabarcoding and ecological interaction networks for selecting candidate biological control agents. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Ollivier
- CBGP Montpellier SupAgro INRAE CIRAD IRD Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Vincent Lesieur
- CBGP Montpellier SupAgro INRAE CIRAD IRD Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity European Laboratory Montferrier sur Lez France
| | - Johannes Tavoillot
- CBGP IRD CIRAD INRAE Montpellier SupAgro Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Fanny Bénetière
- CBGP Montpellier SupAgro INRAE CIRAD IRD Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
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8
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Strydom T, Catchen MD, Banville F, Caron D, Dansereau G, Desjardins-Proulx P, Forero-Muñoz NR, Higino G, Mercier B, Gonzalez A, Gravel D, Pollock L, Poisot T. A roadmap towards predicting species interaction networks (across space and time). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20210063. [PMID: 34538135 PMCID: PMC8450634 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Networks of species interactions underpin numerous ecosystem processes, but comprehensively sampling these interactions is difficult. Interactions intrinsically vary across space and time, and given the number of species that compose ecological communities, it can be tough to distinguish between a true negative (where two species never interact) from a false negative (where two species have not been observed interacting even though they actually do). Assessing the likelihood of interactions between species is an imperative for several fields of ecology. This means that to predict interactions between species-and to describe the structure, variation, and change of the ecological networks they form-we need to rely on modelling tools. Here, we provide a proof-of-concept, where we show how a simple neural network model makes accurate predictions about species interactions given limited data. We then assess the challenges and opportunities associated with improving interaction predictions, and provide a conceptual roadmap forward towards predictive models of ecological networks that is explicitly spatial and temporal. We conclude with a brief primer on the relevant methods and tools needed to start building these models, which we hope will guide this research programme forward. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Strydom
- Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada H2V 0B3
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montréal, Canada
| | - Michael D. Catchen
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montréal, Canada
- McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Francis Banville
- Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada H2V 0B3
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montréal, Canada
- Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Dominique Caron
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montréal, Canada
- McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Gabriel Dansereau
- Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada H2V 0B3
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montréal, Canada
| | - Philippe Desjardins-Proulx
- Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada H2V 0B3
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montréal, Canada
| | - Norma R. Forero-Muñoz
- Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada H2V 0B3
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Benjamin Mercier
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montréal, Canada
- Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Andrew Gonzalez
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montréal, Canada
- McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montréal, Canada
- Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Laura Pollock
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montréal, Canada
- McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Timothée Poisot
- Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada H2V 0B3
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montréal, Canada
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9
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Yang T, Song X, Xu X, Zhou C, Shi A. A comparative analysis of spider prey spectra analyzed through the next-generation sequencing of individual and mixed DNA samples. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15444-15454. [PMID: 34765189 PMCID: PMC8571630 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most abundant predators of insects in terrestrial ecosystems, spiders have long received much attention from agricultural scientists and ecologists. Do spiders have a certain controlling effect on the main insect pests of concern in farmland ecosystems? Answering this question requires us to fully understand the prey spectrum of spiders. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been successfully employed to analyze spider prey spectra. However, the high sequencing costs make it difficult to analyze the prey spectrum of various spider species with large samples in a given farmland ecosystem. We performed a comparative analysis of the prey spectra of Ovia alboannulata (Araneae, Lycosidae) using NGS with individual and mixed DNA samples to demonstrate which treatment was better for determining the spider prey spectra in the field. We collected spider individuals from tea plantations, and two treatments were then carried out: (1) The DNA was extracted from the spiders individually and then sequenced separately (DESISS) and (2) the DNA was extracted from the spiders individually and then mixed and sequenced (DESIMS). The results showed that the number of prey families obtained by the DESISS treatment was approximately twice that obtained by the DESIMS treatment. Therefore, the DESIMS treatment greatly underestimated the prey composition of the spiders, although its sequencing costs were obviously lower. However, the relative abundance of prey sequences detected in the two treatments was slightly different only at the family level. Therefore, we concluded that if our purpose were to obtain the most accurate prey spectrum of the spiders, the DESISS treatment would be the best choice. However, if our purpose were to obtain only the relative abundance of prey sequences of the spiders, the DESIMS treatment would also be an option. The present study provides an important reference for choosing applicable methods to analyze the prey spectra and food web compositions of animal in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingbang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Institute of EcologyChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Xuhao Song
