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Ambrogi M, Vezina CM. Roles of airway and intestinal epithelia in responding to pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1346087. [PMID: 38736751 PMCID: PMC11082347 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1346087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells form a resilient barrier and orchestrate defensive and reparative mechanisms to maintain tissue stability. This review focuses on gut and airway epithelia, which are positioned where the body interfaces with the outside world. We review the many signaling pathways and mechanisms by which epithelial cells at the interface respond to invading pathogens to mount an innate immune response and initiate adaptive immunity and communicate with other cells, including resident microbiota, to heal damaged tissue and maintain homeostasis. We compare and contrast how airway and gut epithelial cells detect pathogens, release antimicrobial effectors, collaborate with macrophages, Tregs and epithelial stem cells to mount an immune response and orchestrate tissue repair. We also describe advanced research models for studying epithelial communication and behaviors during inflammation, tissue injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad M. Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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2
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Seliga AK, Zabłocki K, Bandorowicz-Pikuła J. Palmitate Stimulates Expression of the von Willebrand Factor and Modulates Toll-like Receptors Level and Activity in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:254. [PMID: 38203423 PMCID: PMC10779284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
An increased concentration of palmitate in circulation is one of the most harmful factors in obesity. The von Willebrand factor (vWF), a protein involved in haemostasis, is produced and secreted by the vascular endothelium. An increased level of vWF in obese patients is associated with thrombosis and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate a palmitate effect on vWF in endothelial cells and understand the mechanisms of palmitate-activated signalling. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) incubated in the presence of palmitate, exhibited an increased VWF gene expression, vWF protein maturation, and stimulated vWF secretion. Cardamonin, a Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor, abolished the palmitate effect on VWF expression. The inhibition of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 with C29 resulted in the TLR4 overactivation in palmitate-treated cells. Palmitate, in the presence of TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242, leads to a higher expression of TLR6, CD36, and TIRAP. The silencing of TLR4 resulted in an increase in TLR2 level and vice versa. The obtained results indicate a potential mechanism of obesity-induced thrombotic complication caused by fatty acid activation of NF-κB signalling and vWF upregulation and help to identify various compensatory mechanisms related to TLR4 signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanna Bandorowicz-Pikuła
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.S.); (K.Z.)
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3
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Wang X, Peng Z, Wang L, Zhang J, Zhang K, Guo Z, Xu G, Li J. Cordyceps militaris Solid Medium Extract Alleviates Lipoteichoic Acid-Induced MH-S Inflammation by Inhibiting TLR2/NF-κB/NLRP3 Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15519. [PMID: 37958501 PMCID: PMC10648577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of Cordyceps militaris solid medium extract (CME) and cordycepin (COR) on LTA-induced inflammation in MH-S cells and their mechanisms of action. In this study, the establishment of an LTA-induced MH-S inflammation model was determined, the CCK-8 method was used to determine the safe concentration range for a drug for COR and CME, the optimal concentration of COR and CME to exert anti-inflammatory effects was further selected, and the expression of inflammatory factors of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-6 was detected using ELISA. The relative expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, IL-10, TLR2 and MyD88 mRNA was detected using RT-PCR, and the IL-1β, IL-18, TLR2, MyD88, NF-κB p-p65, NLRP3, pro-caspase-1, Caspase-1 and ASC protein expression in the cells were detected using Western blot; immunofluorescence assay detected the expression of Caspase-1 in MH-S cells. The results revealed that both CME and COR inhibited the levels of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α in the supernatants of LTA-induced MH-S cells and the mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR2 and MyD88, down-regulated the LTA-induced IL-1β, IL-18, TLR2 in MH-S cells, MyD88, NF-κB p-p65/p65, NLRP3, ASC, pro-caspase-1, and caspase-1 protein expression levels, and inhibited LTA-induced caspase-1 activation in MH-S cells. In conclusion, CME can play a therapeutic role in LTA-induced inflammation in MH-S cells via TLR2/NF-κB/NLRP3, and may serve as a potential drug for bacterial pneumonia caused by Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianxi Li
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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4
