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Zuo F, Wu Y, Sun Y, Xie C, Tang Y. Mechanism of enhanced salt tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by CRZ1 overexpression. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22875. [PMID: 39358483 PMCID: PMC11447063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-74174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Achieving high-gravity fermentation in the industrial production of fuel ethanol, and enhancing the fermentation efficiency of high-salt raw materials, such as waste molasses, can significantly reduce wastewater output and process costs. Therefore, the development of hyperosmotic-tolerant industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, capable of resisting high-salt stress, offers both environmental and economic benefits. Our previous study highlighted the potential of CRZ1 overexpression as a strategy to improve the yeast strain's resistance to high-salt stress, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unexplored. The fermentation capabilities of the CRZ1-overexpressing strain, KCR3, and its parental strain, KF7, were evaluated under condition of 1.25 M NaCl at 35 °C. Compared to KF7, KCR3 showed an 81% increase in glucose consumption (129.25 ± 0.83 g/L) and a 105% increase in ethanol production (47.59 ± 0.93 g/L), with a yield of 0.37 g/g. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that under high-salt stress, KCR3 exhibited significantly upregulated expression of genes associated with ion transport, stress response, gluconeogenesis, and the utilization of alternative carbon sources, while genes related to glycolysis and the biosynthesis of ribosomes, amino acids, and fatty acids were notably downregulated compared to KF7. Crz1 likely expands its influence by regulating the expression of numerous transcription factors, thereby impacting genes involved in multiple aspects of cellular function. The study revealed the regulatory mechanism of Crz1 under high-salt stress, thereby providing guidance for the construction of salt-tolerant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Zuo
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Organic Wastes Valorization, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yajing Wu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Organic Wastes Valorization, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanqiu Sun
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Organic Wastes Valorization, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Caiyun Xie
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Organic Wastes Valorization, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Alternative Energy Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yueqin Tang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Organic Wastes Valorization, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Alternative Energy Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
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Namba J, Harada M, Shibata R, Toda Y, Maruta T, Ishikawa T, Shigeoka S, Yoshimura K, Ogawa T. AtDREB2G is involved in the regulation of riboflavin biosynthesis in response to low-temperature stress and abscisic acid treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 347:112196. [PMID: 39025268 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Riboflavin (RF) serves as a precursor to flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, which are crucial cofactors in various metabolic processes. Strict regulation of cellular flavin homeostasis is imperative, yet information regarding the factors governing this regulation remains largely elusive. In this study, we first examined the impact of external flavin treatment on the Arabidopsis transcriptome to identify novel regulators of cellular flavin levels. Our analysis revealed alterations in the expression of 49 putative transcription factors. Subsequent reverse genetic screening highlighted a member of the dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) family, AtDREB2G, as a potential regulator of cellular flavin levels. Knockout mutants of AtDREB2G (dreb2g) exhibited reduced flavin levels and decreased expression of RF biosynthetic genes compared to wild-type plants. Conversely, conditional overexpression of AtDREB2G led to an increase in the expression of RF biosynthetic genes and elevated flavin levels. In wild-type plants, exposure to low temperatures and abscisic acid treatment stimulated enhanced flavin levels and upregulated the expression of RF biosynthetic genes, concomitant with the induction of AtDREB2G. Notably, these responses were significantly attenuated in dreb2g mutants. Our findings establish AtDREB2G is involved in the positive regulation of flavin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, particularly under conditions of low temperature and abscisic acid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Namba
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Miho Harada
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Rui Shibata
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yuina Toda
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Takanori Maruta
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan; Experimental Farm, Kindai University, Yuasa, Wakayama 643-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yoshimura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Takahisa Ogawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan.