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Institute of EcologyChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Xiaoqin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Institute of EcologyChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Caiquan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Institute of EcologyChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Aimin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
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10
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Arnedo MA, Hormiga G. Repeated colonization, adaptive radiation and convergent evolution in the sheet-weaving spiders (Linyphiidae) of the south Pacific Archipelago of Juan Fernandez. Cladistics 2021; 37:317-342. [PMID: 34478200 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the colonization and diversification of linyphiid spiders in the Pacific oceanic archipelago of Juan Fernandez. About 50 spider species occur naturally in these islands, most of them endemic and about half of them are linyphiids. Linyphiidae includes no fewer than 15 species of Laminacauda and three of Neomaso (with several additional undescribed species in the latter genus), all of them single island endemics. There are three additional linyphiid endemic genera, two monotypic and one, Juanfernandezia, with two species. Unlike the rather uniform somatic morphology and small ground sheet webs of the continental Laminacauda and Neomaso species, the Juan Fernandez endemics exhibit morphological features and life history traits that are very rare or unknown in any other linyphiids. A multi-locus phylogenetic analysis confirms at least five independent Juan Fernandez colonizations of Linyphiidae, two within the same genus, and three of which underwent subsequent local diversification. Different calibrations suggest alternative colonization timelines, some at odds with island ages, but all agree on similar diversification timings of the endemic lineages. Rare phenotypic traits (e.g. gigantism, massive chelicerae or elongated legs) evolved multiple times independently within the islands. Based on the remarkable levels of eco-phenotypic differentiation in locally diversified species showing densely packed distributions, we propose that Laminacauda, and probably Neomaso, constitute a case of adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel A Arnedo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology & Environmental Sciences and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052, USA
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11
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Kraft LJ, Sit TL, Diepenbrock LM, Ashrafi H, Aryal R, Fernandez GE, Burrack HJ. Detection of Fruit Meals Within Laboratory-Raised and Field-Trapped Adult Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Guts. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.719645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The feeding habits of adult Brachycera are understudied and may provide important context for understanding invasive pest biology, as with the polyphagous small fruit pest Drosophila suzukii. We developed molecular methods to study adult D. suzukii gut content in order to understand its feeding habits. We designed and verified two primer pairs specific for either blueberries or blackberries and used a qPCR melt curve analysis to determine whether we can detect the presence or absence of berry feeding by adult flies. In a laboratory assay, the blueberry fly meal DNA can be detected for longer periods than the blackberry meal DNA. Generally, female gut contents are less variable than male gut contents. We also tested recently emerged flies that were not fed as adults but developed as larvae in either blueberries or blackberries. Some adult flies from each fruit had detectable fruit DNA in their gut, which could be due to pupal meconium feeding after emergence. Next, we aimed to test the primers in the field to develop techniques to track fruit feeding by D. suzukii in its natural field environment. First, to identify the most appropriate collection method, we determined how long we could detect fruit DNA, using previously developed primers within D. suzukii gut preserved in four types of trap fluid in the laboratory. The likelihood of detecting blackberry DNA differed by day, trap fluid, and between sexes. For the blueberry primer, the possibility of detecting blueberry DNA differed by trap fluid only. Based on those results, we used RV antifreeze with a Scentry SWD lure in field trials at two research station locations, one containing blackberries and one with blueberries. We established transects away from each fruit planting and collected up to 120 total flies at each point along transects. There were no significant differences in the number of flies containing berry DNA among collection points along the transect in both locations. These results suggest that adult flies move between crop and non-crop habitats and may not be highly dependent on fruit food resources.
