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Phillips S, Mishra T, Huang S, Wu L. Functional Impacts of Epitranscriptomic m 6A Modification on HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:127. [PMID: 38257827 PMCID: PMC10820791 DOI: 10.3390/v16010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Epitranscriptomic RNA modifications play a crucial role in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification of eukaryotic RNA and plays a pivotal role in RNA fate. RNA m6A modification is regulated by a group of cellular proteins, methyltransferases (writers) and demethylases (erasers), which add and remove the methyl group from adenosine, respectively. m6A modification is recognized by a group of cellular RNA-binding proteins (readers) that specifically bind to m6A-modified RNA, mediating effects on RNA stability, splicing, transport, and translation. The functional significance of m6A modification of viral and cellular RNA is an active area of virology research. In this review, we summarize and analyze the current literature on m6A modification of HIV-1 RNA, the multifaceted functions of m6A in regulating HIV-1 replication, and the role of viral RNA m6A modification in evading innate immune responses to infection. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the future directions and therapeutic implications of mechanistic studies of HIV-1 epitranscriptomic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.P.); (T.M.); (S.H.)
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2
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Zhou T, Chen G, Chen M, Wang Y, Zou G, Liang H. Direct Full-Length RNA Sequencing Reveals an Important Role of Epigenetics During Sexual Reversal in Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:876045. [PMID: 35399508 PMCID: PMC8990255 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.876045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex dimorphism is a key feature of Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). The males (M) have higher econosmic value than females (F) due to wider calipash and faster growth. Exogenous hormones like estradiol and methyltestosterone can induce sexual reversal to form new phenotypes (pseudo-female, PF; pseudo-male, PM) without changing the genotype. The possibility of inducing sexual reversal is particularly important in aquaculture breeding, but the underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. Here we applied a direct RNA sequencing method with ultralong reads using Oxford Nanopore Technologies to study the transcriptome complexity in P. sinensis. Nanopore sequencing of the four gender types (M, F, PF, and PM) showed that the distribution of read length and gene expression was more similar between same-sex phenotypes than same-sex genotypes. Compared to turtles with an M phenotype, alternative splicing was more pronounced in F turtles, especially at alternative 3′ splice sites, alternative 5′ splice sites, and alternative first exons. Furthermore, the two RNA methylation modifications m5C and m6A were differentially distributed across gender phenotypes, with the M type having more modification sites in coding sequence regions, but fewer modification sites in 3′UTR regions. Quantitative analysis of enriched m6A RNAs revealed that the N6-methylated levels of Odf2, Pacs2, and Ak1 were significantly higher in M phenotype individuals, while the N6-methylated levels of Ube2o were reduced after sexual reversal from both M and F phenotypes. Taken together, these findings reveal an important role of epigenetics during sexual reversal in Chinese soft-shelled turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Guobin Chen
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Wuhan, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Yubin Wang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Wuhan, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guiwei Zou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guiwei Zou, ; Hongwei Liang,
| | - Hongwei Liang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guiwei Zou, ; Hongwei Liang,
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3
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Fu Y, Lorrai I, Zorman B, Mercatelli D, Shankula C, Marquez Gaytan J, Lefebvre C, de Guglielmo G, Kim HR, Sumazin P, Giorgi FM, Repunte-Canonigo V, Sanna PP. Escalated (Dependent) Oxycodone Self-Administration Is Associated with Cognitive Impairment and Transcriptional Evidence of Neurodegeneration in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Transgenic Rats. Viruses 2022; 14:669. [PMID: 35458399 PMCID: PMC9030762 DOI: 10.3390/v14040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorder is associated with accelerated disease progression in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PWH). Problem opioid use, including high-dose opioid therapy, prescription drug misuse, and opioid abuse, is high and increasing in the PWH population. Oxycodone is a broadly prescribed opioid in both the general population and PWH. Here, we allowed HIV transgenic (Tg) rats and wildtype (WT) littermates to intravenously self-administer oxycodone under short-access (ShA) conditions, which led to moderate, stable, "recreational"-like levels of drug intake, or under long-access (LgA) conditions, which led to escalated (dependent) drug intake. HIV Tg rats with histories of oxycodone self-administration under LgA conditions exhibited significant impairment in memory performance in the novel object recognition (NOR) paradigm. RNA-sequencing expression profiling of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in HIV Tg rats that self-administered oxycodone under ShA conditions exhibited greater transcriptional evidence of inflammation than WT rats that self-administered oxycodone under the same conditions. HIV Tg rats that self-administered oxycodone under LgA conditions exhibited transcriptional evidence of an increase in neuronal injury and neurodegeneration compared with WT rats under the same conditions. Gene expression analysis indicated that glucocorticoid-dependent adaptations contributed to the gene expression effects of oxycodone self-administration. Overall, the present results indicate that a history of opioid intake promotes neuroinflammation and glucocorticoid dysregulation, and excessive opioid intake is associated with neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment in HIV Tg rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (Y.F.); (I.L.); (C.S.); (J.M.G.); (C.L.)
