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Zhu L, Li S, Jiang JY, Yao ZY, Li Q, Lian SJ, Liu Q, Shi JS, Xu ZH, Gong JS. High-Level Extracellular Expression of Hyaluronate Lyase HylP in Bacillus subtilis for Hyaluronan Degradation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04883-w. [PMID: 38411935 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Hyaluronate lyase (HA lyase) has potential in the industrial processing of hyaluronan. In this study, HylP, an HA lyase from Streptococcus pyogenes phage (SPB) was successfully expressed in Bacillus subtilis. To improve the extracellular enzyme activity of HylP in B. subtilis, signal peptide engineering systematic optimization was carried out, and cultured it from shake flasks and fermenters, followed by purification, characterization, and analysis of degradation products. The results showed that the replacement of the signal peptide increased the extracellular enzyme activity of HylP from 1.0 × 104 U/mL to 1.86 × 104 U/mL in the shake flask assay, and using a 20 L fermenter in a batch fermentation process, the extracellular enzyme activity achieved the level of 1.07 × 105 U/mL. HylP exhibited significant thermal and pH stability in the temperature range of 40 °C and pH range of 4-8, respectively. The enzyme showed optimum activity at 40 °C and pH 6, with significant activity in the presence of Na+, Mg2+, and Co2+ ions. Degradation analysis showed that HylP efficiently degraded hyaluronan as an endonuclease, releasing unsaturated disaccharides. These comprehensive findings underscore the substantial industrial potential of HylP for hyaluronan processing applications, offering valuable insights into enzyme characterization and optimization of expression for potential industrial utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Zhu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Daxue East Road No. 100, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shubo Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Daxue East Road No. 100, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia-Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Jie Lian
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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di Leandro L, Colasante M, Pitari G, Ippoliti R. Hosts and Heterologous Expression Strategies of Recombinant Toxins for Therapeutic Purposes. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:699. [PMID: 38133203 PMCID: PMC10748335 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of therapeutic recombinant toxins requires careful host cell selection. Bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells are common choices, but no universal solution exists. Achieving the delicate balance in toxin production is crucial due to potential self-intoxication. Recombinant toxins from various sources find applications in antimicrobials, biotechnology, cancer drugs, and vaccines. "Toxin-based therapy" targets diseased cells using three strategies. Targeted cancer therapy, like antibody-toxin conjugates, fusion toxins, or "suicide gene therapy", can selectively eliminate cancer cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed. Notable toxins from various biological sources may be used as full-length toxins, as plant (saporin) or animal (melittin) toxins, or as isolated domains that are typical of bacterial toxins, including Pseudomonas Exotoxin A (PE) and diphtheria toxin (DT). This paper outlines toxin expression methods and system advantages and disadvantages, emphasizing host cell selection's critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.d.L.); (M.C.); (G.P.)
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3
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Alias FL, Nezhad NG, Normi YM, Ali MSM, Budiman C, Leow TC. Recent Advances in Overexpression of Functional Recombinant Lipases. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:1737-1749. [PMID: 36971996 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00725-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous functional expression of the recombinant lipases is typically a bottleneck due to the expression in the insoluble fraction as inclusion bodies (IBs) which are in inactive form. Due to the importance of lipases in various industrial applications, many investigations have been conducted to discover suitable approaches to obtain functional lipase or increase the expressed yield in the soluble fraction. The utilization of the appropriate prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems, along with the suitable vectors, promoters, and tags, has been recognized as a practical approach. One of the most powerful strategies to produce bioactive lipases is using the molecular chaperones co-expressed along with the target protein's genes into the expression host to produce the lipase in soluble fraction as a bioactive form. The refolding of expressed lipase from IBs (inactive) is another practical strategy which is usually carried out through chemical and physical methods. Based on recent investigations, the current review simultaneously highlights strategies to express the bioactive lipases and recover the bioactive lipases from the IBs in insoluble form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Liyana Alias
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nima Ghahremani Nezhad
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Cahyo Budiman
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Khodak YA. Heterologous Expression of Recombinant Proteins and Their Derivatives Used as Carriers for Conjugate Vaccines. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1248-1266. [PMID: 37770392 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923090055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Carrier proteins that provide an effective and long-term immune response to weak antigens has become a real breakthrough in the disease prevention, making it available to a wider range of patients and making it possible to obtain reliable vaccines against a variety of pathogens. Currently, research is continuing both to identify new peptides, proteins, and their complexes potentially suitable for use as carriers, and to develop new methods for isolation, purification, and conjugation of already known and well-established proteins. The use of recombinant proteins has a number of advantages over isolation from natural sources, such as simpler cultivation of the host organism, the possibility of modifying genetic constructs, use of numerous promoter variants, signal sequences, and other regulatory elements. This review is devoted to the methods of obtaining both traditional and new recombinant proteins and their derivatives already being used or potentially suitable for use as carrier proteins in conjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya A Khodak
- Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Centre of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia.
