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Novak EA, Crawford EC, Mentrup HL, Griffith BD, Fletcher DM, Flanagan MR, Schneider C, Firek B, Rogers MB, Morowitz MJ, Piganelli JD, Wang Q, Mollen KP. Epithelial NAD + depletion drives mitochondrial dysfunction and contributes to intestinal inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1231700. [PMID: 37744380 PMCID: PMC10512956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1231700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We have previously demonstrated that a pathologic downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) within the intestinal epithelium contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanism underlying downregulation of PGC1α expression and activity during IBD is not yet clear. Methods Mice (male; C57Bl/6, Villincre/+;Pgc1afl/fl mice, and Pgc1afl/fl) were subjected to experimental colitis and treated with nicotinamide riboside. Western blot, high-resolution respirometry, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) quantification, and immunoprecipitation were used to in this study. Results We demonstrate a significant depletion in the NAD+ levels within the intestinal epithelium of mice undergoing experimental colitis, as well as humans with ulcerative colitis. While we found no decrease in the levels of NAD+-synthesizing enzymes within the intestinal epithelium of mice undergoing experimental colitis, we did find an increase in the mRNA level, as well as the enzymatic activity, of the NAD+-consuming enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1). Treatment of mice undergoing experimental colitis with an NAD+ precursor reduced the severity of colitis, restored mitochondrial function, and increased active PGC1α levels; however, NAD+ repletion did not benefit transgenic mice that lack PGC1α within the intestinal epithelium, suggesting that the therapeutic effects require an intact PGC1α axis. Discussion Our results emphasize the importance of PGC1α expression to both mitochondrial health and homeostasis within the intestinal epithelium and suggest a novel therapeutic approach for disease management. These findings also provide a mechanistic basis for clinical trials of nicotinamide riboside in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Novak
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Erin C. Crawford
- Division of Gastroenterology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Heather L. Mentrup
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brian D. Griffith
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David M. Fletcher
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Corinne Schneider
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brian Firek
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Matthew B. Rogers
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael J. Morowitz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jon D. Piganelli
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pathology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kevin P. Mollen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Li M, Larsen PA. Single-cell sequencing of entorhinal cortex reveals widespread disruption of neuropeptide networks in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3575-3592. [PMID: 36825405 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Abnormalities of neuropeptides (NPs) that play important roles in modulating neuronal activities are commonly observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesize that NP network disruption is widespread in AD brains. METHODS Single-cell transcriptomic data from the entorhinal cortex (EC) were used to investigate the NP network disruption in AD. Bulk RNA-sequencing data generated from the temporal cortex by independent groups and machine learning were employed to identify key NPs involved in AD. The relationship between aging and AD-associated NP (ADNP) expression was studied using GTEx data. RESULTS The proportion of cells expressing NPs but not their receptors decreased significantly in AD. Neurons expressing higher level and greater diversity of NPs were disproportionately absent in AD. Increased age coincides with decreased ADNP expression in the hippocampus. DISCUSSION NP network disruption is widespread in AD EC. Neurons expressing more NPs may be selectively vulnerable to AD. Decreased expression of NPs participates in early AD pathogenesis. We predict that the NP network can be harnessed for treatment and/or early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manci Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter A Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Ramhorst R, Grasso E, Vota D, Gori S, Hauk V, Paparini D, Calo G, Leirós CP. From decidualization to pregnancy progression: An overview of immune and metabolic effects of VIP. Am J Reprod Immunol 2022; 88:e13601. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Ramhorst
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN‐CONICET) Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Esteban Grasso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN‐CONICET) Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Daiana Vota
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN‐CONICET) Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Soledad Gori
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN‐CONICET) Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Vanesa Hauk
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN‐CONICET) Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Daniel Paparini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN‐CONICET) Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Guillermina Calo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN‐CONICET) Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Claudia Pérez Leirós
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN‐CONICET) Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
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Beopoulos A, Gea M, Fasano A, Iris F. Autonomic Nervous System Neuroanatomical Alterations Could Provoke and Maintain Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Microbiome-Host Interaction Mechanistic Hypothesis. Nutrients 2021; 14:65. [PMID: 35010940 PMCID: PMC8746684 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis secondary to environmental factors, including dietary patterns, antibiotics use, pollution exposure, and other lifestyle factors, has been associated to many non-infective chronic inflammatory diseases. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is related to maternal inflammation, although there is no conclusive evidence that affected individuals suffer from systemic low-grade inflammation as in many psychological and psychiatric diseases. However, neuro-inflammation and neuro-immune abnormalities are observed within ASD-affected individuals. Rebalancing human gut microbiota to treat disease has been widely investigated with inconclusive and contradictory findings. These observations strongly suggest that the forms of dysbiosis encountered in ASD-affected individuals could also originate from autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning abnormalities, a common neuro-anatomical alteration underlying ASD. According to this hypothesis, overactivation of the sympathetic branch of the ANS, due to the fact of an ASD-specific parasympathetic activity deficit, induces deregulation of the gut-brain axis, attenuating intestinal immune and osmotic homeostasis. This sets-up a dysbiotic state, that gives rise to immune and osmotic dysregulation, maintaining dysbiosis in a vicious cycle. Here, we explore the mechanisms whereby ANS imbalances could lead to alterations in intestinal microbiome-host interactions that may contribute to the severity of ASD by maintaining the brain-gut axis pathways in a dysregulated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Beopoulos
- Bio-Modeling Systems, Tour CIT, 3 Rue de l’Arrivée, 75015 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Manuel Gea
- Bio-Modeling Systems, Tour CIT, 3 Rue de l’Arrivée, 75015 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 022114, USA;
| | - François Iris
- Bio-Modeling Systems, Tour CIT, 3 Rue de l’Arrivée, 75015 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.G.)
