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Perdiguero B, Pérez P, Marcos-Villar L, Albericio G, Astorgano D, Álvarez E, Sin L, Elena Gómez C, García-Arriaza J, Esteban M. Highly attenuated poxvirus-based vaccines against emerging viral diseases. J Mol Biol 2023:168173. [PMID: 37301278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although one member of the poxvirus family, variola virus, has caused one of the most devastating human infections worldwide, smallpox, the knowledge gained over the last 30 years on the molecular, virological and immunological mechanisms of these viruses has allowed the use of members of this family as vectors for the generation of recombinant vaccines against numerous pathogens. In this review, we cover different aspects of the history and biology of poxviruses with emphasis on their application as vaccines, from first- to fourth-generation, against smallpox, monkeypox, emerging viral diseases highlighted by the World Health Organization (COVID-19, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Ebola and Marburg virus diseases, Lassa fever, Middle East respiratory syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome, Nipah and other henipaviral diseases, Rift Valley fever and Zika), as well as against one of the most concerning prevalent virus, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, the causative agent of AcquiredImmunodeficiency Syndrome. We discuss the implications in human health of the 2022 monkeypox epidemic affecting many countries, and the rapid prophylactic and therapeutic measures adopted to control virus dissemination within the human population. We also describe the preclinical and clinical evaluation of the Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara and New York vaccinia virus poxviral strains expressing heterologous antigens from the viral diseases listed above. Finally, we report different approaches to improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of poxvirus-based vaccine candidates, such as deletion of immunomodulatory genes, insertion of host-range genes and enhanced transcription of foreign genes through modified viral promoters. Some future prospects are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Marcos-Villar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Albericio
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Astorgano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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García-Jiménez ÁF, Cáceres-Martell Y, Fernández-Soto D, Martínez Fleta P, Casasnovas JM, Sánchez-Madrid F, Frade JMR, Valés-Gómez M, Reyburn HT. Cross-reactive cellular, but not humoral, immunity is detected between OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 NPs in people not infected with SARS-CoV-2: Possible role of cT FH cells. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:339-346. [PMID: 35384035 PMCID: PMC9088540 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4covcra0721-356rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple questions about SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular immunity remain unanswered. One key question is whether preexisting memory T or B cells, specific for related coronaviruses in SARS-CoV-2-unexposed individuals, can recognize and suppress COVID-19, but this issue remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens are restricted to serum samples from COVID-19 convalescent individuals. In contrast, cross-reactive T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production responses were detected in PBMCs of around 30% of donor samples collected prepandemic, although we found that these prepandemic T cell responses only elicited weak cTFH activation upon stimulation with either HCoV-OC43 or SARS-CoV-2 NP protein. Overall, these observations confirm that T cell cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2 antigens are present in unexposed people, but suggest that the T cell response to HCoV-OC43 could be deficient in some important aspects, like TFH expansion, that might compromise the generation of cross-reactive TFH cells and antibodies. Understanding these differences in cellular responses may be of critical importance to advance in our knowledge of immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaiza Cáceres-Martell
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández-Soto
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José M Casasnovas
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, CNB, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugh T Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Sterilizing Immunity against COVID-19: Developing Helper T cells I and II activating vaccines is imperative. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112282. [PMID: 34624675 PMCID: PMC8486642 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Six months after the publication of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequence, a record number of vaccine candidates were listed, and quite a number of them have since been approved for emergency use against the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This unprecedented pharmaceutical feat did not only show commitment, creativity and collaboration of the scientific community, but also provided a swift solution that prevented global healthcare system breakdown. Notwithstanding, the available data show that most of the approved COVID-19 vaccines protect only a proportion of recipients against severe disease but do not prevent clinical manifestation of COVID-19. There is therefore the need to probe further to establish whether these vaccines can induce sterilizing immunity, otherwise, COVID-19 vaccination would have to become a regular phenomenon. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants could further affect the capability of the available COVID-19 vaccines to prevent infection and protect recipients from a severe form of the disease. These notwithstanding, data about which vaccine(s), if any, can confer sterilizing immunity are unavailable. Here, we discuss the immune responses to viral infection with emphasis on COVID-19, and the specific adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and how it can be harnessed to develop COVID-19 vaccines capable of conferring sterilizing immunity. We further propose factors that could be considered in the development of COVID-19 vaccines capable of stimulating sterilizing immunity. Also, an old, but effective vaccine development technology that can be applied in the development of COVID-19 vaccines with sterilizing immunity potential is reviewed.