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Chen S, Quan DH, Sam G, Ozberk V, Wang XT, Halfmann P, Pandey M, Good MF, Kawaoka Y, Britton WJ, Rehm BHA. Assembly of Immunogenic Protein Particles toward Advanced Synthetic Vaccines. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205819. [PMID: 36564365 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenic carrier proteins such as the non-toxic diphtheria toxin variant, cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197), are widely used in subunit vaccine formulations to boost immunogenicity of chemically conjugated antigens. Conjugate vaccines are inherently expensive due to laborious manufacturing steps. Here, this work develops a particulate vaccine platform based on using engineered Escherichia coli to assemble CRM197-antigen fusion proteins into discrete submicron-sized particles. This approach enables precise loading of diverse antigens and epitopes enhancing their immunogenicity. A cost-effective, high-yield, and scalable biomanufacturing process is developed. Purified particulate CRM197-antigen vaccines are ambient-temperature stable. CRM197 particles incorporating pathogen-specific antigens or epitopes from SARS-CoV-2, Streptococcus pyogenes (group A), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced cell-mediated and humoral immune responses mediating protective immunity in respective animal models of infection. The CRM197 particle vaccine platform is versatile, enabling co-delivery of selected antigens/epitopes together with immunogenic CRM197 as discrete stable particles avoiding laborious manufacture of soluble CRM197 and antigen followed by chemical conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiong Chen
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Diana H Quan
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Gayathri Sam
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Victoria Ozberk
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Xiaonan T Wang
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Peter Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Michael F Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Bernd H A Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4111, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4215, Australia
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High-Level Production of Soluble Cross-Reacting Material 197 in Escherichia coli Cytoplasm Due to Fine Tuning of the Target Gene's mRNA Structure. BIOTECH (BASEL (SWITZERLAND)) 2023; 12:biotech12010009. [PMID: 36648835 PMCID: PMC9844443 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) is a non-toxic mutant of the diphtheria toxin and is widely used as a carrier protein in conjugate vaccines. This protein was first obtained from the supernatant of the mutant Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain. This pathogenic bacteria strain is characterized by a slow growth rate and a relatively low target protein yield, resulting in high production costs for CRM197. Many attempts have been made to establish high-yield protocols for the heterologous expression of recombinant CRM197 in different host organisms. In the present work, a novel CRM197-producing Escherichia coli strain was constructed. The target protein was expressed in the cytoplasm of SHuffle T7 E. coli cells without any additional tags and with a single potential mutation-an additional Met [-1]. The fine tuning of the mRNA structure (the disruption of the single hairpin in the start codon area) was sufficient to increase the CRM197 expression level several times, resulting in 150-270 mg/L (1.1-2.0 mg/g wet biomass) yields of pure CRM197 protein. Besides the high yield, the advantages of the obtained expression system include the absence of the necessity of CRM197 refolding or tag removal. Thus, an extensive analysis of the mRNA structure and the removal of the unwanted hairpins in the 5' area may significantly improve the target protein expression rate.
