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Paladhi UR, Katz DA, Otieno G, Hughes JP, Thirumurthy H, Lagat H, Masyuko S, Sharma M, Macharia P, Bosire R, Mugambi M, Kariithi E, Farquhar C. Effectiveness of Using Additional HIV Self-Test Kits as an Incentive to Increase HIV Testing Within Assisted Partner Services. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2024; 96:457-464. [PMID: 38985443 PMCID: PMC11237351 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incentives have shown mixed results in increasing HIV testing rates in low-resource settings. We investigated the effectiveness of offering additional self-tests (HIVSTs) as an incentive to increase testing among partners receiving assisted partner services (APS). SETTING Western Kenya. METHODS We conducted a single-crossover study nested within a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Twenty-four facilities were randomized 1:1 to (1) control: provider-delivered testing or (2) intervention: offered 1 HIVST or provider-delivered testing for 6 months (pre-implementation), then switched to offering 2 HIVSTs for 6 months (post-implementation). A difference-in-differences approach using generalized linear mixed models, accounting for facility clustering and adjusting for age, sex, and income, was used to estimate the effect of the incentive on HIV testing and first-time testing among partners in APS. RESULTS March 2021-June 2022, 1127 index clients received APS and named 8155 partners, among whom 2333 reported a prior HIV diagnosis and were excluded from analyses, resulting in 5822 remaining partners: 3646 (62.6%) and 2176 (37.4%) in the pre-implementation and post-implementation periods, respectively. Overall, 944/2176 partners (43%) were offered a second HIVST during post-preimplementation, of whom 34.3% picked up 2 kits, of whom 71.7% reported that the second kit encouraged HIV testing. Comparing partners offered 1 vs. two HIVSTs showed no difference in HIV testing (relative risk: 1.01, 95% confidence interval: 0.951 to 1.07) or HIV testing for the first time (relative risk: 1.23, 95% confidence interval: 0.671 to 2.24). CONCLUSIONS Offering a second HIVST as an incentive within APS did not significantly impact HIV testing or first-time testing, although those opting for 2 kits reported it incentivized them to test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unmesha Roy Paladhi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - David A. Katz
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - James P. Hughes
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Harsha Thirumurthy
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Harison Lagat
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Sarah Masyuko
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Monisha Sharma
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | | | - Mary Mugambi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Carey Farquhar
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Hellewell J, Lindsay K, Nielsen K, Christensen E, Daley L, Jones K, Compagni K. Choice Architecture in Opioid Safety Alerting. AMIA ... ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS. AMIA SYMPOSIUM 2024; 2023:417-425. [PMID: 38222392 PMCID: PMC10785846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The need for effective and efficient clinical decision support (CDS) embedded in electronic health record (EHR) processes is growing. Using choice architecture design strategies may increase effectiveness of CDS solutions. The authors describe implementation of an opioid risk alert and subsequent revisions of that alert to increase effectiveness and reduce alert volumes. The first version of the alert used an opt-in choice architecture when recommending naloxone and the second version used an active choice design. The percentage of opioid prescriptions ordered with naloxone prescribed within the last 12 months increased significantly after implementation of the first version of the alert and then further increased significantly after implementation of the second version. Alert volumes decreased over the same timeframe. An education campaign was also implemented during the timeframe studied and likely also contributed to the naloxone outcomes seen.
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Valero-Verdejo L, Hueso-Montoro C, Pérez-Morente MÁ. Evaluation of HIV screening in hospital emergency services. Systematic review. Int Emerg Nurs 2023; 71:101355. [PMID: 37852058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2023.101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate HIV screening of people attending emergency services. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Library, Cuiden Plus, PubMed, PsycINFO, SCOPUS and Web of Science. REVIEW METHODS The search was carried out between December 2020 and March 2021 following the recommendations set forth in the PRISMA declaration. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to evaluate the methodological quality of studies. For data extraction, a protocol was prepared. A qualitative synthesis of the main findings was carried out. RESULTS The final sample consisted of 29 articles. There are several aspects that influence the performance of HIV screening in the emergency department, such as: adequacy of place, attitude towards screening, sociodemographic characteristics, risky sexual behaviour, incidence of area, and detection tools or method employed, in addition to other factors such as the stigma associated with the disease. CONCLUSIONS Emergency services are relevant in screening the human immunodeficiency virus. Further research aimed at creating new interventions allowing early detection and adherence to treatment in this population is still a need, particularly in a first-line service like emergency services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - César Hueso-Montoro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain.