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Szewczyk MM, Owens DDG, Barsyte-Lovejoy D. Measuring Protein-Protein Interactions in Cells using Nanoluciferase Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (NanoBRET) Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2706:137-148. [PMID: 37558946 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3397-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are increasingly recognized for their roles in functional cellular networks and their importance in disease-targeting contexts. Assessing PPI in the native cellular environment is challenging and requires specific and quantitative methods. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is a biophysical process that can be used to quantify PPI. With Nanoluciferase bioluminescent protein as a donor and a fluorescent chloroalkane ligand covalently bound to HaloTag protein as an acceptor, NanoBRET provides a versatile and robust system to quantitatively measure PPI in living cells. BRET efficiency is proportional to the distance between the donor and acceptor, allowing for the measurement of PPI in real time. In this paper, we describe the use of NanoBRET to study specific interactions between proteins of interest in living cells that can be perturbed by using small-molecule antagonists and genetic mutations. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for expressing NanoLuc and HaloTag fusion proteins in cell culture and the necessary optimization of NanoBRET assay conditions. Our example results demonstrate the reliability and sensitivity of NanoBRET for measuring interactions between proteins, protein domains, and short peptides and quantitating the PPI antagonist compound activity in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic D G Owens
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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5
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IL-1 Superfamily Member ( IL-1A, IL-1B and IL-18) Genetic Variants Influence Susceptibility and Clinical Course of Mediterranean Spotter Fever. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121892. [PMID: 36551320 PMCID: PMC9816934 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean Spotted Fever (MSF) is one of the most common spotted fever Rickettsioses. Most cases of MSF follow a benign course, with a minority of cases being fatal. The severity of the infection depends on bacterial virulence, dose and host factors such as effective immune response and genetic background. Herein, we reported data on typing by competitive allele-specific PCR of functionally relevant polymorphisms of genes coding for MyD88 adapter-like (Mal/TIRAP) protein (rs8177374), interleukin(IL)-1 cluster (IL-1A rs1800587, IL-1B rs16944 and rs1143634) and IL-18 (rs187238), which might be crucial for an efficient immune response. The results enlighten the role that IL-1 gene cluster variants might play in susceptibility against Rickettsia conorii infection. In particular, the IL-1A rs1800587TT genotype was significantly increased in patients alone and combined in a haplotype composed by minor alleles rs1800587T, rs16944A and rs1143634A. This result was confirmed using the decision tree heuristic approach. Using this methodology, IL-1A rs1800587TT genotype was the better discrimination key among MSF patients and controls. In addition, the IL-1 gene cluster SNP genotypes containing minor alleles and IL-18 rs187238G positive genotypes were found as associated with risk of severe complications such as sepsis, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome and coma. In conclusion, these data suggest that the evaluation of IL-1A, IL-1B and IL-18 gene SNPs can add useful information on the clinical course of patients affected by Mediterranean Spotted Fever, even if further confirmatory studies will be necessary.
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Jin YP, Nevarez-Mejia J, Terry AQ, Sosa RA, Heidt S, Valenzuela NM, Rozengurt E, Reed EF. Cross-Talk between HLA Class I and TLR4 Mediates P-Selectin Surface Expression and Monocyte Capture to Human Endothelial Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1359-1369. [PMID: 36165200 PMCID: PMC9635437 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Donor-specific HLA Abs contribute to Ab-mediated rejection (AMR) by binding to HLA molecules on endothelial cells (ECs) and triggering intracellular signaling, leading to EC activation and leukocyte recruitment. The molecular mechanisms involving donor-specific HLA Ab-mediated EC activation and leukocyte recruitment remain incompletely understood. In this study, we determined whether TLRs act as coreceptors for HLA class I (HLA I) in ECs. We found that human aortic ECs express TLR3, TLR4, TLR6, and TLR10, but only TLR4 was detected on the EC surface. Consequently, we performed coimmunoprecipitation experiments to examine complex formation between HLA I and TLR4. Stimulation of human ECs with HLA Ab increased the amount of complex formation between HLA I and TLR4. Reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation with a TLR4 Ab confirmed that the crosslinking of HLA I increased complex formation between TLR4 and HLA I. Knockdown of TLR4 or MyD88 with small interfering RNAs inhibited HLA I Ab-stimulated P-selectin expression, von Willebrand factor release, and monocyte recruitment on ECs. Our results show that TLR4 is a novel coreceptor for HLA I to stimulate monocyte recruitment on activated ECs. Taken together with our previous published results, we propose that HLA I molecules form two separate signaling complexes at the EC surface, that is, with TLR4 to upregulate P-selectin surface expression and capture of monocytes to human ECs and integrin β4 to induce mTOR-dependent firm monocyte adhesion via ICAM-1 clustering on ECs, two processes implicated in Ab-mediated rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jessica Nevarez-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Allyson Q Terry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rebecca A Sosa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Nicole M Valenzuela
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elaine F Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA;