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Chandraiah SB, Ghosh S, Saha I, More SS, Annappa GS, Maiti AK. Substance P failed to reverse dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine colitis mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction: implications in ulcerative colitis. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:199. [PMID: 33927989 PMCID: PMC8006204 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As controversy exists about the efficacy of substance P (SP) in treating ulcerative colitis (UC) with no previous study highlighting the impact of SP on mitochondrial dysfunction in this diseased condition, it became logical to perform the present study. C57BL/6 J mice were administered with DSS @ 3.5%/gm body weight for 3 cycles of 5 days each followed by i.v. dose of SP @ 5nmole per kg for consecutive 7 days. Histopathological features were noticed in the affected colon along with colonic mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in mitochondrial stress variables and enhanced colonic cell death. Interestingly, SP failed to reverse colitic features and proved ineffective in inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction. Unexpectedly SP alone seemed to impart detrimental effects on some of the mitochondrial functions, enhanced lipid peroxidation and increased staining intensities for caspases 3 and 9 in the normal colon. To substantiate in vivo findings and to assess free radical scavenging property of SP, Caco-2 cells were exposed to DSS with or without SP in the presence and absence of specific free radical scavengers and antioxidants. Interestingly, in vitro treatment with SP failed to restore mitochondrial functions and its efficacy proved below par compared to SOD and DMSO indicating involvement of O2 •- and •OH in the progression of UC. Besides, catalase, L-NAME and MEG proved ineffective indicating non-involvement of H2O2, NO and ONOO- in UC. Thus, SP may not be a potent anti-colitogenic agent targeting colonic mitochondrial dysfunction for maintenance of colon epithelial tract as it lacks free radical scavenging property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spoorthi B. Chandraiah
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, SM Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560078 India
| | - Shashwati Ghosh
- Mitochondrial Biology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013 India
| | - Ishita Saha
- Department of Physiology, Medical College Kolkata, 88, College Street, College Square, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073 India
| | - Sunil S. More
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, SM Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560078 India
| | - Gautham S. Annappa
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, SM Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560078 India
| | - Arpan K. Maiti
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, SM Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560078 India
- Mitochondrial Biology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013 India
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Spoorthi BC, More SS, Gautham SA, Ghosh S, Saha I, Maiti AK. Role of free radical scavenging activity of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the attenuation of mitochondrial dysfunction to ameliorate dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in mice: Implications in ulcerative colitis. J Dig Dis 2020; 21:711-723. [PMID: 33405317 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in treating ulcerative colitis (UC), targeting colonic mitochondrial dysfunction by virtue of its free radical scavenging properties for maintenance of colon mucosal integrity. METHODS A murine model was administered with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis in C57BL/6J mice at 3.5%/g bodyweight for 3 cycles of 5 days each, followed by an intraperitoneal dose of VIP at 0.5 nmol/L per mouse per day for 10 days. The post-treatment mice were sacrificed and their colon samples were utilized for further analysis. To substantiate the in vivo findings and identify the reactive species involved in progression of UC, Caco-2 cells were subjected to DSS (5%) for 24 hours at 37 °C with or without VIP (10 nmol/L) in the presence or absence of specific free radical scavengers and antioxidants. RESULTS Treatment with VIP reduced histopathological severity of colitis and cell death markers in murine model, leading to partial recovery of inhibited mitochondrial respiratory complexes, altered mitochondrial membrane potential and lowered adenosine triphosphate generation. Interestingly, in vitro treatment with VIP restored mitochondrial functions and its efficacy was equal to super oxide dismutase and dimethyl sulfoxide, indicating involvement of superoxide free radical (O2 •-) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) in progression of UC. However, catalase, Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and mercaptoethylguanidine were ineffective, indicating non-involvement of hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and ONOO- in UC. CONCLUSION By virtue of its free radical scavenging properties VIP can act as a potent anti-colitogenic agent, reversing colonic mitochondrial dysfunction for treating UC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil S More
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Shashwati Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, Mitochondrial Biology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Ishita Saha
- Department of Physiology, Medical College Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arpan Kumar Maiti
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Zoology, Mitochondrial Biology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