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Ahmed AA, McNamee P. Effectiveness of Behavioural Economics Informed Interventions for the Prevention, Screening, and Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV Infection: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:3521-3534. [PMID: 36788167 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Failure to meet international targets set for the human immunodeficiency virus HIV pandemic suggests that more effective public health strategies are needed. New strategies informed by behavioural economics are now increasingly being tested, with promising results. However, the evidence base is diverse and challenging for policymakers to interpret. This paper aims to synthesise existing evidence by reporting results from a systematic review of behavioural economics-based interventions for addressing HIV prevention, testing and treatment. The reported study was a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. The search was conducted in four electronic medical literature databases, six trial registries, four grey literature sources and was not restricted to any country or region. Bias was assessed using criteria outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews; quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE methodology. Fifteen full text articles were included in the final analysis. The synthesis of these studies revealed that strategies involving opt-out defaults, active-choice defaults, and lottery incentives can potentially increase uptake of HIV testing. Lottery incentives also showed signs of effectiveness in improving HIV prevention, ART adherence and initiation. Despite the promising findings, the overall evidence was judged to be of moderate to very low quality. Behavioural economics-based interventions are promising behavioural change strategies, although more well-designed studies are needed to strengthen the evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdirizak Ahmed
- Parklands Kidney Center, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Paul McNamee
- Health Economics Research Unit, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
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Makofane K, Kim H, Tchetgen Tchetgen E, Bassett MT, Berkman L, Adeagbo O, McGrath N, Seeley J, Shahmanesh M, Yapa HM, Herbst K, Tanser F, Bärnighausen T. Impact of family networks on uptake of health interventions: evidence from a community-randomized control trial aimed at increasing HIV testing in South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc 2023; 26:e26142. [PMID: 37598389 PMCID: PMC10440100 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.26142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While it is widely acknowledged that family relationships can influence health outcomes, their impact on the uptake of individual health interventions is unclear. In this study, we quantified how the efficacy of a randomized health intervention is shaped by its pattern of distribution in the family network. METHODS The "Home-Based Intervention to Test and Start" (HITS) was a 2×2 factorial community-randomized controlled trial in Umkhanyakude, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, embedded in the Africa Health Research Institute's population-based demographic and HIV surveillance platform (ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT03757104). The study investigated the impact of two interventions: a financial micro-incentive and a male-targeted HIV-specific decision support programme. The surveillance area was divided into 45 community clusters. Individuals aged ≥15 years in 16 randomly selected communities were offered a micro-incentive (R50 [$3] food voucher) for rapid HIV testing (intervention arm). Those living in the remaining 29 communities were offered testing only (control arm). Study data were collected between February and November 2018. Using routinely collected data on parents, conjugal partners, and co-residents, a socio-centric family network was constructed among HITS-eligible individuals. Nodes in this network represent individuals and ties represent family relationships. We estimated the effect of offering the incentive to people with and without family members who also received the offer on the uptake of HIV testing. We fitted a linear probability model with robust standard errors, accounting for clustering at the community level. RESULTS Overall, 15,675 people participated in the HITS trial. Among those with no family members who received the offer, the incentive's efficacy was a 6.5 percentage point increase (95% CI: 5.3-7.7). The efficacy was higher among those with at least one family member who received the offer (21.1 percentage point increase (95% CI: 19.9-22.3). The difference in efficacy was statistically significant (21.1-6.5 = 14.6%; 95% CI: 9.3-19.9). CONCLUSIONS Micro-incentives appear to have synergistic effects when distributed within family networks. These effects support family network-based approaches for the design of health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keletso Makofane
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and InformaticsUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Hae‐Young Kim
- Department of Population HealthNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Africa Health Research InstituteKwa‐Zulu NatalSouth Africa
| | - Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and InformaticsUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Wharton SchoolUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Mary T. Bassett
- FXB Center for Health and Human RightsHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lisa Berkman
- Harvard Center for Population and Development StudiesHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | | | - Nuala McGrath
- Africa Health Research InstituteKwa‐Zulu NatalSouth Africa
- Department of Social Statistics and DemographyUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Janet Seeley
- Africa Health Research InstituteKwa‐Zulu NatalSouth Africa
- Department of Global Health and DevelopmentLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Maryam Shahmanesh
- Africa Health Research InstituteKwa‐Zulu NatalSouth Africa
- Institute for Global HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - H. Manisha Yapa
- Kirby Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kobus Herbst
- Africa Health Research InstituteKwa‐Zulu NatalSouth Africa
| | - Frank Tanser