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7
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Lotz-Havla AS, Woidy M, Guder P, Friedel CC, Klingbeil JM, Bulau AM, Schultze A, Dahmen I, Noll-Puchta H, Kemp S, Erdmann R, Zimmer R, Muntau AC, Gersting SW. iBRET Screen of the ABCD1 Peroxisomal Network and Mutation-Induced Network Perturbations. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4366-4380. [PMID: 34383492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mapping the network of proteins provides a powerful means to investigate the function of disease genes and to unravel the molecular basis of phenotypes. We present an automated informatics-aided and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based approach (iBRET) enabling high-confidence detection of protein-protein interactions in living mammalian cells. A screen of the ABCD1 protein, which is affected in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), against an organelle library of peroxisomal proteins demonstrated applicability of iBRET for large-scale experiments. We identified novel protein-protein interactions for ABCD1 (with ALDH3A2, DAO, ECI2, FAR1, PEX10, PEX13, PEX5, PXMP2, and PIPOX), mapped its position within the peroxisomal protein-protein interaction network, and determined that pathogenic missense variants in ABCD1 alter the interaction with selected binding partners. These findings provide mechanistic insights into pathophysiology of X-ALD and may foster the identification of new disease modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie S Lotz-Havla
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Woidy
- University Children's Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Guder
- University Children's Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Caroline C Friedel
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Julian M Klingbeil
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Bulau
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Schultze
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Ilona Dahmen
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Heidi Noll-Puchta
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, 1105 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Systems Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmer
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Ania C Muntau
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Søren W Gersting
- University Children's Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Annexin A1 Is Required for Efficient Tumor Initiation and Cancer Stem Cell Maintenance in a Model of Human Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051154. [PMID: 33800279 PMCID: PMC7962654 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a poor outcome compared to the other major breast cancer subtypes and new therapies are needed. We sought to clarify the functions of a ubiquitous protein, Annexin A1, in the development and progression of TNBC. We found that Annexin A1 expression correlated with poor patient prognosis in basal-like breast tumors and also in the basal like-2 subset of TNBCs. Stable knockdown of Annexin A1 attenuated the growth of SUM149 xenografts, which model basal-like 2 tumors. In a polyoma middle T antigen-driven allograft model of breast cancer, Annexin A1 depletion markedly delayed tumor formation, induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition and upregulated basal markers. Finally, loss of Annexin A1 resulted in the loss of a discrete CD24+/Sca1− population containing putative tumor-initiating cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate a novel cell-autonomous role for Annexin A1 in the promotion of tumor-forming capacity in certain TNBC tumors. Abstract Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a poor outcome compared to other breast cancer subtypes, and new therapies that target the molecular alterations driving tumor progression are needed. Annexin A1 is an abundant multi-functional Ca2+ binding and membrane-associated protein. Reported roles of Annexin A1 in breast cancer progression and metastasis are contradictory. Here, we sought to clarify the functions of Annexin A1 in the development and progression of TNBC. The association of Annexin A1 expression with patient prognosis in subtypes of TNBC was examined. Annexin A1 was stably knocked down in a panel of human and murine TNBC cell lines with high endogenous Annexin A1 expression that were then evaluated for orthotopic growth and spontaneous metastasis in vivo and for alterations in cell morphology in vitro. The impact of Annexin A1 knockdown on the expression of genes involved in mammary epithelial cell differentia tion and epithelial to mesenchymal transition was also determined. Annexin A1 mRNA levels correlated with poor patient prognosis in basal-like breast tumors and also in the basal-like 2 subset of TNBCs. Unexpectedly, loss of Annexin A1 expression had no effect on either primary tumor growth or spontaneous metastasis of MDA-MB-231_HM xenografts, but abrogated the growth rate of SUM149 orthotopic tumors. In an MMTV-PyMT driven allograft model of breast cancer, Annexin A1 depletion markedly delayed tumor formation in both immuno-competent and immuno-deficient mice and induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition and upregulation of basal markers. Finally, loss of Annexin A1 resulted in the loss of a discrete CD24+/Sca1− population containing putative tumor initiating cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate a novel cell-autonomous role for Annexin A1 in the promotion of tumor-forming capacity in a model of human breast cancer and suggest that some basal-like TNBCs may require high endogenous tumor cell Annexin A1 expression for continued growth.