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Irene Lorrai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (Y.F.); (I.L.); (C.S.); (J.M.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Barry Zorman
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (B.Z.); (H.R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Daniele Mercatelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (D.M.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Chase Shankula
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (Y.F.); (I.L.); (C.S.); (J.M.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Jorge Marquez Gaytan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (Y.F.); (I.L.); (C.S.); (J.M.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Celine Lefebvre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (Y.F.); (I.L.); (C.S.); (J.M.G.); (C.L.)
- 92160 Antony, France
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Hyunjae Ryan Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (B.Z.); (H.R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Pavel Sumazin
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (B.Z.); (H.R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Federico M. Giorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (D.M.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Vez Repunte-Canonigo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (Y.F.); (I.L.); (C.S.); (J.M.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Pietro Paolo Sanna
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (Y.F.); (I.L.); (C.S.); (J.M.G.); (C.L.)
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4
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Zhou M, Liu W, Zhang J, Sun N. RNA m 6A Modification in Immunocytes and DNA Repair: The Biological Functions and Prospects in Clinical Application. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:794754. [PMID: 34988083 PMCID: PMC8722703 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.794754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most prevalent internal modification in mRNA, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays broad biological functions via fine-tuning gene expression at the post-transcription level. Such modifications are deposited by methyltransferases (i.e., m6A Writers), removed by demethylases (i.e., m6A Erasers), and recognized by m6A binding proteins (i.e., m6A Readers). The m6A decorations regulate the stability, splicing, translocation, and translation efficiency of mRNAs, and exert crucial effects on proliferation, differentiation, and immunologic functions of immunocytes, such as T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, dendritic cell (DC), and macrophage. Recent studies have revealed the association of dysregulated m6A modification machinery with various types of diseases, including AIDS, cancer, autoimmune disease, and atherosclerosis. Given the crucial roles of m6A modification in activating immunocytes and promoting DNA repair in cells under physiological or pathological states, targeting dysregulated m6A machinery holds therapeutic potential in clinical application. Here, we summarize the biological functions of m6A machinery in immunocytes and the potential clinical applications via targeting m6A machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zhou
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jieyan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wuxi Branch of Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Wuxi, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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5
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Zhao B, Wang W, Zhao Y, Qiao H, Gao Z, Chuai X. Regulation of Antiviral Immune Response by N 6-Methyladenosine of mRNA. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:789605. [PMID: 34975810 PMCID: PMC8716812 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.789605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Host innate and adaptive immune responses play a vital role in clearing infected viruses. Meanwhile, viruses also evolve a series of mechanisms to weaken the host immune responses and evade immune defense. Recently, N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most prevalent mRNA modification, has been revealed to regulate multiple steps of RNA metabolism, such as mRNA splicing, localization, stabilization, and translation, thus participating in many biological phenomena, including viral infection. In the process of virus–host interaction, the m6A modification that presents on the virus RNA impedes capture by the pattern recognition receptors, and the m6A modification appearing on the host immune-related molecules regulate interferon response, immune cell differentiation, inflammatory cytokine production, and other immune responses induced by viral infection. This review summarizes the research advances about the regulatory role of m6A modification in the innate and adaptive immune responses during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxin Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongxiu Qiao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyun Gao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Chuai
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Cockova Z, Honc O, Telensky P, Olsen MJ, Novotny J. Streptozotocin-Induced Astrocyte Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is Ameliorated by FTO Inhibitor MO-I-500. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3818-3828. [PMID: 34491720 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, remains unclear. Over the past few years, evidence has accumulated indicating that perturbed cerebral bioenergetics and neuroinflammation may compromise cognitive functions and precedes the onset of AD and that impaired function of glial cells can likely contribute to the development of the disease. Recently, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of RNA has been implicated in the regulation of different processes in the brain and to play a potential role in neurodegeneration. In the present study, we investigated the potential role of the m6A machinery enzymes in a streptozotocin (STZ) model of AD in human astrocytoma CCF-STTG1 cells. We observed that STZ-treated astrocytes expressed significantly higher levels of m6A demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and m6A reader YTHDF1 (YTH domain-containing family protein 1). Our experiments revealed that MO-I-500, a novel pharmacological inhibitor of FTO, can strongly reduce the adverse effects of STZ. Inhibition of FTO enhanced the survival of cells exposed to STZ and suppressed oxidative stress, apoptosis, elevated expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, mitochondrial dysfunction, and bioenergetic disturbances induced by this compound. Overall, the results of this study indicate that perturbed m6A signaling may be contributing to AD pathogenesis, likely by compromising astrocyte bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Cockova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Honc
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Telensky
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mark J. Olsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy-Glendale, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona 85308, United States