- Africa Health Research InstituteKwa‐Zulu NatalSouth Africa
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, School for Data Science and Computational ThinkingStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
- School of Nursing and Public HealthUniversity of Kwa‐Zulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of Kwa‐Zulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Africa Health Research InstituteKwa‐Zulu NatalSouth Africa
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University HospitalUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
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Serag H, Clark I, Naig C, Lakey D, Tiruneh YM. Financing Benefits and Barriers to Routine HIV Screening in Clinical Settings in the United States: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:457. [PMID: 36612775 PMCID: PMC9819288 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends everyone between 13-64 years be tested for HIV at least once as a routine procedure. Routine HIV screening is reimbursable by Medicare, Medicaid, expanded Medicaid, and most commercial insurance plans. Yet, scaling-up HIV routine screening remains a challenge. We conducted a scoping review for studies on financial benefits and barriers associated with HIV screening in clinical settings in the U.S. to inform an evidence-based strategy to scale-up routine HIV screening. We searched Ovid MEDLINE®, Cochrane, and Scopus for studies published between 2006-2020 in English. The search identified 383 Citations; we screened 220 and excluded 163 (outside the time limit, irrelevant, or outside the U.S.). Of the 220 screened articles, we included 35 and disqualified 155 (did not meet the eligibility criteria). We organized eligible articles under two themes: financial benefits/barriers of routine HIV screening in healthcare settings (9 articles); and Cost-effectiveness of routine screening in healthcare settings (26 articles). The review concluded drawing recommendations in three areas: (1) Finance: Incentivize healthcare providers/systems for implementing HIV routine screening and/or separate its reimbursement from bundle payments; (2) Personnel: Encourage nurse-initiated HIV screening programs in primary care settings and educate providers on CDC recommendations; and (3) Approach: Use opt-out approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Serag
- Department of International Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Isabel Clark
- HIV/STD Prevention & Care Unit, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX 78714, USA
| | - Cherith Naig
- MPH Program, School of Public and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - David Lakey
- Administration Division, University of Texas System, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Yordanos M. Tiruneh
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, School of Medicine, University of Texas Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Roy Paladhi U, Katz DA, Farquhar C, Thirumurthy H. Using Behavioral Economics to Support PrEP Adherence for HIV Prevention. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:409-414. [PMID: 36044119 PMCID: PMC9428871 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review We explored different behavioral economics (BE) mechanisms through which pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) initiation and adherence could be impacted and examined recent work using BE principles to further HIV prevention efforts. We also generated new intervention ideas based on existing HIV testing and ART adherence literature. Recent Findings There is limited work that uses BE principles to design interventions to increase PrEP initiation and adherence, mostly involving financial incentives. The recent works highlighted involve financial incentives and demonstrate that key populations are open to accepting monetary incentives to increase PrEP initiation and improve adherence. However, there are mixed results on the long-term impacts of using incentives to modify behavior. Summary While there are a few ongoing studies that utilize BE principles to increase PrEP use, there is need to develop studies that test these concepts, to promote PrEP initiation and adherence. We suggest methods of exploring non-incentives-based ideas to increase PrEP use in key populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unmesha Roy Paladhi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, UW Box # 351619, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - David A Katz
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carey Farquhar
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, UW Box # 351619, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Harsha Thirumurthy
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Applying Behavioural Insights to HIV Prevention and Management: a Scoping Review. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:358-374. [PMID: 35930186 PMCID: PMC9508055 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This scoping review summarises the literature on HIV prevention and management interventions utilizing behavioural economic principles encapsulated in the MINDSPACE framework. RECENT FINDINGS MINDSPACE is an acronym developed by the UK's behavioural insights team to summarise nine key influences on human behaviour: Messenger, Incentives, Norms, Default, Salience, Priming, Affect, Commitment, and Ego. These effects have been used in various settings to design interventions that encourage positive behaviours. Currently, over 200 institutionalised behavioural insight teams exist internationally, which may draw upon the MINDSPACE framework to inform policy and improve public services. To date, it is not clear how behavioural insights have been applied to HIV prevention and management interventions. After screening 899 studies for eligibility, 124 were included in the final review. We identified examples of interventions that utilised all the MINDSPACE effects in a variety of settings and among various populations. Studies from high-income countries were most common (n = 54) and incentives were the most frequently applied effect (n = 100). The MINDSPACE framework is a useful tool to consider how behavioural science principles can be applied in future HIV prevention and management interventions. Creating nudges to enhance the design of HIV prevention and management interventions can help people make better choices as we strive to end the HIV/AIDS pandemic by 2030.