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12
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Tyagi K, Tyagi I, Kumar V. Interspecific variation and functional traits of the gut microbiome in spiders from the wild: The largest effort so far. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251790. [PMID: 34288947 PMCID: PMC8294503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiders being one of the most diverse group in phylum arthropod are of great importance due to their role as predators, silk producer, and in medicinal applications. Spiders in prey-predator relationships play a crucial role in balancing the food-chain of any ecosystem; therefore it is essential to characterize the gut microbiota of spiders collected from natural environments. In the present work, the largest effort so far has been made to characterize the gut microbiota of 35 spider species belonging to four different families using 16S amplicon targeting sequencing. Further, we compared the gut microbiota composition including endosymbiont abundance in spider species collected from different geographical locations. The results obtained revealed the presence of genera like Acinetobacter (15%), V7clade (9%), Wolbachia (8%), Pseudomonas (5%), Bacillus (6%). Although comparative analysis revealed that the gut bacterial composition in all the spider families has a similar pattern, in terms of community richness and evenness. The bacterial diversity in the spider family, Lycosidae are more diverse than in Salticidae, Tetragnathidae and Araneidae. Furthermore, it was observed that the abundance of endosymbiont genera, i.e. Wolbachia and Rickettsia, leads to shift in the abundance of other bacterial taxa and may cause sexual alterations in spider species. Moreover, predicted functional analysis based on PICRUSt2 reveals that gut microbiota of spider species were involved in functions like metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, amino acids; biosynthesis of organic compounds, fatty acids, lipids etc. Based on the results obtained, it can be said that different locations do not correlate with community composition of gut microbiota in spider species collected from natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaomud Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India
| | - Inderjeet Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India
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13
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Gremski LH, Matsubara FH, da Justa HC, Schemczssen-Graeff Z, Baldissera AB, Schluga PHDC, Leite IDO, Boia-Ferreira M, Wille ACM, Senff-Ribeiro A, Veiga SS. Brown spider venom toxins: what are the functions of astacins, serine proteases, hyaluronidases, allergens, TCTP, serpins and knottins? J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200188. [PMID: 34377142 PMCID: PMC8314928 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Accidents caused by the bites of brown spiders (Loxosceles) generate a clinical condition that often includes a threatening necrotic skin lesion near the bite site along with a remarkable inflammatory response. Systemic disorders such as hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure may occur, but are much less frequent than the local damage. It is already known that phospholipases D, highly expressed toxins in Loxosceles venom, can induce most of these injuries. However, this spider venom has a great range of toxins that probably act synergistically to enhance toxicity. The other protein classes remain poorly explored due to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient amounts of them for a thorough investigation. They include astacins (metalloproteases), serine proteases, knottins, translationally controlled tumor proteins (TCTP), hyaluronidases, allergens and serpins. It has already been shown that some of them, according to their characteristics, may participate to some extent in the development of loxoscelism. In addition, all of these toxins present potential application in several areas. The present review article summarizes information regarding some functional aspects of the protein classes listed above, discusses the directions that could be taken to materialize a comprehensive investigation on each of these toxins as well as highlights the importance of exploring the full venom repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Helena Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Hanna Câmara da Justa
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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14
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Sierra Ramírez D, Guevara G, Franco Pérez LM, van der Meijden A, González‐Gómez JC, Carlos Valenzuela‐Rojas J, Prada Quiroga CF. Deciphering the diet of a wandering spider ( Phoneutria boliviensis; Araneae: Ctenidae) by DNA metabarcoding of gut contents. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5950-5965. [PMID: 34141195 PMCID: PMC8207164 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachnids are the most abundant land predators. Despite the importance of their functional roles as predators and the necessity to understand their diet for conservation, the trophic ecology of many arachnid species has not been sufficiently studied. In the case of the wandering spider, Phoneutria boliviensis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897, only field and laboratory observational studies on their diet exist. By using a DNA metabarcoding approach, we compared the prey found in the gut content of males and females from three distant Colombian populations of P. boliviensis. By DNA metabarcoding of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), we detected and identified 234 prey items (individual captured by the spider) belonging to 96 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), as prey for this wandering predator. Our results broaden the known diet of P. boliviensis with at least 75 prey taxa not previously registered in fieldwork or laboratory experimental trials. These results suggest that P. boliviensis feeds predominantly on invertebrates (Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera) and opportunistically on small squamates. Intersex and interpopulation differences were also observed. Assuming that prey preference does not vary between populations, these differences are likely associated with a higher local prey availability. Finally, we suggest that DNA metabarcoding can be used for evaluating subtle differences in the diet of distinct populations of P. boliviensis, particularly when predation records in the field cannot be established or quantified using direct observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sierra Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación Biología y Ecología de Artrópodos (BEA)Corporación HuilturNeiva, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad del TolimaIbaguéColombia
| | - Giovany Guevara