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4
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Deciphering the Role of Mucosal Immune Responses and the Cervicovaginal Microbiome in Resistance to HIV Infection in HIV-Exposed Seronegative (HESN) Women. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0047021. [PMID: 34704803 PMCID: PMC8549735 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00470-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The female genital tract (FGT) is an important site of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Discerning the nature of HIV-specific local immune responses is crucial for identifying correlates of protection in HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals. The present study involved a comprehensive analysis of soluble immune mediators, secretory immunoglobulins (sIg), natural killer (NK) cells, CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, and T regulatory cells (Tregs) in the vaginal mucosa as well as the nature and composition of the cervicovaginal microbiome in HESN women. We found significantly elevated antiviral cytokines, soluble immunoglobulins, and increased frequencies of activated NK cells, CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells, and Tfh cells in HESN females compared to HIV-unexposed healthy (UH) women. Analysis of the genital microbiome of HESN women revealed a greater bacterial diversity and increased abundance of Gardnerella spp. in the mucosa. The findings suggest that the female genital tract of HESN females represents a microenvironment equipped with innate immune factors, antiviral mediators, and critical T cell subsets that protect against HIV infection. IMPORTANCE The vast majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections across the world occur via the sexual route. The genital tract mucosa is thus the primary site of HIV replication, and discerning the nature of HIV-specific immune responses in this compartment is crucial. The role of the innate immune system at the mucosal level in exposed seronegative individuals and other HIV controllers remains largely unexplored. This understanding can provide valuable insights to improve vaccine design. We investigated mucosal T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells subsets, soluble immune markers, and microbiome diversity in HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) women. We found a significantly higher level of mucosal CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells, CD4+ Tfh cells, activated NK cell subsets, and antiviral immune cell mediators in HESN women. We also found a higher abundance of Gardnerella spp., microbiome dysbiosis, and decreased levels of inflammatory markers to be associated with reduced susceptibility to HIV infection. Our findings indicate that increased distribution of mucosal NK cells, CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells, Tfh cells, and soluble markers in HIV controllers with a highly diverse cervicovaginal microbiome could contribute effectively to protection against HIV infection. Overall, our findings imply that future vaccine design should emphasize inducing these highly functional cell types at the mucosal sites.
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5
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Ponnan SM, Vidyavijayan KK, Thiruvengadam K, Hilda J N, Mathayan M, Murugavel KG, Hanna LE. Role of Circulating T Follicular Helper Cells and Stem-Like Memory CD4 + T Cells in the Pathogenesis of HIV-2 Infection and Disease Progression. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666388. [PMID: 33936106 PMCID: PMC8085399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are critical players in the host adaptive immune response. Emerging evidence suggests that certain CD4+ T cell subsets contribute significantly to the production of neutralizing antibodies and help in the control of virus replication. Circulating T follicular helper cells (Tfh) constitute a key T cell subset that triggers the adaptive immune response and stimulates the production of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). T cells having stem cell-like property, called stem-like memory T cells (Tscm), constitute another important subset of T cells that play a critical role in slowing the rate of disease progression through the differentiation and expansion of different types of memory cell subsets. However, the role of these immune cell subsets in T cell homeostasis, CD4+ T cell proliferation, and progression of disease, particularly in HIV-2 infection, has not yet been elucidated. The present study involved a detailed evaluation of the different CD4+ T cell subsets in HIV-2 infected persons with a view to understanding the role of these immune cell subsets in the better control of virus replication and delayed disease progression that is characteristic of HIV-2 infection. We observed elevated levels of CD4+ Tfh and CD4+ Tscm cells along with memory and effector T cell abundance in HIV-2 infected individuals. We also found increased frequencies of CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells and CD8+ Tscm cells, as well as memory B cells that are responsible for NAb development in HIV-2 infected persons. Interestingly, we found that the frequency of memory CD4+ T cells as well as memory B cells correlated significantly with neutralizing antibody titers in HIV-2 infected persons. These observations point to a more robust CD4+ T cell response that supports B cell differentiation, antibody production, and CD8+ T cell development in HIV-2 infected persons and contributes to better control of the virus and slower rate of disease progression in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankaran Munusamy Ponnan
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - K K Vidyavijayan
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Nancy Hilda J
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Manikannan Mathayan