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Chandir S, Siddiqi DA, Abdullah S, Duflo E, Khan AJ, Glennerster R. Small mobile conditional cash transfers (mCCTs) of different amounts, schedules and design to improve routine childhood immunization coverage and timeliness of children aged 0-23 months in Pakistan: An open label multi-arm randomized controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 50:101500. [PMID: 35784436 PMCID: PMC9241101 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cost-effective demand-side interventions are needed to increase childhood immunization. Multiple studies find tying income support programs (≥USD 50 per year) to immunization raises coverage. Research on maximizing impact from small mobile-based conditional cash transfers (mCCTs) (≤USD 15 per fully immunized child) delivered in lower-income settings remains sparse. METHODS Participants in Karachi, Pakistan, were individually randomized into a seven arm, factorial open label study with five mCCT arms, one reminder (SMS) only arm, and one control arm. The mCCT arms varied by amount (high ∼USD 15 per fully immunized child versus low ∼USD 5 per fully immunized child), schedule (flat versus rising payments over the schedule), design (certain versus lottery payments), and payment method (airtime or mobile money). Children were enrolled at BCG, pentavalent-1 (penta-1) or pentavalent-2 (penta-2) vaccination and followed until at least 18 months of age. A serosurvey in 15% sub-sample validated reported study coverage. The full immunization coverage (FIC) at 12 months (primary outcome) was analyzed using logit regression. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03355989), 3ie registry (58f6ee7725fc1), and AEA RCT Registry (AEARCTR-0001953). FINDINGS Between November 6, 2017, and October 10, 2018, a total of 11,197 caregiver-child pairs were enrolled, with 1598-1600 caregiver-child pairs per arm. FIC at 12 months was statistically significantly higher for any mCCT versus SMS (OR:1.18, 95% CI: 1.05-1.33; p = 0.005). Within the mCCT arms, FIC was statistically significantly higher for high versus low amount (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04-1.29; p = 0.007), certain versus lottery payment (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.17-1.45; p < 0.001) and airtime versus mobile money (OR: 1.17, 95% CI:1.01-1.36; p = 0.043). There was no statistically significant difference between a flat and increasing schedule (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.93-1.15; p = 0.550). SMS had a marginally statistically significant impact on FIC versus control (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.00-1.35; p = 0.046). Findings were similar for up-to-date coverage of penta-3, measles-1 and measles-2 at 18 months. INTERPRETATION Small mCCTs (USD 0.8-2.4 per immunization visit) can increase FIC at 12 months and up-to-date coverage at 18 months at USD 23 per additional fully immunized child, in resource-constrained settings like Pakistan. Design details (certainty, schedule and delivery method of mCCTs) matter as much as the size of payments. FUNDING Global Innovation Fund, GiveWell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chandir
- IRD Global, 583 Orchard Road, #06-01 Forum, Singapore, 238884
- Corresponding author at: IRD Global; 583 Orchard Road, #06-01 Forum, Singapore 238884.
| | | | - Sara Abdullah
- IRD Pakistan, 4th Floor Woodcraft Building, Korangi Creek, Karachi, 75190, Pakistan
| | - Esther Duflo
- MIT Department of Economics, room 544 Morris and Sophie Chang Building, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA02142
| | | | - Rachel Glennerster
- MIT Department of Economics, room 544 Morris and Sophie Chang Building, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA02142
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Lambert T, Finlay J, Krahn J, Meyer G, Singh AE, Kennedy M, Caine V. Incentive-Based Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections Screening in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Sex Transm Dis 2022; 49:398-402. [PMID: 35121716 PMCID: PMC9093728 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing access to treatment and screening, rates of sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBI) continue to rise in high-income countries. The high cost of undiagnosed and untreated STBBI negatively affects individuals, health care systems, and societies. The use of monetary and nonmonetary incentives may increase STBBI screening uptake in high-income countries. Incentivized screening programs are most effective when developed specific to context and target population. METHODS Our review was performed according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Inclusion criteria were as follows: English language, high-income countries, primary research studies, and older than 16 years. Study quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tools. RESULTS The search yielded 6219 abstracts. Thirteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Studies took place in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Populations screened included: postsecondary and tertiary students, parolees or probationers, youth, and inner-city emergency department patients. Incentivized STBBI screened were human immunodeficiency virus (n = 5), chlamydia (n = 7), and multiple infections (n = 1). Incentives offered were monetary (cash/gift cards/not specified) (n = 10), nonmonetary (n = 1), and mixed (n = 2). Both monetary and nonmonetary incentives enhance STBBI screening in high-income countries. CONCLUSION Incentivized screening programs are most effective when developed specific to context and target population. Further research is needed to analyze incentivized screening across similar study designs and to evaluate long-term effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lambert
- From the Sexually Transmitted Infections Program, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton
| | - Jenise Finlay
- From the Sexually Transmitted Infections Program, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton
- Faculty of Nursing
| | - Jessica Krahn
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary
| | - Garret Meyer
- From the Sexually Transmitted Infections Program, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton
| | - Ameeta E. Singh
- From the Sexually Transmitted Infections Program, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry
| | | | - Vera Caine