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Rychlik A, Gonkowski S, Całka J, Makowska K. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) in the Intestinal Mucosal Nerve Fibers in Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101759. [PMID: 32998326 PMCID: PMC7599766 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—a group of gastrointestinal disorders—is a serious problem in veterinary medicine. The etiology of IBD remains unknown, and its diagnosis and effective treatment are difficult. One of the less-known aspects of IBD pathology is the influence of this disease on the enteric nervous system, which is located in the intestinal wall and regulates most of the gastrointestinal functions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of IBD on the intramucosal nerve fibers containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). VIP is one of the most important substances produced by the enteric nervous structures that is involved in many regulatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract. The obtained results show that IBD induces changes in the density of intramucosal VIP-positive nerve fibers in the canine gastrointestinal tract. It suggests that VIP is involved in the pathological processes occurring during this disease. Observed changes may be a result of neuroprotective and/or adaptive processes regulated by VIP, aimed at the homeostasis maintenance in the inflamed gastrointestinal (GI) tract and induced by proinflammatory factors. Abstract Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of enteropathies with nonspecific chronic symptoms and poorly understood etiology. Many aspects connected with IBD are not understood. One of them is the participation of the intestinal nervous system in the development of pathological processes. Thus, this study aimed to demonstrate changes in the density of intramucosal nerve fibers containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)—one of the most important intestinal nervous factors caused by the various stages of IBD development. Mucosal biopsy specimens collected from the duodenum, jejunum and descending colon of healthy dogs and dogs with varied severity of IBD were included in the experiment. The density of VIP-like immunoreactive (VIP-LI) nerves was determined by a single immunofluorescence technique and a semi-quantitative method consisting in VIP-LI fiber counts in the field of view (0.1 mm2). The obtained results indicate that IBD induces changes in the density of mucosal VIP-LI nerve fibers in the canine gastrointestinal tract. The initial decrease is followed by an increase in VIP-like immunoreactivity in successive stages of the disease. These observations show that VIP is a neuronal factor that participates in the pathological processes connected with canine IBD. The observed changes probably result from the neuroprotective and/or adaptive properties of VIP. Protective and adaptive reactions induced by inflammation aim to protect the GI tract against damage by proinflammatory factors and ensure the homeostasis in the enteric nervous system (ENS) under the conditions changed by the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Rychlik
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland; (S.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland; (S.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-895-234-460
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McKay DM, Mancini NL, Shearer J, Shutt T. Perturbed mitochondrial dynamics, an emerging aspect of epithelial-microbe interactions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G748-G762. [PMID: 32116020 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00031.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria exist in a complex network that is constantly remodeling via the processes of fission and fusion in response to intracellular conditions and extracellular stimuli. Excessive fragmentation of the mitochondrial network because of an imbalance between fission and fusion reduces the cells' capacity to generate ATP and can be a forerunner to cell death. Given the critical roles mitochondria play in cellular homeostasis and innate immunity, it is not surprising that many microbial pathogens can disrupt mitochondrial activity. Here we note the putative contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to gut disease and review data showing that infection with microbial pathogens can alter the balance between mitochondrial fragmentation and fusion, preventing normal remodeling (i.e., dynamics) and can lead to cell death. Current data indicate that infection of epithelia or macrophages with microbial pathogens will ultimately result in excessive fragmentation of the mitochondrial network. Concerted research efforts are required to elucidate fully the processes that regulate mitochondrial dynamics, the mechanisms by which microbes affect epithelial mitochondrial fission and/or fusion, and the implications of this for susceptibility to infectious disease. We speculate that the commensal microbiome of the gut may be important for normal epithelial mitochondrial form and function. Drugs designed to counteract the effect of microbial pathogen interference with mitochondrial dynamics may be a new approach to infectious disease at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group (GIRG) and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole L Mancini
- Gastrointestinal Research Group (GIRG) and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy Shutt