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | | | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
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6
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Joachim A, Msafiri F, Onkar S, Munseri P, Aboud S, Lyamuya EF, Bakari M, Billings E, Robb ML, Wahren B, Mhalu FS, Sandström E, Rao M, Nilsson C, Biberfeld G. Frequent and Durable Anti-HIV Envelope VIV2 IgG Responses Induced by HIV-1 DNA Priming and HIV-MVA Boosting in Healthy Tanzanian Volunteers. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040681. [PMID: 33202967 PMCID: PMC7711440 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated antibody responses to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope variable regions 1 and 2 (V1V2) in 29 vaccinees who had received three HIV-1 DNA immunizations and two HIV-modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) boosts in the phase I/II HIVIS03 vaccine trial. Twenty vaccinees received a third HIV-MVA boost after three years in the HIVIS06 trial. IgG and IgG antibody subclasses to gp70V1V2 proteins of HIV-1 A244, CN54, Consensus C, and Case A2 were analysed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cyclic V2 peptides of A244, Consensus C, and MN were used in a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay. Four weeks after the second HIV-MVA, anti-V1V2 IgG antibodies to A244 were detected in 97% of HIVIS03 vaccinees, in 75% three years later, and in 95% after the third HIV-MVA. Anti-CN54 V1V2 IgG was detectable in 48% four weeks after the second HIV-MVA. The SPR data supported the findings. The IgG response was predominantly IgG1. Four weeks after the second HIV-MVA, 85% of vaccinees had IgG1 antibodies to V1V2 A244, which persisted in 25% for three-years. IgG3 and IgG4 antibodies to V1V2 A244 were rare. In conclusion, the HIV-DNA/MVA vaccine regimen induced durable V1V2 IgG antibody responses in a high proportion of vaccinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agricola Joachim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.M.); (S.A.); (E.F.L.); (F.S.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Frank Msafiri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.M.); (S.A.); (E.F.L.); (F.S.M.)
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Sayali Onkar
- The US Military HIV Research Program, The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; (S.O.); (E.B.)
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.L.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Patricia Munseri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (P.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.M.); (S.A.); (E.F.L.); (F.S.M.)
| | - Eligius F. Lyamuya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.M.); (S.A.); (E.F.L.); (F.S.M.)
| | - Muhammad Bakari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (P.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Erik Billings
- The US Military HIV Research Program, The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; (S.O.); (E.B.)
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.L.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.L.R.); (M.R.)
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Britta Wahren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Fred S. Mhalu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.M.); (S.A.); (E.F.L.); (F.S.M.)
| | - Eric Sandström
- Venhälsan, Karolinska Institutet at Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Mangala Rao
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.L.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 17182 Solna, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Biberfeld
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
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7
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Munusamy Ponnan S, Hayes P, Fernandez N, Thiruvengadam K, Pattabiram S, Nesakumar M, Srinivasan A, Kathirvel S, Shankar J, Goyal R, Singla N, Mukherjee J, Chatrath S, Gilmour J, Subramanyam S, Prasad Tripathy S, Swaminathan S, Hanna LE. Evaluation of antiviral T cell responses and TSCM cells in volunteers enrolled in a phase I HIV-1 subtype C prophylactic vaccine trial in India. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229461. [PMID: 32097435 PMCID: PMC7041807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play an important role in controlling viral replication during HIV infection. An effective vaccine should, therefore, lead to the induction of a strong and early viral-specific CD8+ T cell response. While polyfunctional T cell responses are thought to be important contributors to the antiviral response, there is evidence to show that polyfunctional HIV- specific CD8+ T cells are just a small fraction of the total HIV-specific CD8+ T cells and may be absent in many individuals who control HIV replication, suggesting that other HIV-1 specific CD8+ effector T cell subsets may be key players in HIV control. Stem cell-like memory T cells (TSCM) are a subset of T cells with a long half-life and self-renewal capacity. They serve as key reservoirs for HIV and contribute a significant barrier to HIV eradication. The present study evaluated vaccine-induced antiviral responses and TSCM cells in volunteers vaccinated with a subtype C prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine candidate administered in a prime-boost regimen. We found that ADVAX DNA prime followed by MVA boost induced significantly more peripheral CD8+ TSCM cells and higher levels of CD8+ T cell-mediated inhibition of replication of different HIV-1 clades as compared to MVA alone and placebo. These findings are novel and provide encouraging evidence to demonstrate the induction of TSCM and cytotoxic immune responses by a subtype C HIV-1 prophylactic vaccine administered using a prime-boost strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Hayes
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Fernandez