- Grupo de Investigación en Zoología (GIZ)Facultad de CienciasUniversidad del TolimaIbaguéColombia
| | | | - Arie van der Meijden
- Grupo de Investigación Biología y Ecología de Artrópodos (BEA)Corporación HuilturNeiva, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad del TolimaIbaguéColombia
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic ResourcesInBIOUniversidade do PortoVairãoVila do CondePortugal
| | - Julio César González‐Gómez
- Grupo de Investigación Biología y Ecología de Artrópodos (BEA)Corporación HuilturNeiva, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad del TolimaIbaguéColombia
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y MatemáticasUniversidad de IbaguéIbaguéColombia
| | - Juan Carlos Valenzuela‐Rojas
- Grupo de Investigación Biología y Ecología de Artrópodos (BEA)Corporación HuilturNeiva, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad del TolimaIbaguéColombia
- Programa de Licenciatura en Ciencias Naturales y Educación AmbientalFacultad de EducaciónUniversidad SurcolombianaNeivaColombia
| | - Carlos Fernando Prada Quiroga
- Grupo de Investigación Biología y Ecología de Artrópodos (BEA)Corporación HuilturNeiva, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad del TolimaIbaguéColombia
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15
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Gajski D, Pekár S. Assessment of the biocontrol potential of natural enemies against psyllid populations in a pear tree orchard during spring. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2358-2366. [PMID: 33415804 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern pest control management systems are based on the support of naturally occurring arthropod predators, as it has been shown that such predators offer an important ecosystem service. However, most naturally occurring arthropod predators are generalists (euryphagous). Their role in the biological control of specific pests has been recognized but remains poorly studied. Here, we focused on the naturally occurring arthropod predators of psyllids - the main insect pest of pear trees. We investigated the abundance of psyllids and all of their potential enemies in an abandoned pear orchard on a weekly basis from early spring to early summer. In addition, employing polymerase chain reaction diagnostics and specific primers, we investigated the predation rate on psyllids in all predators collected. RESULTS We found four predatory groups: spiders were the most abundant (60%, N = 756), followed by coccinellid beetles, anthocorid bugs and cantharid beetles. Anthocorids and spiders had the highest predation rates among the predatory groups. Among spiders, >50% of foliage-dwelling spiders (belonging to the genera Philodromus and Clubiona; N = 206) were positive for psyllids and showed a numerical response to the abundance of psyllids. CONCLUSION We conclude that foliage-dwelling spiders are, of the four groups, the most important natural enemies of psyllids on pear trees during spring in Central Europe, as they outnumber specialized Anthocoris bugs. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Gajski
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stano Pekár
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Philpott SM, Lucatero A, Bichier P, Egerer MH, Jha S, Lin B, Liere H. Natural enemy-herbivore networks along local management and landscape gradients in urban agroecosystems. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02201. [PMID: 32578260 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecological networks can provide insight into how biodiversity loss and changes in species interactions impact the delivery of ecosystem services. In agroecosystems that vary in management practices, quantifying changes in ecological network structure across gradients of local and landscape composition can inform both the ecology and function of productive agroecosystems. In this study, we examined natural-enemy-herbivore co-occurrence networks associated with Brassica oleracea (cole crops), a common crop in urban agricultural systems. Specifically, we investigated how local management characteristics of urban community gardens and the landscape composition around them affect (1) the abundance of B. oleracea herbivores and their natural enemies, (2) the natural-enemy : herbivore ratio, and (3) natural-enemy-herbivore co-occurrence network metrics. We sampled herbivores and natural enemies in B. oleracea plants in 24 vegetable gardens in the California, USA central coast region. We also collected information on garden characteristics and land-use cover of the surrounding landscape (2 km radius). We found that increased floral richness and B. oleracea abundance were associated with increased parasitoid abundance, non-aphid herbivore abundance, and increased network vulnerability; increased vegetation complexity suppressed parasitoid abundance, but still boosted network vulnerability. High agricultural land-use cover in the landscape surrounding urban gardens was associated with lower predator, parasitoid, and non-aphid herbivore abundance, lower natural-enemy : herbivore ratios, lower interaction richness, and higher trophic complementarity. While we did not directly measure pest control, higher interaction richness, higher vulnerability, and lower trophic complementarity are associated with higher pest control services in other agroecosystems. Thus, if gardens function similarly to other agroecosystems, our results indicate that increasing vegetation complexity, including trees, shrubs, and plant richness, especially within gardens located in intensively farmed landscapes, could potentially enhance the biodiversity and abundance of natural enemies, supporting ecological networks associated with higher pest control services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Philpott
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
| | - Azucena Lucatero
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
| | - Peter Bichier
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
| | - Monika H Egerer
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
| | - Shalene Jha
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 205 W. 24th Street, 401 Biological Laboratories, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Brenda Lin
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, EcoSciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Heidi Liere
- Department of Environmental Studies, Seattle University, 901 12th Avenue, Casey 210, Washington, 98122, USA
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17