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Scutteri L, Maltoni G, Hochkoeppler A. Amberlite XAD-4 is a convenient tool for removing Triton X-100 and Sarkosyl from protein solutions. Biotechniques 2023; 74:45-50. [PMID: 36621959 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Amberlite has been shown to be an appropriate material for the adsorption of organic contaminants from aqueous solutions. In addition, Amberlite XAD-2 has been successfully used, as an alternative to Bio-Beads, to remove Triton X-100 from protein solutions, such as from samples of solubilized membrane proteins. However, Amberlite has not been tested as an adsorbent when a mixture of detergents is necessary to solubilize and refold a target protein. Here the authors show that Amberlite XAD-4 can be appropriately used to aid the purification process of proteins solubilized from inclusion bodies with the ternary detergent system consisting of Sarkosyl, Triton X-100 and CHAPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Scutteri
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Giulia Maltoni
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Alejandro Hochkoeppler
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna, 40136, Italy
- CSGI, University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
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8
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López-Cano A, Sicilia P, Gaja C, Arís A, Garcia-Fruitós E. Quality comparison of recombinant soluble proteins and proteins solubilized from bacterial inclusion bodies. N Biotechnol 2022; 72:58-63. [PMID: 36150649 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant protein production in bacteria is often accompanied by the formation of aggregates, known as inclusion bodies (IBs). Although several strategies have been developed to minimize protein aggregation, many heterologous proteins are produced in aggregated form. For these proteins, purification necessarily requires processes of solubilization and refolding, often involving denaturing agents. However, the presence of biologically active recombinant proteins forming IBs has driven a redefinition of the protocols used to obtain soluble protein avoiding the protein denaturation step. Among the different strategies described, the detergent n-lauroylsarcosine (NLS) has proved to be effective. However, the impact of the NLS on final protein quality has not been evaluated so far. Here, the activity of three antimicrobial proteins (all as GFP fusions) obtained from the soluble fraction was compared with those solubilized from IBs. Results showed that NLS solubilized proteins from IBs efficiently, but that protein activity was impaired. Thus, a solubilization protocol without detergents was evaluated, demonstrating that this strategy efficiently solubilized proteins embedded in IBs while retaining their biological activity. These results showed that the protocol used for IB solubilization has an impact on final protein quality and that IBs can be solubilized through a very simple step, obtaining fully active proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià López-Cano
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Paula Sicilia
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Clara Gaja
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
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Maltoni G, Scutteri L, Mensitieri F, Piaz FD, Hochkoeppler A. High-yield production in Escherichia coli and convenient purification of a candidate vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:1313-1322. [PMID: 36161539 PMCID: PMC9512991 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present work was to identify a time-saving, effective, and low-cost strategy to produce in Escherichia coli a protein chimera representing a fusion anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine, consisting of immunogenic and antigenic moieties. RESULTS We overexpressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) a synthetic gene coding for CRM197-RBD, and the target protein was detected in inclusion bodies. CRM197-RBD was solubilized with 1 % (w/v) of the anionic detergent N-lauroylsarcosine (sarkosyl), the removal of which from the protein solution was conveniently accomplished with Amberlite XAD-4. The detergent-free CRM197-RBD was then separated from contaminating DNA using polyethylenimine (PEI), and finally purified from PEI by salting out with ammonium sulfate. Structural (CD spectrum) and functional (DNase activity) assays revealed that the CRM197-RBD chimera featured a native and active conformation. Remarkably, we determined a yield of purified CRM197-RBD equal to 23 mg per litre of culture. CONCLUSIONS To produce CRM197-RBD, we devised the use of sarkosyl as an alternative to urea to solubilize the target protein from E. coli inclusion bodies, and the easy removal of sarkosyl by means of Amberlite XAD-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Maltoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Scutteri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Mensitieri
- Department of Medicine, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Alejandro Hochkoeppler
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy. .,CSGI, University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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10
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Restrepo-Pineda, Rosiles-BecerrilVargas-Castillo D, Ávila-Barrientos LP, Luviano A, Sánchez-Puig N, García-Hernández E, Pérez NO, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Valdez-Cruz NA. Induction temperature impacts the structure of recombinant HuGM-CSF inclusion bodies in thermoinducible E. coli. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Singhvi P, Panda AK. Solubilization and Refolding of Inclusion Body Proteins. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2406:371-387. [PMID: 35089569 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1859-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Expression of heterologous proteins in E. coli often leads to the formation of protein aggregates known as inclusion bodies (IBs). Inclusion body aggregates pose a major hurdle in the recovery of bioactive proteins from E. coli. Usage of strong denaturing buffers for solubilization of bacterial IBs results in poor recovery of bioactive protein. Structure-function understanding of IBs in the last two decades have led to the development of several mild solubilization buffers, which improve the recovery of bioactive from IBs. Recently, combinatorial mild solubilization methods have paved the way for solubilization of wide range of inclusion bodies with appreciable refolding yield. Here, we describe a simple protocol for solubilization and refolding of an inclusion body protein with appreciable recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyank Singhvi
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Amulya K Panda
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.