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Rua T, Brandão D, Nicolau V, Escoval A. The Utilisation of Payment Models Across the HIV Continuum of Care: Systematic Review of Evidence. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:4193-4208. [PMID: 34184134 PMCID: PMC8602234 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The increasing chronicity and multimorbidities associated with people living with HIV have posed important challenges to health systems across the world. In this context, payment models hold the potential to improve care across a spectrum of clinical conditions. This study aims to systematically review the evidence of HIV performance-based payments models. Literature searches were conducted in March 2020 using multiple databases and manual searches of relevant papers. Papers were limited to any study design that considers the real-world utilisation of performance-based payment models applied to the HIV domain. A total of 23 full-text papers were included. Due to the heterogeneity of study designs, the multiple types of interventions and its implementation across distinct areas of HIV care, direct comparisons between studies were deemed unsuitable. Most evidence focused on healthcare users (83%), seeking to directly affect patients' behaviour based on principles of behavioural economics. Despite the variability between interventions, the implementation of performance-based payment models led to either a neutral or positive impact throughout the HIV care continuum. Moreover, this improvement was likely to be cost-effective or, at least, did not compromise the healthcare system's financial sustainability. However, more research is needed to assess the durability of incentives and its appropriate relative magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rua
- King's Health Economics, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Daniela Brandão
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Nova University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Nicolau
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Nova University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Escoval
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Nova University, Lisbon, Portugal
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Zhang J, Atkins DL, Wagner AD, Njuguna IN, Neary J, Omondi VO, Otieno VA, Atieno WO, Odhiambo M, Wamalwa DC, John-Stewart G, Slyker JA, Weiner BJ, Beima-Sofie K. Financial Incentives for Pediatric HIV Testing (FIT): Caregiver Insights on Incentive Mechanisms, Focus Populations, and Acceptability for Programmatic Scale Up. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:2661-2668. [PMID: 34170433 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Children living with HIV experience gaps in HIV testing globally; scaling up evidence-based testing strategies is critical for preventing HIV-related mortality. Financial incentives (FI) were recently demonstrated to increase uptake of pediatric HIV testing. As part of this qualitative follow-up study to the FIT trial (NCT03049917) conducted in Kenya, 54 caregivers participated in individual interviews. Interview transcripts were analyzed to identify considerations for scaling up FI for pediatric testing. Caregivers reported that FI function by directly offsetting costs or nudging caregivers to take action sooner. Caregivers found FI to be feasible and acceptable for broader programmatic implementation, and supported use for a variety of populations. Some concerns were raised about unintended consequences of FI, including caregivers bringing ineligible children to collect incentives and fears about the impact on linkage to care and retention if caregivers become dependent on FI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Zhang
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Dana L Atkins
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, UW Box #351620, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Anjuli D Wagner
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, UW Box #351620, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Irene N Njuguna
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, UW Box #351620, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Ngong Road, Nairobi, 00202, Kenya
| | - Jillian Neary
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Vincent O Omondi
- Pediatric Research Consortium, Kenya Pediatric Association, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Verlinda A Otieno
- Pediatric Research Consortium, Kenya Pediatric Association, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Winnie O Atieno
- Pediatric Research Consortium, Kenya Pediatric Association, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Merceline Odhiambo
- Pediatric Research Consortium, Kenya Pediatric Association, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dalton C Wamalwa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 00202, Kenya
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, UW Box #351620, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Jennifer A Slyker
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, UW Box #351620, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Bryan J Weiner
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, UW Box #351620, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kristin Beima-Sofie
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, UW Box #351620, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Macis M, Grunauer M, Gutierrez E, Izurieta R, Phan P, Reina Ortiz M, Rosas C, Teran E. Using Incentives and Nudging to Improve Non-Targeted HIV Testing in Ecuador: A Randomized Trial. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:2542-2550. [PMID: 33742307 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Under-detection of HIV/AIDS still burdens many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Our randomized trial investigated the effects of financial incentives and a behavioral nudge to induce HIV testing and learning HIV status in Ecuador. In the control group, 12.2% of participants agreed to testing, and 5.3% learned results. A financial incentive paid at testing increased the fraction of participants tested by 50.1 percentage points (95% CI 38.8 to 61.4) and the fraction who learned their status by 8.9 percentage points (95% CI 5.3 to 12.5); the nudge had no effect. The HIV-positive rate was 1.2% in the control group, and incentives prompted a 4.7 percentage point (95% CI 0.5 to 8.9) higher proportion of HIV-positive detection. Incentives also induced earlier testing, suggesting reduced procrastination. This suggests that information with appropriately timed small financial incentives can improve HIV testing and detection of new cases in the general population in LMIC settings.