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Nitz M, Smith D, Wysocki B, Knoell D, Wysocki T. Modeling of an immune response: Queuing network analysis of the impact of zinc and cadmium on macrophage activation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:412-422. [PMID: 32970332 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by progressive, irreversible airflow obstruction resulting from an abnormal inflammatory response to noxious gases and particles. Alveolar macrophages rely on the transcription factors, nuclear factor κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase, among others, to facilitate the production of inflammatory mediators designed to help rid the lung of foreign pathogens and noxious stimuli. Building a kinetic model using queuing networks, provides a quantitative approach incorporating an initial number of individual molecules along with rates of the reactions in any given pathway. Accordingly, this model has been shown useful to model cell behavior including signal transduction, transcription, and metabolic pathways. The aim of this study was to determine whether a queuing theory model that involves lipopolysaccharide-mediated macrophage activation in tandem with changes in intracellular Cd and zinc (Zn) content or a lack thereof, would be useful to predict their impact on immune activation. We then validate our model with biologic cytokine output from human macrophages relative to the timing of innate immune activation. We believe that our results further prove the validity of the queuing theory approach to model intracellular molecular signaling and postulate that it can be useful to predict additional cell signaling pathways and the corresponding biological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Nitz
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Deandra Smith
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Beata Wysocki
- Biology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Daren Knoell
- Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tadeusz Wysocki
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Bai L, Bai Y, Yang Y, Zhang W, Huang L, Ma R, Wang L, Duan H, Wan Q. Baicalin alleviates collagen‑induced arthritis and suppresses TLR2/MYD88/NF‑κB p65 signaling in rats and HFLS‑RAs. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2833-2841. [PMID: 32945496 PMCID: PMC7453616 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalin is a flavonoid isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis with anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic pharmacological properties. however, the therapeutic effect of baicalin on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not completely understood. The present study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential and mechanisms underlying baicalin in collagen‑induced arthritis (CIA) model rats. CIA was induced in male SD rats. The hind paw thickness and severity of joint injury were monitored to assess the onset of arthritis. At 28 days after the initial immunization, different doses of baicalin were administered once daily via oral gavage for 40 days. The radiologic and pathological alterations were examined using X‑ray, and hematoxylin and eosin staining, respectively. ELISA was employed to measure the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting were conducted to determine the expression of toll‑like receptor (TLR)2, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88) and NF‑κB p65. Baicalin treatment noticeably alleviated radiographic and histologic abnormalities in the hind paw joints of CIA model rats in a dose‑dependent manner. The serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines were significantly decreased in baicalin‑treated CIA model rats compared with vehicle‑treated CIA model rats. The mRNA expression levels of TLR2 and MYD88, as well as the protein expression levels of TLR2, MYD88 and NF‑κB p65 were significantly decreased by baicalin treatment in the synovial tissue of CIA model rats and human RA fibroblast‑like synoviocytes. The results suggested that baicalin may exert a beneficial effect on CIA, which may be mediated by inhibiting the TLR2/MYD88/NF‑κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Bai
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Ya Bai
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Haizheng Duan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Qiaofeng Wan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
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11
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Capsid proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus interact with TLR2 and CD14 to induce cytokine production. Immunol Lett 2020; 223:10-16. [PMID: 32333963 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of recognition of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) by host innate immune cells is not well-understood. In this study, we first found that binary ethylenimine inactivated-FMDV (BEI-FMDV) with structurally intact capsid activated TLR2, but not other TLRs, and this specific activation was blocked by anti-TLR2 Abs or knockout of TLR2. BEI-FMDV activated NF-κB to induce cytokines, notably interferon-β and IL-6, in a TLR2 and MyD88-dependent manner. Coexpression of TLR6 and CD14 showed additive effects on BEI-FMDV/TLR2-mediated activation of NF-κB. Further studies demonstrated that recombinant capsid proteins rVP1 and rVP3 of FMDV but not rVP0 bound directly with CD14 and TLR2. The rVP1- and rVP3-mediated activation of TLR2 and NF-κB were enhanced by the coexpression of TLR1 or TLR6. Immunoprecipitation of either rVP1 or rVP3 with mouse macrophage cell extracts revealed that rVP1 or rVP3 associated with TLR2, CD14 and TLR6 suggesting that rVP1 and rVP3 interact with CD14, TLR2/TLR1, and TLR2/TLR6 heterodimer. Additional study confirmed that rVP1 and rVP3 interacted with the swine TLR2 signaling pathway to induce IL-6 in swine macrophages. Our results identify VP1 and VP3 of FMDV as novel TLR agonists whose recognition by CD14, TLR2/TLR1, and TLR2/TLR6 of host innate immune cells is critical for the induction of cytokine production.