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Aw R, Ashik MR, Islam AAZM, Khan I, Mainuddin M, Islam MA, Ahasan MM, Polizzi KM. Production and purification of an active CRM197 in Pichia pastoris and its immunological characterization using a Vi-typhoid antigen vaccine. Vaccine 2021; 39:7379-7386. [PMID: 34774362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CRM197 is a commonly used glycoconjugate carrier that improves the immunogenicity of vaccines, particularly in infants. Despite the advantages of this diphtheria toxoid mutant, low yields, production in inclusion bodies, and the requirement for specific growth conditions have limited the breadth of successful recombinant protein expression platforms available for its expression. We evaluated Pichia pastoris as a production host, using the methanol inducible AOX1 promoter and a modified α-mating factor signal peptide for secretion into the supernatant. Final purified yields >100 mg L-1 culture were achieved when produced in a bioreactor, which is equivalent to the productivity obtained from bioprocesses using the native Corynebacterium diphtheriae host. Recombinant CRM197 was purified to ≥95% homogeneity and showed the expected endonuclease activity. Furthermore, mice immunized with a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi capsular Vi antigen conjugated to our recombinant CRM197 showed greater than 5-fold increase in immune response. Overall, the results demonstrate that Pichia pastoris is a suitable expression host for the production of high quality CRM197 for vaccine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Aw
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | - Imran Khan
- Incepta Vaccine Ltd, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Karen M Polizzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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13
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Zhu W, Hu L, Wang Y, Lv L, Wang H, Shi W, Zhu J, Lu H. A hemolysin secretion pathway-based novel secretory expression platform for efficient manufacturing of tag peptides and anti-microbial peptides in Escherichia coli. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:115. [PMID: 38650268 PMCID: PMC10992379 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Escherichia coli has been widely used for the expression of exogenous proteins, the secretory expression in this system is still a big obstacle. As one of the most important secretion pathways, hemolysin A (HlyA) system of E. coli can transport substrates directly from the cytoplasm to extracellular medium without the formation of any periplasmic intermediate, making it an ideal candidate for the development of the secretory production platform for exogenous proteins. RESULTS In this work, we developed a novel production platform, THHly, based on the HlyA secretion system, and explored its applications in the efficient preparation and quick detection of tag peptides and anti-microbial peptides. In this novel platform the signal sequence of HlyA is fused to the C-terminal of target peptide, with Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease cleavage site and 6*His tag between them. Five tag peptides displayed good secretory properties in E. coli BL21 (DE3), among which T7 tag and S tag were obtained by two rounds of purification steps and TEV cleavage, and maintained their intrinsic immunogenicity. Furthermore, Cecropin A and Melittin, two different types of widely explored anti-microbial peptides, were produced likewise and verified to possess anti-microbial/anti-tumor bioactivities. No significant bacterial growth inhibition was observed during the fusion protein expression, indicating that the fusion form not only mediated the secretion but also decreased the toxicity of anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) to the host bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to achieve the secretory expression of these two AMPs in E. coli with considerable potential for manufacturing and industrialization purposes. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the HlyA based novel production platform of E. coli allowed the efficient secretory production and purification of peptides, thus suggesting a promising strategy for the industrialized production of peptide pharmaceuticals or reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lifu Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liangyin Lv
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenqiang Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huili Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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14
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Hashemzadeh MS, Mohammadi M, Ghaleh HEG, Sharti M, Choopani A, Panda AK. Expression, Solubilization, Refolding and Final Purification of Recombinant Proteins as Expressed in the form of "Classical Inclusion Bodies" in E. coli. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:122-130. [PMID: 32729411 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527999200729182831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli has been most widely used for production of the recombinant proteins. Over-expression of the recombinant proteins is the mainspring of the inclusion bodies formation. The refolding of these proteins into bioactive forms is cumbersome and partly time-consuming. In the present study, we reviewed and discussed most issues regarding the recovery of "classical inclusion bodies" by focusing on our previous experiences. Performing proper methods of expression, solubilization, refolding and final purification of these proteins, would make it possible to recover higher amounts of proteins into the native form with appropriate conformation. Generally, providing mild conditions and proper refolding buffers, would lead to recover more than 40% of inclusion bodies into bioactive and native conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mozafar Mohammadi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mojtaba Sharti
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Choopani
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amulya Kumar Panda
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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15