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Krishnamoorthy Y, Rehman T, Sakthivel M. Effectiveness of Financial Incentives in Achieving UNAID Fast-Track 90-90-90 and 95-95-95 Target of HIV Care Continuum: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:814-825. [PMID: 32968885 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-03038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Financial incentives influence behavioural changes and the current review was done to assess the effectiveness of this intervention in improving HIV care continuum. We conducted systematic searches in MEDLINE, Cochrane library, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar from inception until July 2019. We carried out a meta-analysis with random-effects model quantifying inconsistency (I2) for heterogeneity and reported pooled Risk Ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 22 studies with 38,119 participants were included. All the six outcomes showed better results in financial incentive arm compared to standard care with statistical significance in three outcomes-HIV testing uptake (pooled RR: 2.42; 95%CI 1.06-5.54; I2 = 100%), antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence (pooled RR: 1.30; 95%CI 1.13-1.50; I2 = 44%), and continuity in care (pooled RR: 1.24; 95%CI 1.09-1.41; I2 = 86%). To summarize, financial incentives can be helpful in improving the uptake of HIV testing, ART adherence and continuity of care while it was better for achieving viral load suppression among studies conducted in high-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605006, India.
| | - Tanveer Rehman
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Manikandanesan Sakthivel
- State Program and Technical Manager, Cap TB project, AP/TS Unit, Solidarity and Action against The HIV Infection in India (SAATHII), Hyderabad, India
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Njuguna IN, Wagner AD, Neary J, Omondi VO, Otieno VA, Orimba A, Mugo C, Babigumira JB, Levin C, Richardson BA, Maleche-Obimbo E, Wamalwa DC, John-Stewart G, Slyker J. Financial incentives to increase pediatric HIV testing: a randomized trial. AIDS 2021; 35:125-130. [PMID: 33048877 PMCID: PMC7791594 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Financial incentives can motivate desirable health behaviors, including adult HIV testing. Data regarding the effectiveness of financial incentives for HIV testing in children, who require urgent testing to prevent mortality, are lacking. METHODS In a five-arm unblinded randomized controlled trial, adults living with HIV attending 19 HIV clinics in Western Kenya, with children 0-12 years of unknown HIV status, were randomized with equal allocation to $0, $1.25, $2.50, $5 or $10. Payment was conditional on child HIV testing within 2 months. Block randomization with fixed block sizes was used; participants and study staff were unblinded at randomization. Primary analysis was intent-to-treat, with predefined primary outcomes of completing child HIV testing and time to testing. RESULTS Of 452 caregivers, 90, 89, 93, 92 and 88 were randomized to $0, $1.25, $2.50, $5.00, and $10.00, respectively. Of those, 31 (34%), 31 (35%), 44 (47%), 51 (55%), and 54 (61%) in the $0, $1.25, $2.50, $5.00, and $10.00 arms, respectively, completed child testing. Compared with the $0 arm, and adjusted for site, caregivers in the $10.00 arm had significantly higher uptake of testing [relative risk: 1.80 (95% CI 1.15--2.80), P = 0.010]. Compared with the $0 arm, and adjusted for site, time to testing was significantly faster in the $5.00 and $10.00 arms [hazard ratio: 1.95 (95% CI 1.24--3.07) P = 0.004, 2.42 (95% CI 1.55--3.79), P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Financial incentives are effective in improving pediatric HIV testing among caregivers living with HIV. REGISTRATION NCT03049917.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene N Njuguna
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Global Health
- Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital
| | | | | | - Vincent O Omondi
- Kenya Pediatric Research Consortium, Kenya Pediatric Association, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Verlinda A Otieno
- Kenya Pediatric Research Consortium, Kenya Pediatric Association, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anita Orimba
- Kenya Pediatric Research Consortium, Kenya Pediatric Association, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cyrus Mugo
- Department of Global Health
- Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital
| | - Joseph B Babigumira
- Department of Global Health
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Barbra A Richardson
- Department of Global Health
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Dalton C Wamalwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Global Health
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics
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Application of Behavioral Economics Principles Improves Participation in Mailed Outreach for Colorectal Cancer Screening. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2020; 11:e00115. [PMID: 31972609 PMCID: PMC7056051 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in the United States. Although various interventions have improved screening rates, they often require abundant resources and can be difficult to implement. Social psychology and behavioral economics principles offer an opportunity for low-cost and easy-to-implement strategies but are less common in clinical settings. METHODS: We randomized 2,000 patients aged 50–75 years eligible for CRC screening to one of the 2 mailed interventions: a previously used text-based letter describing and offering fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) and colonoscopy (usual care arm); or a letter leveraging social psychology and behavioral economics principles (e.g., implied scarcity and choice architecture), minimal text, and multiple images to offer FIT and colonoscopy (intervention arm). We compared total screening uptake, FIT uptake, and colonoscopy uptake at 1-month intervals in each group. RESULTS: There were 1,882 patients included in the final analysis. The mean age was 69.3 years, and baseline characteristics in the 2 groups were similar. Screening completion at 26 weeks was 19.5% in the usual care arm (16.3% FIT vs 3.2% colonoscopy, P < 0.01) and 24.1% in the intervention arm (22.1% FIT vs 2.0% colonoscopy, P < 0.01) (P = 0.02). DISCUSSION: Among primary care patients aged 50–75 years in an academic setting, mailed CRC outreach employing social psychology and behavioral economics principles led to a higher participation in CRC screening than usual care mailed outreach. TRANSLATIONAL IMPACT: Mailed interventions to increase CRC screening should incorporate social psychology and behavioral economics principles to improve participation.