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12
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Su BC, Chen JY. Epinecidin-1: An orange-spotted grouper antimicrobial peptide that modulates Staphylococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid-induced inflammation in macrophage cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:362-367. [PMID: 32084537 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) is among the most economically important of all fish species farmed in Asia. This species expresses an antimicrobial peptide called epinecidin-1 (EPI), which is considered to be a host defense factor due to its strong bacterial killing activity. Antimicrobial peptides usually possess both bacterial killing and immunomodulatory activity, however, the modulatory activity of EPI on Gram-positive bacterial lipoteichoic acids (LTA)-induced inflammation has not been previously reported. In this study, we found that EPI effectively suppressed LTA-induced production of proinflammatory factors in macrophages. Mechanistically, EPI attenuated LTA-induced inflammation by inhibiting Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 internalization and subsequent downstream signaling (reactive oxygen species, Akt, p38 and Nuclear factor κB). However, protein abundance of TLR2 was not altered by EPI or LTA. Taken together, our findings reveal for the first time that EPI possesses inhibitory activity toward LTA-induced inflammation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Chyuan Su
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
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Research Progress of Mechanisms and Drug Therapy For Atherosclerosis on Toll-Like Receptor Pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 74:379-388. [PMID: 31730559 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have established atherosclerosis (AS) as a major factor in the pathogenetic process of cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic stroke and coronary heart disease. Although the possible pathogenesis of AS remains to be elucidated, a large number of investigations strongly suggest that the inhibition of toll-like receptors (TLRs) alleviates the severity of AS to some extent by suppressing vascular inflammation and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. As pattern recognition receptors, TLRs occupy a vital position in innate immunity, mediating various signaling pathways in infective and sterile inflammation. This review summarizes the available data on the research progress of AS and the latest antiatherosclerotic drugs associated with TLR pathway.
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Sun W, Li Q, Ning X, Yang Y, Guo J, Zhu Q, Guo Y, Li H, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Kou Z. TFPR1 acts as an immune regulator and an efficient adjuvant for proteins and peptides by activating immune cells, primarily through TLR2. Vaccine 2019; 38:288-297. [PMID: 31629567 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Triflin, a non-toxic protein found in the venom of the Habu snake, belongs to the CRISP (cysteine-rich secretory protein) family, which comprises two domains: a C-terminal cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and an N-terminal pathogenesis-related-1 (PR-1) domain. The function of the highly structurally conserved PR-1 domain is unknown. Here, we successfully expressed the PR-1 domain of triflin (hereafter called TFPR1) in E. coli. Animal experiments showed that TFPR1 augmented Th1-biased antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses in mice immunized with two protein antigens (OVA and HBsAg) or a peptide antigen (HIV-1 pep). A flow cytometry-based binding assay and in vitro stimulation with TFPR1 showed that it triggered Th1-biased proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokine secretion primarily by binding to B cells and macrophages within the mouse splenocyte population. Quantitative RT-PCR, antibody blocking assays using a specific anti-mTLR2 antibody, and stimulatory experiments in vitro using splenocytes from TLR2-KO mice demonstrated that TFPR1 activated murine immune cells, primarily by stimulating toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). These results suggest that TFPR1 acts as a novel immune modulator and potent adjuvant primarily by activating TLR2. Thus, the PR-1-based core domain might play a role in immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiuzhe Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yuepeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhihua Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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Dale NC, Johnstone EKM, White CW, Pfleger KDG. NanoBRET: The Bright Future of Proximity-Based Assays. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:56. [PMID: 30972335 PMCID: PMC6443706 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is a biophysical technique used to monitor proximity within live cells. BRET exploits the naturally occurring phenomenon of dipole-dipole energy transfer from a donor enzyme (luciferase) to an acceptor fluorophore following enzyme-mediated oxidation of a substrate. This results in production of a quantifiable signal that denotes proximity between proteins and/or molecules tagged with complementary luciferase and fluorophore partners. BRET assays have been used to observe an array of biological functions including ligand binding, intracellular signaling, receptor-receptor proximity, and receptor trafficking, however, BRET assays can theoretically be used to monitor the proximity of any protein or molecule for which appropriate fusion constructs and/or fluorophore conjugates can be produced. Over the years, new luciferases and approaches have been developed that have increased the potential applications for BRET assays. In particular, the development of the small, bright and stable Nanoluciferase (NanoLuc; Nluc) and its use in NanoBRET has vastly broadened the potential applications of BRET assays. These advances have exciting potential to produce new experimental methods to monitor protein-protein interactions (PPIs), protein-ligand interactions, and/or molecular proximity. In addition to NanoBRET, Nluc has also been exploited to produce NanoBiT technology, which further broadens the scope of BRET to monitor biological function when NanoBiT is combined with an acceptor. BRET has proved to be a powerful tool for monitoring proximity and interaction, and these recent advances further strengthen its utility for a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C Dale
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics TechnologiesAustralia
| | - Elizabeth K M Johnstone
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics TechnologiesAustralia
| | - Carl W White
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics TechnologiesAustralia
| | - Kevin D G Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics TechnologiesAustralia.,Dimerix Limited, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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