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Subrata SA, Siregar SRT, André A, Michaux JR. Identifying prey of the Javan mongoose (Urva javanica) in Java from fecal samples using next-generation sequencing. Mamm Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-020-00086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Kumar V, Tyagi I, Tyagi K, Chandra K. Diversity and Structure of Bacterial Communities in the Gut of Spider: Thomisidae and Oxyopidae. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.588102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Adrián‐Serrano S, Lozano‐Fernandez J, Pons J, Rozas J, Arnedo MA. On the shoulder of giants: Mitogenome recovery from non‐targeted genome projects for phylogenetic inference and molecular evolution studies. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Adrián‐Serrano
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals & Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Jesus Lozano‐Fernandez
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals & Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC‐Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Barcelona Spain
| | - Joan Pons
- Departament de Biodiversitat i Conservació Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC‐UIB) Esporles Spain
| | - Julio Rozas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística & Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Miquel A. Arnedo
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals & Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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20
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da Silva LP, Mata VA, Lopes PB, Lopes RJ, Beja P. High-resolution multi-marker DNA metabarcoding reveals sexual dietary differentiation in a bird with minor dimorphism. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10364-10373. [PMID: 33072265 PMCID: PMC7548197 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sexual dietary differentiation is well known in birds, it is usually linked with significant morphological dimorphism between males and females, with lower differentiation reported in sexually monomorphic or only slightly dimorphic species. However, this may be an artifact of poor taxonomic resolution achieved in most conventional dietary studies, which may be unable to detect subtle intraspecific differentiation in prey consumption. Here, we show the power of multi‐marker metabarcoding to address these issues, focusing on a slightly dimorphic generalist passerine, the black wheatear Oenanthe leucura. Using markers from four genomic regions (18S, 16S, COI, and trnL), we analyzed fecal droppings collected from 93 adult black wheatears during the breeding season. We found that sexes were rather similar in bill and body features, though males had a slightly thicker bill and longer wings and tail than females. Diet was dominated in both sexes by a very wide range of arthropod species and a few fleshy fruits, but the overall diet diversity was higher for males than females, and there was a much higher frequency of occurrence of ants in female (58%) than male (29%) diets. We hypothesize that the observed sexual differentiation was likely related to females foraging closer to their offspring on abundant prey, while males consumed a wider variety of prey while foraging more widely. Overall, our results suggest that dietary sexual differentiation in birds may be more widespread than recognized at present and that multi‐marker DNA metabarcoding is a particularly powerful tool to unveiling such differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís P da Silva
- CIBIO-InBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources University of Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Vanessa A Mata
- CIBIO-InBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources University of Porto Vairão Portugal
| | | | - Ricardo J Lopes
- CIBIO-InBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources University of Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Pedro Beja
- CIBIO-InBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources University of Porto Vairão Portugal.,CIBIO-InBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources Institute of Agronomy University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
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21
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Uiterwaal SF, DeLong JP. Using patterns in prey DNA digestion rates to quantify predator diets. Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 20:1723-1732. [PMID: 32688451 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary metabarcoding-the process of taxonomic identification of food species from DNA in consumer guts or faeces-has been rapidly adopted by ecologists to gain insights into biocontrol, invasive species and the structure of food webs. However, an outstanding issue with metabarcoding is the semi-quantitative nature of the data it provides: because metabarcoding is likely to produce false negatives for some prey more often than for other prey, we cannot infer relative frequencies of prey in the diet. To correct for this, we can adjust detected prey frequencies using DNA detectability half-lives unique to each predator-prey combination. Because the feeding experiments required to deduce these half-lives are time- and resource-intensive, our ability to weight the frequency of observations using their detectability has thus far been limited to systems with just a few prey. Here, we present a meta-analysis of 24 spider prey DNA half-lives and show that these half-lives are predictable given predator and prey mass, predator family, digestion temperature and DNA amplicon length. We further provide a new technique for weighting observations with half-lives, which allows not just for the ranking of prey in the diet, but reveals the proportion of the diet each prey comprises. Lastly, we apply this method to published dietary metabarcoding data to calculate half-lives and proportion of the predator's diet for 35 prey families, demonstrating that this technique can generate improved understanding of diets in real, diverse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella F Uiterwaal
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - John P DeLong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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22