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sathyamurthi Pattabiram
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Manohar Nesakumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Ashokkumar Srinivasan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sujitha Kathirvel
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Janani Shankar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Rajat Goyal
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Singla
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Sudha Subramanyam
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Srikanth Prasad Tripathy
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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8
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Song W, Craft J. T follicular helper cell heterogeneity: Time, space, and function. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:85-96. [PMID: 30874350 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a crucial role in orchestrating the humoral arm of adaptive immune responses. Mature Tfh cells localize to follicles in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) where they provide help to B cells in germinal centers (GCs) to facilitate immunoglobulin affinity maturation, class-switch recombination, and generation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. Beyond the canonical GC Tfh cells, it has been increasingly appreciated that the Tfh phenotype is highly diverse and dynamic. As naive CD4+ T cells progressively differentiate into Tfh cells, they migrate through a variety of microanatomical locations to obtain signals from other cell types, which in turn alters their phenotypic and functional profiles. We herein review the heterogeneity of Tfh cells marked by the dynamic phenotypic changes accompanying their developmental program. Focusing on the various locations where Tfh and Tfh-like cells are found, we highlight their diverse states of differentiation. Recognition of Tfh cell heterogeneity has important implications for understanding the nature of T helper cell identity specification, especially the plasticity of the Tfh cells and their ontogeny as related to conventional T helper subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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9
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Munusamy Ponnan S, Pattabiram S, Thiruvengadam K, Goyal R, Singla N, Mukherjee J, Chatrath S, Bergin P, T. Kopycinski J, Gilmour J, Kumar S, Muthu M, Subramaniam S, Swaminathan S, Prasad Tripathy S, Luke HE. Induction and maintenance of bi-functional (IFN-γ + IL-2+ and IL-2+ TNF-α+) T cell responses by DNA prime MVA boosted subtype C prophylactic vaccine tested in a Phase I trial in India. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213911. [PMID: 30921340 PMCID: PMC6438518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective vaccine design relies on accurate knowledge of protection against a pathogen, so as to be able to induce relevant and effective protective responses against it. An ideal Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine should induce humoral as well as cellular immune responses to prevent initial infection of host cells or limit early events of viral dissemination. A Phase I HIV-1 prophylactic vaccine trial sponsored by the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) was conducted in India in 2009.The trial tested a HIV-1 subtype C vaccine in a prime-boost regimen, comprising of a DNA prime (ADVAX) and Modified Vaccine Ankara (MVA) (TBC-M4) boost. The trial reported that the vaccine regimen was safe, well tolerated, and resulted in enhancement of HIV-specific immune responses. However, preliminary immunological studies were limited to vaccine-induced IFN-γ responses against the Env and Gag peptides. The present study is a retrospective study to characterize in detail the nature of the vaccine-induced cell mediated immune responses among volunteers, using Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) that were archived during the trial. ELISpot was used to measure IFN-γ responses and polyfunctional T cells were analyzed by intracellular multicolor flow cytometry. It was observed that DNA priming and MVA boosting induced Env and Gag specific bi-functional and multi-functional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2. The heterologous prime-boost regimen appeared to be slightly superior to the homologous prime-boost regimen in inducing favorable cell mediated immune responses. These results suggest that an in-depth analysis of vaccine-induced cellular immune response can aid in the identification of correlates of an effective immunogenic response, and inform future design of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankaran Munusamy Ponnan
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sathyamurthy Pattabiram
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Rajat Goyal
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Singla
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Philip Bergin
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sriram Kumar
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Malathy Muthu
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sudha Subramaniam
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Srikanth Prasad Tripathy
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Hanna Elizabeth Luke
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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Correction: Induction of circulating T follicular helper cells and regulatory T cells correlating with HIV-1 gp120 variable loop antibodies by a subtype C prophylactic vaccine tested in a Phase I trial in India. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204476. [PMID: 30231061 PMCID: PMC6145574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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