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Chai P, Pu X, Ge J, Ren S, Xia X, Luo A, Wang S, Wang X, Li J. The recombinant protein combined vaccine based on the fragment C of tetanus toxin and the cross-reacting material 197. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1683-1692. [PMID: 33511443 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines were widely used since 1940s. The exceptional success of childhood vaccination is undisputed. However, the anti-diphtheria and tetanus antibody will decrease with the increase of age in human body. A boosting vaccine for tetanus and diphtheria in adult is recommended by WHO. Recombinant protein vaccine has the advantages of single component and high safety, which is one of the directions to develop boosting vaccines. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated a recombinant TTc and CRM197 combination vaccine (RTCV) that uses the fragment C (TTc) of tetanus toxin and the cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) of the diphtheria toxin mutant. Our results displayed that RTCV (composed of 10 μg/mL TTc, 20 μg/mL CRM197 antigens, and 500 μg/mL aluminum adjuvants) could induce high levels of IgG and IgG1 antibody in mice, which were similar as those induced by DTaP. These results will provide technical support for a novel boosting vaccine against diphtheria and tetanus. KEY POINTS: • We successfully expressed CRM197 protein in E. coli BL21 (DE3) using pET26b (+) vector. • The anti-TTc and anti-CRM197 antibody titer (IgG) of RTCV was similar with DTaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengdi Chai
- Jiangsu Theravac Bio-pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, No.699-18 Xuanwu Street, Nanjing, 210042, China.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Xiuying Pu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Jiangsu Theravac Bio-pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, No.699-18 Xuanwu Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Sulin Ren
- Jiangsu Theravac Bio-pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, No.699-18 Xuanwu Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xia
- Jiangsu Theravac Bio-pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, No.699-18 Xuanwu Street, Nanjing, 210042, China.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Amiao Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Jiangsu Theravac Bio-pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, No.699-18 Xuanwu Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Jiangsu Theravac Bio-pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, No.699-18 Xuanwu Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Jiangsu Theravac Bio-pharmaceutical CO., Ltd, No.699-18 Xuanwu Street, Nanjing, 210042, China.
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16
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Oyeleye AO, Mohd Yusoff SF, Abd Rahim IN, Leow ATC, Saidi NB, Normi YM. Effective refolding of a cysteine rich glycoside hydrolase family 19 recombinant chitinase from Streptomyces griseus by reverse dilution and affinity chromatography. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241074. [PMID: 33091044 PMCID: PMC7580917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional refolding methods are associated with low yields due to misfolding and high aggregation rates or very dilute proteins. In this study, we describe the optimization of the conventional methods of reverse dilution and affinity chromatography for obtaining high yields of a cysteine rich recombinant glycoside hydrolase family 19 chitinase from Streptomyces griseus HUT6037 (SgChiC). SgChiC is a potential biocontrol agent and a reference enzyme in the study and development of chitinases for various applications. The overexpression of SgChiC was previously achieved by periplasmic localization from where it was extracted by osmotic shock and then purified by hydroxyapatite column chromatography. In the present study, the successful refolding and recovery of recombinant SgChiC (r-SgChiC) from inclusion bodies (IB) by reverse dilution and column chromatography methods is respectively described. Approximately 8 mg of r-SgChiC was obtained from each method with specific activities of 28 and 52 U/mg respectively. These yields are comparable to that obtained from a 1 L culture volume of the same protein isolated from the periplasmic space of E. coli BL21 (DE3) as described in previous studies. The higher yields obtained are attributed to the successful suppression of aggregation by a stepwise reduction of denaturant from high, to intermediate, and finally to low concentrations. These methods are straight forward, requiring the use of fewer refolding agents compared with previously described refolding methods. They can be applied to the refolding of other cysteine rich proteins expressed as inclusion bodies to obtain high yields of actively folded proteins. This is the first report on the recovery of actively folded SgChiC from inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayokunmi Omolola Oyeleye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Faridah Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Izzah Nadiah Abd Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adam Thean Chor Leow
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Baity Saidi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M. Normi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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17
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Ban B, Sharma M, Shetty J. Optimization of Methods for the Production and Refolding of Biologically Active Disulfide Bond-Rich Antibody Fragments in Microbial Hosts. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E39. [PMID: 32764309 PMCID: PMC7551518 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have been used for basic research, clinical diagnostics, and therapeutic applications. Escherichia coli is one of the organisms of choice for the production of recombinant antibodies. Variable antibody genes have canonical and non-canonical disulfide bonds that are formed by the oxidation of a pair of cysteines. However, the high-level expression of an antibody is an inherent problem to the process of disulfide bond formation, ultimately leading to mispairing of cysteines which can cause misfolding and aggregation as inclusion bodies (IBs). This study demonstrated that fragment antibodies are either secreted to the periplasm as soluble proteins or expressed in the cytoplasm as insoluble inclusion bodies when expressed using engineered bacterial host strains with optimal culture conditions. It was observed that moderate-solubilization and an in vitro matrix that associated refolding strategies with redox pairing more correctly folded, structured, and yielded functionally active antibody fragments than the one achieved by a direct dilution method in the absence of a redox pair. However, natural antibodies have canonical and non-canonical disulfide bonds that need a more elaborate refolding process in the presence of optimal concentrations of chaotropic denaturants and redox agents to obtain correctly folded disulfide bonds and high yield antibodies that retain biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupal Ban