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Yang T, Liu J, Chen J. Compared with conventional PCR assay, qPCR assay greatly improves the detection efficiency of predation. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7713-7722. [PMID: 32760558 PMCID: PMC7391540 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of predation can contribute greatly to understanding predator-prey relationships and can also provide integral knowledge concerning food webs and multi-trophic level interactions. Both conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) have been employed to detect predation in the field because of their sensitivity and reproducibility. However, to date, few studies have been used to comprehensively demonstrate which method is more sensitive and reproducible in studies of predation. We used a Drosophila melanogaster-specific DNA fragment (99 bp) to construct a tenfold gradient dilution of standards. Additionally, we obtained DNA samples from Pardosa pseudoannulata individuals that fed on D. melanogaster at various time since feeding. Finally, we compared the sensitivity and reproducibility between cPCR and qPCR assays for detecting DNA samples from feeding trials and standards. The results showed that the cPCR and qPCR assays could detect as few as 1.62 × 103 and 1.62 × 101 copies of the target DNA fragment, respectively. The cPCR assay could detect as few as 48 hr post-feeding of the target DNA fragment. But the qPCR assay showed that all spiders were positive after consuming prey at various time intervals (0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr). A smaller proportion of the technical replicates were positive using cPCR, and some bands on the agarose gel were absent or gray, while some were white and bright for the same DNA samples after amplification by cPCR. By contrast, a larger proportion of the technical replicates were positive using qPCR and the coefficients of variation of the Ct value for the three technical replicates of each DNA sample were less than 5%. These data showed that qPCR was more sensitive and highly reproducible in detecting such degraded DNA from predator's gut. The present study provides an example of the use of cPCR and qPCR to detect the target DNA fragment of prey remains in predator's gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting‐bang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)Institute of EcologyChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- The State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jie Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & BiologyHubei University of Science and TechnologyXianningChina
| | - Jian Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
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23
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Mezőfi L, Markó G, Nagy C, Korányi D, Markó V. Beyond polyphagy and opportunism: natural prey of hunting spiders in the canopy of apple trees. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9334. [PMID: 32596048 PMCID: PMC7307562 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiders (Araneae) form abundant and diverse assemblages in agroecosystems such as fruit orchards, and thus might have an important role as natural enemies of orchard pests. Although spiders are polyphagous and opportunistic predators in general, limited information exists on their natural prey at both species and community levels. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the natural prey (realized trophic niche) of arboreal hunting spiders, their role in trophic webs and their biological control potential with direct observation of predation events in apple orchards. Hunting spiders with prey in their chelicerae were collected in the canopy of apple trees in organic apple orchards in Hungary during the growing seasons between 2013 and 2019 and both spiders and their prey were identified and measured. Among others, the composition of the actual (captured by spiders) and the potential (available in the canopy) prey was compared, trophic niche and food web metrics were calculated, and some morphological, dimensional data of the spider-prey pairs were analyzed. Species-specific differences in prey composition or pest control ability were also discussed. By analyzing a total of 878 prey items captured by spiders, we concluded that arboreal hunting spiders forage selectively and consume a large number of apple pests; however, spiders’ beneficial effects are greatly reduced by their high levels of intraguild predation and by a propensity to switch from pests to alternative prey. In this study, arboreal hunting spiders showed negative selectivity for pests, no selectivity for natural enemies and positive selectivity for neutral species. In the trophic web, the dominant hunting spider taxa/groups (Carrhotus xanthogramma, Philodromus cespitum, Clubiona spp., Ebrechtella tricuspidata, Xysticus spp. and ‘Other salticids’) exhibit different levels of predation on different prey groups and the trophic web’s structure changes depending on the time of year. Hunting spiders show a high functional redundancy in their predation, but contrary to their polyphagous nature, the examined spider taxa showed differences in their natural diet, exhibited a certain degree of prey specialization and selected prey by size and taxonomic identity. Guilds (such as stalkers, ambushers and foliage runners) did not consistently predict either prey composition or predation selectivity of arboreal hunting spider species. From the economic standpoint, Ph. cespitum and Clubiona spp. were found to be the most effective natural enemies of apple pests, especially of aphids. Finally, the trophic niche width of C. xanthogramma and Ph. cespitum increased during ontogeny, resulting in a shift in their predation. These results demonstrate how specific generalist predators can differ from each other in aspects of their predation ecology even within a relatively narrow taxonomic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Mezőfi
- Department of Entomology, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Markó
- Department of Plant Pathology, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary.,Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Nagy
- Research Institute for Fruitgrowing and Ornamentals, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Újfehértó, Hungary
| | - Dávid Korányi
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, "Lendület" Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary.,GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Viktor Markó
- Department of Entomology, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
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24
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Gajski D, Petráková L, Pekár S. Ant‐eating spider maintains specialist diet throughout its ontogeny. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Gajski
- Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - L. Petráková
- Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - S. Pekár
- Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
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25