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Leo G, Leone P, Ataie Kachoie E, Tolomeo M, Galluccio M, Indiveri C, Barile M, Capaldi S. Structural insights into the bifunctional enzyme human FAD synthase. Structure 2024; 32:953-965.e5. [PMID: 38688286 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Human flavin adenine dinucleotide synthase (hFADS) is a bifunctional, multi-domain enzyme that exhibits both flavin mononucleotide adenylyltransferase and pyrophosphatase activities. Here we report the crystal structure of full-length hFADS2 and its C-terminal PAPS domain in complex with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and dissect the structural determinants underlying the contribution of each individual domain, within isoforms 1 and 2, to each of the two enzymatic activities. Structural and functional characterization performed on complete or truncated constructs confirmed that the C-terminal domain tightly binds FAD and catalyzes its synthesis, while the combination of the N-terminal molybdopterin-binding and KH domains is the minimal essential substructure required for the hydrolysis of FAD and other ADP-containing dinucleotides. hFADS2 associates in a stable C2-symmetric dimer, in which the packing of the KH domain of one protomer against the N-terminal domain of the other creates the adenosine-specific active site responsible for the hydrolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Leo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Piero Leone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Elham Ataie Kachoie
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Tolomeo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 4c, 6c, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 4c, 6c, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 4c, 6c, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Barile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Stefano Capaldi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Lynch JH, Roje S. A higher plant FAD synthetase is fused to an inactivated FAD pyrophosphatase. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102626. [PMID: 36273586 PMCID: PMC9678776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The riboflavin derivatives FMN and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are critical cofactors for wide-ranging biological processes across all kingdoms of life. Although it is well established that these flavins can be readily interconverted, in plants, the responsible catalysts and regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report the cloning and biochemical characterization of an FAD synthetase encoded by the gene At5g03430, which we have designated AtFADS1 (A. thaliana FADS1). The catalytic properties of the FAD synthetase activity are similar to those reported for other FAD synthetases, except that we observed maximum activity with Zn2+ as the associated divalent metal cation. Like human FAD synthetase, AtFADS1 exists as an apparent fusion with an ancestral FAD pyrophosphatase, a feature that is conserved across plants. However, we detected no pyrophosphatase activity with AtFADS1, consistent with an observed loss of a key catalytic residue in higher plant evolutionary history. In contrast, we determined that algal FADS1 retains both FAD synthetase and pyrophosphatase activity. We discuss the implications, including the potential for yet-unstudied biologically relevant noncatalytic functions, and possible evolutionary pressures that have led to the loss of FAD pyrophosphatase activity, yet universal retention of an apparently nonfunctional domain in FADS of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Lynch
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Sanja Roje
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
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Alteration of Flavin Cofactor Homeostasis in Human Neuromuscular Pathologies. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2280:275-295. [PMID: 33751442 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1286-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this short review chapter is to provide a brief summary of the relevance of riboflavin (Rf or vitamin B2) and its derived cofactors flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) for human neuromuscular bioenergetics.Therefore, as a completion of this book we would like to summarize what kind of human pathologies could derive from genetic disturbances of Rf transport, flavin cofactor synthesis and delivery to nascent apoflavoproteins, as well as by alteration of vitamin recycling during protein turnover.
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Tolomeo M, Nisco A, Leone P, Barile M. Development of Novel Experimental Models to Study Flavoproteome Alterations in Human Neuromuscular Diseases: The Effect of Rf Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155310. [PMID: 32722651 PMCID: PMC7432027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of Riboflavin (Rf) transport and metabolism have been recently related to severe human neuromuscular disorders, as resulting in profound alteration of human flavoproteome and, therefore, of cellular bioenergetics. This explains why the interest in studying the “flavin world”, a topic which has not been intensively investigated before, has increased much over the last few years. This also prompts basic questions concerning how Rf transporters and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) -forming enzymes work in humans, and how they can create a coordinated network ensuring the maintenance of intracellular flavoproteome. The concept of a coordinated cellular “flavin network”, introduced long ago studying humans suffering for Multiple Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MADD), has been, later on, addressed in model organisms and more recently in cell models. In the frame of the underlying relevance of a correct supply of Rf in humans and of a better understanding of the molecular rationale of Rf therapy in patients, this review wants to deal with theories and existing experimental models in the aim to potentiate possible therapeutic interventions in Rf-related neuromuscular diseases.
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Leone P, Galluccio M, Brizio C, Barbiroli A, Iametti S, Indiveri C, Barile M. The hidden side of the human FAD synthase 2. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:986-995. [PMID: 31351152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
FAD synthase, the last enzyme of the pathway converting riboflavin to FAD, exists in humans in different isoforms, with isoforms 1, 2 and 6 being characterized at the functional and molecular levels. Isoform 2, the cytosolic and most abundant FADS, consists of two domains: a PAPS reductase C-terminus domain (here named FADSy) responsible for FAD synthesis, and an N-terminus molybdopterin-binding resembling domain (MPTb - here named FADHy), whose FAD hydrolytic activity is hidden unless both Co2+ and chemical mercurial reagents are added to the enzyme. To investigate the hFADS2 hydrolytic function under conditions closer to the physiological context, the hydrolytic activity was further characterized. Co2+ induced FAD hydrolysis was strongly stimulated in the presence of K+, reaching a Vmax higher than that of FAD synthesis. The pH dependence together with the inhibition of the hydrolysis by NaF and KI allow excluding that the reaction occurs via a NUDIX type catalysis. The K0.5 for K+ or Co2+ was 7.2 or 0.035 mM, respectively. Other monovalent or divalent cations can partially substitute K+ or Co2+. Reduced glutathione stimulated whereas NADH inhibited the hydrolytic activity. The latter aspects correlate with an interconnection of the homeostasis of NAD and FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Leone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4 -, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 4c, , 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 4c, , 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Carmen Brizio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4 -, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Alberto Barbiroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Iametti
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 4c, , 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology (IBIOM) - CNR, via Giovanni Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Barile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4 -, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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