- Antibody Engineering and Technology Core, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institutes (IBRI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maya Sharma
- Department of Data Science, School of Informatics and Computing Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Jagathpala Shetty
- Antibody Engineering and Technology Core, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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18
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Bravo-Bautista N, Hoang H, Joshi A, Travis J, Wooten M, Wymer NJ. Investigating the Deoxyribonuclease Activity of CRM197 with Site-Directed Mutagenesis. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:11987-11992. [PMID: 31460310 PMCID: PMC6682014 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The protein cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197) is known to catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of DNA (DNase activity). A suspected metal-binding site (S109, T111, and E112) and suspected DNA-binding motif (T89, K90, and V91) were predicted within the CRM197 protein X-ray crystal structure (4AE0) using METSITE and DNABindProt, respectively. Between these two predicted sites is a groove (K103, E116, T120, E122, F123, and R126) that may assist in DNase activity. Alanine scanning was performed at these sites to determine which amino acids might be important for DNase activity. These mutations individually or in combination either maintained or increased the overall DNase activity compared to the unmodified CRM197. Mutation at the suspected metal-binding site showed similar fluctuations to the overall DNase activity whether the DNase assays were run with Mg2+ and Ca2+ or Mn2+. However, many of the mutations within the suspected DNA-binding motif saw significant differences depending on which metal was used. Only some of the improvements in DNase activity could be attributed to improved folding of the mutants compared to the unmodified CRM197. This study should provide a basis for further mutagenesis studies to remove the DNase activity of CRM197.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bravo-Bautista
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Biomedical
Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Hieu Hoang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Biomedical
Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Anusha Joshi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Biomedical
Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Jennifer Travis
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Biomedical
Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Melissa Wooten
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Biomedical
Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Nathan J. Wymer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Biomedical
Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
- E-mail:
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19
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Sarker A, Rathore AS, Gupta RD. Evaluation of scFv protein recovery from E. coli by in vitro refolding and mild solubilization process. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:5. [PMID: 30642336 PMCID: PMC6330739 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of therapeutically active single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody is still challenging in E. coli due to the aggregation propensity of recombinant protein into inclusion bodies (IBs). However, recent advancement of biotechnology has shown substantial recovery of bioactive protein from such insoluble IBs by solubilization and refolding processes. In addition, gene fusion technology has also widely been used to improve the soluble protein production using E. coli. This study demonstrates that mild-solubilization and in vitro refolding strategies, both are capable to recover soluble scFv protein from bacterial IBs, although the degree of success is greatly influenced by different fusion tags with the target protein. RESULTS It was observed that the most commonly used fusion tag, i.e., maltose binding protein (MBP) was not only influenced the cytoplasmic expression in E. coli but also greatly improved the in vitro refolding yield of scFv protein. On the other hand, mild solubilization process potentially could recover soluble and functional scFv protein from non-classical IBs without assistance of any fusion tag and in vitro refolding step. The recovery yield achieved by mild solubilization process was also found higher than denaturation-refolding method except while scFv was refolded in fusion with MBP tag. Concomitantly, it was also observed that the soluble protein achieved by mild solubilization process was better structured and functionally more active than the one achieved by in vitro refolding method in the absence of MBP tag or refolding enhancer. CONCLUSIONS Maltose binding protein tagged scFv has shown better refolding and solubility yields as compare to mild solubilization process. However, in terms of cost, time and tag free nature, mild solubilization method for scFv recovery from bacterial IBs is considerable for therapeutic application and further structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Sarker
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rinkoo Devi Gupta
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
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