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Turon X, Antich A, Palacín C, Præbel K, Wangensteen OS. From metabarcoding to metaphylogeography: separating the wheat from the chaff. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02036. [PMID: 31709684 PMCID: PMC7078904 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabarcoding is by now a well-established method for biodiversity assessment in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments. Metabarcoding data sets are usually used for α- and β-diversity estimates, that is, interspecies (or inter-MOTU [molecular operational taxonomic unit]) patterns. However, the use of hypervariable metabarcoding markers may provide an enormous amount of intraspecies (intra-MOTU) information-mostly untapped so far. The use of cytochrome oxidase (COI) amplicons is gaining momentum in metabarcoding studies targeting eukaryote richness. COI has been for a long time the marker of choice in population genetics and phylogeographic studies. Therefore, COI metabarcoding data sets may be used to study intraspecies patterns and phylogeographic features for hundreds of species simultaneously, opening a new field that we suggest to name metaphylogeography. The main challenge for the implementation of this approach is the separation of erroneous sequences from true intra-MOTU variation. Here, we develop a cleaning protocol based on changes in entropy of the different codon positions of the COI sequence, together with co-occurrence patterns of sequences. Using a data set of community DNA from several benthic littoral communities in the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas, we first tested by simulation on a subset of sequences a two-step cleaning approach consisting of a denoising step followed by a minimal abundance filtering. The procedure was then applied to the whole data set. We obtained a total of 563 MOTUs that were usable for phylogeographic inference. We used semiquantitative rank data instead of read abundances to perform AMOVAs and haplotype networks. Genetic variability was mainly concentrated within samples, but with an important between seas component as well. There were intergroup differences in the amount of variability between and within communities in each sea. For two species, the results could be compared with traditional Sanger sequence data available for the same zones, giving similar patterns. Our study shows that metabarcoding data can be used to infer intra- and interpopulation genetic variability of many species at a time, providing a new method with great potential for basic biogeography, connectivity and dispersal studies, and for the more applied fields of conservation genetics, invasion genetics, and design of protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Turon
- Department of Marine EcologyCentre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB, CSIC)BlanesCataloniaSpain
| | - Adrià Antich
- Department of Marine EcologyCentre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB, CSIC)BlanesCataloniaSpain
| | - Creu Palacín
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, and Institute of Biodiversity Research (IRBio)University of BarcelonaBarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - Kim Præbel
- Norwegian College of Fishery ScienceUiT the Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
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26
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Kennedy SR, Prost S, Overcast I, Rominger AJ, Gillespie RG, Krehenwinkel H. High-throughput sequencing for community analysis: the promise of DNA barcoding to uncover diversity, relatedness, abundances and interactions in spider communities. Dev Genes Evol 2020; 230:185-201. [PMID: 32040713 PMCID: PMC7127999 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-020-00652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale studies on community ecology are highly desirable but often difficult to accomplish due to the considerable investment of time, labor and, money required to characterize richness, abundance, relatedness, and interactions. Nonetheless, such large-scale perspectives are necessary for understanding the composition, dynamics, and resilience of biological communities. Small invertebrates play a central role in ecosystems, occupying critical positions in the food web and performing a broad variety of ecological functions. However, it has been particularly difficult to adequately characterize communities of these animals because of their exceptionally high diversity and abundance. Spiders in particular fulfill key roles as both predator and prey in terrestrial food webs and are hence an important focus of ecological studies. In recent years, large-scale community analyses have benefitted tremendously from advances in DNA barcoding technology. High-throughput sequencing (HTS), particularly DNA metabarcoding, enables community-wide analyses of diversity and interactions at unprecedented scales and at a fraction of the cost that was previously possible. Here, we review the current state of the application of these technologies to the analysis of spider communities. We discuss amplicon-based DNA barcoding and metabarcoding for the analysis of community diversity and molecular gut content analysis for assessing predator-prey relationships. We also highlight applications of the third generation sequencing technology for long read and portable DNA barcoding. We then address the development of theoretical frameworks for community-level studies, and finally highlight critical gaps and future directions for DNA analysis of spider communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Kennedy
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Stefan Prost
- LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt, Germany
- National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Isaac Overcast
- Graduate Center of the City University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | | | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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27
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Fülöp D, Szita É, Gerstenbrand R, Tholt G, Samu F. Consuming alternative prey does not influence the DNA detectability half-life of pest prey in spider gut contents. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7680. [PMID: 31660259 PMCID: PMC6814063 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Key natural enemy-pest interactions can be mapped in agricultural food webs by analysing predator gut content for the presence of a focal pest species. For this, PCR-based approaches are the most widely used methods providing the incidence of consumption of a focal pest in field sampled predators. To interpret such data the rate of prey DNA decay in the predators' gut, described by DNA detectability half-life (t 1/2), is needed. DNA decay may depend on the presence of alternative prey in the gut of generalist predators, but this effect has not been investigated in one of the major predatory arthropod groups, spiders. METHODS In a laboratory feeding experiment, we determined t 1/2 of the key cereal pest virus vector leafhopper Psammotettix alienus in the digestive tracts of its natural enemy, the spider Tibellus oblongus. We followed the fate of prey DNA in spiders which received only the focal prey as food, or as an alternative prey treatment they also received a meal of fruit flies after leafhopper consumption. After these feeding treatments, spiders were starved for variable time intervals prior to testing for leafhopper DNA in order to establish t 1/2. RESULTS We created a PCR protocol that detects P. alienus DNA in its spider predator. The protocol was further calibrated to the digestion speed of the spider by establishing DNA decay rate. Detectability limit was reached at 14 days, where c. 10% of the animals tested positive. The calculated t 1/2 = 5 days value of P. alienus DNA did not differ statistically between the treatment groups which received only the leafhopper prey or which also received fruit fly. The PCR protocol was validated in a field with known P. alienus infestation. In this applicability trial, we showed that 12.5% of field collected spiders were positive for the leafhopper DNA. We conclude that in our model system the presence of alternative prey did not influence the t 1/2 estimate of a pest species, which makes laboratory protocols more straightforward for the calibration of future field data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Fülöp