- Department of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Rytel L, Wojtkiewicz J, Snarska A, Mikołajczyk A. Changes in the Neurochemical Characterization of Enteric Neurons in the Porcine Duodenum After Administration of Low-Dose Salmonella Enteritidis Lipopolysaccharides. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:1556-1566. [PMID: 31939106 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans or endotoxins, form part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Previous studies have described the various harmful impacts of LPS on humans and animals. Nevertheless, many aspects of these effects are still not fully explained. One of them is the influence of endotoxins on the neurochemical characterization of neurons within the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is found in the intestinal wall and plays important adaptive roles during pathological processes and exposures. In this study, the impact of a low single dose of Salmonella Enteritidis LPS on the duodenal enteric neurons immunoreactive to substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP-27), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) was studied using a double immunofluorescence technique. During the study, it was shown that even a low dose of LPS affects the number of enteric neurons containing the neuropeptides studied, and these changes were dependent on the type of the enteric plexus. The most visible changes concerned the SP-like immunoreactive (LI) neurons in the outer submucous plexus (LPS caused an increase in the percentage of these neurons from15.74 ± 0.61 to 21.72 ± 0.79%). Furthermore, the VIP-LI neurons in the inner submucous plexus were seen to decrease from 12.64 ± 0.83 to 5.96 ± 0.58%. The mechanisms behind these noted fluctuations are not clear, but it may be connected with the pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic activity of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Snarska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anita Mikołajczyk
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Seo S, Miyake H, Alganabi M, Janssen Lok M, O'Connell JS, Lee C, Li B, Pierro A. Vasoactive intestinal peptide decreases inflammation and tight junction disruption in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:2520-2523. [PMID: 31668399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Excessive inflammatory cell infiltration and accumulation in the intestinal mucosa are pathological features of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) leading to intestinal barrier disruption. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that regulates intestinal epithelial barrier homeostasis. We previously demonstrated that VIP-ergic neuron expression is decreased in experimental NEC ileum, and this may be associated with inflammation and barrier compromise. We hypothesize that exogenous VIP administration has a beneficial effect in NEC. METHODS NEC was induced in C57BL/6 mice by gavage feeding, hypoxia, and lipopolysaccharide administration between postnatal day (P) 5 and 9. There were four studied groups: Control (n = 6): Breast feeding without stress factors; Control + VIP (n = 5): Breast feeding + intraperitoneal VIP injection once a day from P5 to P9; NEC (n = 9): mice exposed to NEC induction; NEC + VIP (n = 9): NEC induction + intraperitoneal VIP injection. Terminal ileum was harvested on P9. NEC severity, intestinal inflammation, (IL-6 and TNFα), and Tight junctions (Claudin-3) were evaluated. RESULTS NEC severity and intestinal inflammation were significantly decreased in NEC + VIP compared to NEC. Tight junction expression was significantly increased in NEC + VIP compared to NEC. CONCLUSION VIP administration has a beneficial therapeutic effect in NEC by reducing inflammation and tight junction disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Seo
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Miyake
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mashriq Alganabi
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maarten Janssen Lok
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua S O'Connell
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carol Lee
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bo Li
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Agostino Pierro
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Pomegranate peel extract reduced colonic damage and bacterial translocation in a mouse model of infectious colitis induced by Citrobacter rodentium. Nutr Res 2019; 73:27-37. [PMID: 31841745 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pomegranate fruit peel is a rich source of polyphenols including punicalins, punicalagins, and ellagic acids, but is considered an agricultural waste product. Pomegranate derived products have been reported to have a wide variety of health promoting benefits including antibacterial properties in vitro but there is limited evidence of their antibacterial properties in vivo. The purpose of this study was to test the in vivo antibacterial properties of a pomegranate peel extract (PPX) containing punicalin, punicalagin, and ellagic acid. C3H/He mice were orally pre-treated with water or PPX prior to infection with the mouse bacterial pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium (Cr) that mimics many aspects of human enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections. Fecal excretion of Cr was monitored and mice were euthanized on day 12 post-infection to assess Cr colonization of the colon and spleen, histological changes, and gene expression. PPX-treatment reduced Cr infection induced weight loss and mortality that was observed in water-treated infected mice. However, Cr colonization of the colon and clearance was unaffected by PPX-treatment. Consistent with this, PPX treatment did not alter the potent Th1/Th17 pro-inflammatory response elicited by Cr infection. Significant colonization of the spleen was only seen in water-treated infected mice and was inversely correlated with the dose of PPX administered. PPX treatment decreased the extent of Cr-induced colon damage that correlated with decreased mortality and reduced colonization of the spleen. Thus, a pomegranate peel extract contains bioactive compounds that mitigate the deleterious effects of an in vivo infection with the model enteropathogenic bacteria, Cr.
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