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Han M, Liu Z, Xu Y, Liu X, Wang D, Li F, Wang Y, Bi J. Abnormality of m6A mRNA Methylation Is Involved in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:98. [PMID: 32184705 PMCID: PMC7058666 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is highly prevalent in older adults. The main clinical feature is the progressive decline of memory function, which eventually leads to the decline of cognitive function. At present, the pathogenesis of AD is unclear. In the disease process, synaptic changes are the key. Recent studies have shown that the dysregulation of RNA methylation is related to many biological processes, including neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative diseases. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modification in eukaryotic RNA. In this study, RNA m6A methylation was quantified in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, which is an AD mouse model, and C57BL/6 control mice, and data showed that m6A methylation was elevated in the cortex and the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Next, the alterations of m6A RNA methylation in AD and in C57BL/6 mice were investigated using high-throughput sequencing. Genome-wide maps of m6A mRNA showed that the degrees of m6A methylation were higher in many genes and lower in others in AD mice. Interestingly, the expression of the m6A methyltransferase METTL3 was elevated and that of the m6A demethylase FTO was decreased in AD mice. The data were analyzed by gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, and pathways that might be related to synaptic or neuron development and growth were constructed. The related pathways and genes predicted the potential roles of the differentially expressed m6A methylation RNA in AD. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the m6A methylation of RNA promotes the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Han
- Department of General Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of General Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Dewei Wang
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianzhong Bi
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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de Guglielmo G, Fu Y, Chen J, Larrosa E, Hoang I, Kawamura T, Lorrai I, Zorman B, Bryant J, George O, Sumazin P, Lefebvre C, Repunte-Canonigo V, Sanna PP. Increases in compulsivity, inflammation, and neural injury in HIV transgenic rats with escalated methamphetamine self-administration under extended-access conditions. Brain Res 2020; 1726:146502. [PMID: 31605699 PMCID: PMC7195807 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of stimulants, such as methamphetamine (METH), is associated with treatment non-compliance, a greater risk of viral transmission, and the more rapid clinical progression of immunological and central nervous system human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. The behavioral effects of METH in the setting of HIV remain largely uncharacterized. We used a state-of-the-art paradigm of the escalation of voluntary intravenous drug self-administration in HIV transgenic (Tg) and wildtype rats. The rats were first allowed to self-administer METH under short-access (ShA) conditions, which is characterized by a nondependent and more "recreational" pattern of METH use, and then allowed to self-administer METH under long-access (LgA) conditions, which leads to compulsive (dependent) METH intake. HIV Tg and wildtype rats self-administered equal amounts of METH under ShA conditions. HIV Tg rats self-administered METH under LgA conditions following a 4-week enforced abstinence period to model the intermittent pattern of stimulant abuse in humans. These HIV Tg rats developed greater motivation to self-administer METH and self-administered larger amounts of METH. Impairments in function of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) contribute to compulsive drug and alcohol intake. Gene expression profiling of the mPFC in HIV Tg rats with a history of escalated METH self-administration under LgA conditions showed transcriptional evidence of increased inflammation, greater neural injury, and impaired aerobic glucose metabolism than wildtype rats that self-administered METH under LgA conditions. The detrimental effects of the interaction between neuroHIV and escalated METH intake on the mPFC are likely key factors in the greater vulnerability to excessive drug intake in the setting of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Jihuan Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Estefania Larrosa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ivy Hoang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tomoya Kawamura
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Irene Lorrai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barry Zorman
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Bryant
- University of Maryland and Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Pavel Sumazin
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Celine Lefebvre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Servier, Paris, France
| | - Vez Repunte-Canonigo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Pietro Paolo Sanna
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Li J, Yang X, Qi Z, Sang Y, Liu Y, Xu B, Liu W, Xu Z, Deng Y. The role of mRNA m 6A methylation in the nervous system. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:66. [PMID: 31452869 PMCID: PMC6701067 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitranscriptomics, also known as “RNA epigenetics”, is a chemical modification for RNA regulation. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) methylation is considered to be a major discovery following the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and histone methylation. Messenger RNA (mRNA) methylation modification accounts for more than 60% of all RNA modifications and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is known as one of the most common type of eukaryotic mRNA methylation modifications in current. The m6A modification is a dynamic reversible modification, which can directly or indirectly affect biological processes, such as RNA degradation, translation and splicing, and can play important biological roles in vivo. This article introduces the mRNA m6A methylation modification enzymes and binding proteins, and reviews the research progress and related mechanisms of the role of mRNA m6A methylation in the nervous system from the aspects of neural stem cells, learning and memory, brain development, axon growth and glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashuo Li
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
| | - Zhipeng Qi
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
| | - Yanqi Sang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
| | - Yanan Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
| | - Bin Xu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
| | - Zhaofa Xu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
| | - Yu Deng
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
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