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Szita
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Regina Gerstenbrand
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Tholt
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Samu
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
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28
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da Silva LP, Mata VA, Lopes PB, Pereira P, Jarman SN, Lopes RJ, Beja P. Advancing the integration of multi-marker metabarcoding data in dietary analysis of trophic generalists. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 19:1420-1432. [PMID: 31332947 PMCID: PMC6899665 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of DNA metabarcoding to dietary analysis of trophic generalists requires using multiple markers in order to overcome problems of primer specificity and bias. However, limited attention has been given to the integration of information from multiple markers, particularly when they partly overlap in the taxa amplified, and vary in taxonomic resolution and biases. Here, we test the use of a mix of universal and specific markers, provide criteria to integrate multi‐marker metabarcoding data and a python script to implement such criteria and produce a single list of taxa ingested per sample. We then compare the results of dietary analysis based on morphological methods, single markers, and the proposed combination of multiple markers. The study was based on the analysis of 115 faeces from a small passerine, the Black Wheatears (Oenanthe leucura). Morphological analysis detected far fewer plant taxa (12) than either a universal 18S marker (57) or the plant trnL marker (124). This may partly reflect the detection of secondary ingestion by molecular methods. Morphological identification also detected far fewer taxa (23) than when using 18S (91) or the arthropod markers IN16STK (244) and ZBJ (231), though each method missed or underestimated some prey items. Integration of multi‐marker data provided far more detailed dietary information than any single marker and estimated higher frequencies of occurrence of all taxa. Overall, our results show the value of integrating data from multiple, taxonomically overlapping markers in an example dietary data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís P da Silva
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,CEF, Center for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vanessa A Mata
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Pereira
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Simon N Jarman
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Environomics Future Science Platform, CSIRO National Collections and Marine Infrastructure, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Lopes
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Pedro Beja
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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29
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Cuevas-Caballé C, Riutort M, Álvarez-Presas M. Diet assessment of two land planarian species using high-throughput sequencing data. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8679. [PMID: 31213615 PMCID: PMC6581950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Geoplanidae (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) feed on soil invertebrates. Observations of their predatory behavior in nature are scarce, and most of the information has been obtained from food preference experiments. Although these experiments are based on a wide variety of prey, this catalog is often far from being representative of the fauna present in the natural habitat of planarians. As some geoplanid species have recently become invasive, obtaining accurate knowledge about their feeding habits is crucial for the development of plans to control and prevent their expansion. Using high throughput sequencing data, we perform a metagenomic analysis to identify the in situ diet of two endemic and codistributed species of geoplanids from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: Imbira marcusi and Cephaloflexa bergi. We have tested four different methods of taxonomic assignment and find that phylogenetic-based assignment methods outperform those based on similarity. The results show that the diet of I. marcusi is restricted to earthworms, whereas C. bergi preys on spiders, harvestmen, woodlice, grasshoppers, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and possibly other geoplanids. Furthermore, both species change their feeding habits among the different sample locations. In conclusion, the integration of metagenomics with phylogenetics should be considered when establishing studies on the feeding habits of invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Cuevas-Caballé
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Riutort
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Álvarez-Presas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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30
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Krehenwinkel H, Kennedy SR, Adams SA, Stephenson GT, Roy K, Gillespie RG. Multiplex
PCR
targeting lineage‐specific
SNP
s: A highly efficient and simple approach to block out predator sequences in molecular gut content analysis. Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Krehenwinkel
- Environmental Sciences Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California
- Department of Biogeography University of Trier Trier Germany
| | - Susan R. Kennedy
- Environmental Sciences Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California
| | - Seira A. Adams
- Environmental Sciences Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California
| | - Gregg T. Stephenson
- Environmental Sciences Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California
| | - Kylle Roy
- Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science University of Hawaii Hilo Hawaii
| | - Rosemary G. Gillespie
- Environmental Sciences Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California
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