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17
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iSAY (incentives for South African youth): Stated preferences of young people living with HIV. Soc Sci Med 2020; 265:113333. [PMID: 32896799 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is essential for achieving viral suppression and preventing HIV transmission. Yet adherence is suboptimal among adolescents who face unique adherence challenges. Little is known about the role of conditional economic incentives (CEIs) for increasing ART adherence in this population. During 2017-2019, we conducted a mixed-methods discrete choice experiment in Cape Town, South Africa to inform the optimal design of a CEI intervention for ART adherence among youth. In-depth interviews were conducted with n = 35 adolescents (10-19 years old) living with HIV and prescribed ART, to identify attributes of a youth-centered CEI intervention for ART adherence. A discrete choice experiment was subsequently conducted with N = 168 adolescents to elicit preferences for intervention components. A rank-ordered mixed logit model was used for main results; marginal willingness-to-accept (mWTA) was then estimated. Five attributes emerged from the qualitative research as important for a CEI-based intervention for youth ART adherence: (1) incentive amount, (2) incentive format, (3) incentive recipient, (4) delivery mode, and (5) program participants. Youth had a high probability of acceptance of any incentives program (88-100%), yet they did not have a strong preference of a quarterly over a monthly program. From a maximum incentive amount of R1920 (~US$115), youth were willing to forgo up to R126 per year (~US$9) if the incentive was given in cash (versus fashion vouchers); R274 (~US$19.6) if it was open to both previously adherent and non-adherent youth (instead of non-adherent only); and up to R91 (~US$6.5) to receive incentives at a clinic setting (instead of electronically). The use of incentives over the short term during the critical age- and developmental-transition, when adolescents begin to take sole responsibility for their medication-taking behaviors, holds great promise for habituating adherence into adulthood.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW More than half of new HIV diagnoses occur in the Southern United States where the epidemic disproportionately affects persons of color. Although other areas of the country are seeing dramatic declines in the number of new cases, the progress in the South lags behind. This review will examine the reasons for that disparity. Many are unique to the South. RECENT FINDINGS Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy for HIV, many in the South are not benefiting from these medications, at either a personal or public health level. The reasons are complex and include lack of access to healthcare, lower levels of funding than other areas of the country, stigma, structural racism, increased barriers due to social determinants of health, coexisting mental health disorders, substance use disorders and sexually transmitted diseases and insufficient workforce capacity to meet the needs of those living with HIV. SUMMARY These findings should underline the need for investment in the South for a holistic healthcare approach to persons living with HIV including supporting basic needs such as access to food, transportation and housing. Prioritization among politicians for policy and systems changes and approaches to decrease stigma and enhance education about HIV will be key.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Knowledge of HIV status is the gateway to HIV treatment and prevention, and optimizing this pillar is essential to bend the curve of the HIV epidemic toward zero new infections. This review will discuss the epidemiology of serostatus awareness, including disparities among key populations, and explore interventions and societal barriers. RECENT FINDINGS Rates of serostatus awareness have improved overall; however, progress is lagging in many regions, nations and populations, with substantial disparities seen among key populations. These populations and their partners now contribute the majority of new infections, fueling the epidemic. Data support a variety of interventions that have demonstrated effectiveness in increasing new diagnoses, particularly among underserved populations. Structural and societal barriers such as stigma, discriminatory laws and policies, and social determinants of health disproportionately affect key populations, and these must be addressed to achieve equity and end the epidemic. SUMMARY According to United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the pace of progress toward epidemic control has slowed. Achieving substantial increases in serostatus awareness to meet 2020 and 2030 UNAIDS goals will require attacking complex societal barriers while bringing evidence-based interventions to scale in each nation and key population. A robust advocacy effort is now needed as political will and funding wane.
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Wagner Z, Montoy JCC, Drabo EF, Dow WH. Incentives Versus Defaults: Cost-Effectiveness of Behavioral Approaches for HIV Screening. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:379-386. [PMID: 30953306 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many HIV positive individuals are still undiagnosed, which has led health systems to try many approaches to expand HIV testing. In a randomized controlled trial, we found that behavioral economics interventions (opt-out testing and financial incentives) each improved HIV testing rates and these approaches are being implemented by several hospital systems. However, it is unclear if these strategies are cost-effective. We quantified the cost-effectiveness of different behavioral approaches to HIV screening-opt-out testing, financial incentives, and their combination-in terms of cost per new HIV diagnosis and infections averted. We estimated the incremental number of new HIV diagnoses and program costs using a mathematical screening model, and infections averted using and HIV transmission model. We used a 1-year time horizon and a hospital perspective. Switching from opt-into opt-out results in 39 additional diagnoses (56% increase) after 1-year at a cost of $3807 per new diagnosis. Switching from no incentive to a $1, $5, or $10 incentive adds 14, 13, and 28 new diagnoses (20, 19, and 41% increases) at a cost of $11,050, $17,984, and $15,298 per new diagnosis, respectively. Layering on financial incentives to opt-out testing enhances program effectiveness, though at a greater marginal cost per diagnosis. We found a similar pattern for infections averted. This is one of the first cost-effectiveness analyses of behavioral economics interventions in public health. Changing the choice architecture from opt-into opt-out and giving financial incentives for testing are both cost-effective in terms of detecting HIV and reducing transmission. For hospitals interested in increasing HIV screening rates, changing the choice architecture is an efficient strategy and more efficient than incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Wagner
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St, Santa Monica, CA, 90401, USA.
| | - Juan Carlos C Montoy
- Department Emergency Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emmanuel F Drabo
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William H Dow
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Stevens J. Choice Architecture and Simplifying: Alternatives to Incentives for Increasing Healthy Behaviors. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2019-0111. [PMID: 31289191 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Stevens
- Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Liu Y, Silenzio VMB, Nash R, Luther P, Bauermeister J, Vermund SH, Zhang C. Suboptimal Recent and Regular HIV Testing Among Black Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States: Implications From a Meta-Analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 81:125-133. [PMID: 30844996 PMCID: PMC6956840 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continuum of HIV care among black men who have sex with men (BMSM) continues to be the least favorable in the United States. BMSM are disproportionally HIV-infected-but-unaware, despite expanded HIV testing efforts among this subgroup. METHODS We meta-analytically analyzed various HIV testing patterns [lifetime, after 24 months, after 12 months, after 6 months, and frequent (every 3-6 months) testing] among BMSM using the PRISMA guideline. PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and PsycINFO were searched for relevant articles, reports, conference proceedings, and dissertations published between January 1, 1996, and April 25, 2018. Two independent investigators reviewed and abstracted data into a standardized form. We used the DerSimonian-Laird random-effect model to pool the HIV testing prevalence and I-square statistics to measure heterogeneity. Funnel plots and Egger tests were used to assess for publication bias. We also performed subgroup and meta-regression analyses to explore aggregate-level characteristics that explain the heterogeneity across studies. RESULTS Our meta-analysis includes a total of 42,074 BMSM pooled from 67 studies. Lifetime HIV testing prevalence was high, 88.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 86.2% to 90.1%], but recent (after 6 months = 63.4%; 95% CI: 59.3% to 67.4%) and frequent (42.2%, 95% CI: 34.1% to 50.3%) HIV testing prevalence was low. Meta-regression suggests that younger age (borderline significant), lower annual income, and homelessness were correlated with lower lifetime/recent HIV testing prevalence; while ever having condomless insertive/receptive sex, alcohol consumption, and illicit drug use were associated with higher lifetime/recent HIV testing prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Recent and frequent HIV testing remains suboptimal among BMSM. Future testing programs should prioritize strategies to enhance self-initiated, regular HIV testing among BMSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | | | - Robertson Nash
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Patrick Luther
- Nashville Council on AIDS, Resources, Education and Support (CARES), Nashville, TN
| | | | - Sten H. Vermund
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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Linnemayr S, MacCarthy S, Wagner Z, Barreras JL, Galvan FH. Using Behavioral Economics to Promote HIV Prevention for Key Populations. JOURNAL OF AIDS & CLINICAL RESEARCH 2018; 9:780. [PMID: 30906621 PMCID: PMC6428081 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this short communication, we discuss some key behavioral economic (BE) biases that likely minimize HIV prevention efforts, explore why certain key populations such as men who have sex with men or transgender women-may be more likely to succumb to these biases, and suggest how incentives informed by BE can support these populations in their effort to remain HIV-negative. Based on our formative work in an ongoing study, we discuss two important insights regarding the use of incentives to inform future HIV prevention efforts. First, participants often expressed more excitement for prizes that were viewed as fun (e.g., movie gift cards) or luxurious (e.g., cosmetics gift cards) rather than necessities (e.g., grocery store gift cards) of the same financial value and suggests that including an element of fun can be a powerful tool for incentivizing safe HIV-related behavior. Second, participants preferred not to be "paid" to display health behaviors, indicating the way incentives are given out (and perceived) is central to their success. Going forward, a BE perspective can help improve the impact of incentives - and increase their cost-effectiveness by carefully adapting them to the preferences of their recipients.
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