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Cao L, Sun F, Ren Q, Jiang Z, Chen J, Li Y, Wang L. Effects of dietary supplementation of Enterococcus faecium postbiotics on growth performance and intestinal health of growing male mink. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1409127. [PMID: 39051012 PMCID: PMC11266192 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1409127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that postbiotics possess bioactivities comparable to those of probiotics. Therefore, our experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of postbiotics derived from Enterococcus faecium on the growth performance and intestinal health of growing male minks. A total of 120 growing male minks were randomly assigned to 4 groups, each with 15 replicates of 2 minks. The minks in the 4 groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15% postbiotics derived from E. faecium (PEF), respectively. Compared to the control, PEF improved feed/gain (F/G) during the first 4 weeks and the entire 8 weeks of the study (p < 0.05); in addition, 0.1% PEF improved average daily gain (ADG) during the first 4 weeks and the entire 8 weeks of the study (p < 0.05), while 0.15% PEF improved ADG during the first 4 weeks of the study (p < 0.05). Consequently, 0.1% PEF minks displayed greater body weight (BW) at weeks 4 and 8 (p < 0.05), and 0.15% PEF minks had greater BW at week 4 (p < 0.05) than minks in the control. Furthermore, compared to the control, both 0.05 and 0.1% PEF enhanced the apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) (p < 0.05) in the initial 4 weeks, while both 0.1 and 0.15% PEF enhanced the apparent digestibility of CP and DM in the final 4 weeks (p < 0.05). Additionally, trypsin activity was elevated in the 0.1 and 0.15% PEF groups compared to the control (p < 0.05). In terms of intestinal morphology, PEF increased the villus height and villus/crypt (V/C) in the jejunum (p < 0.05), and both 0.1 and 0.15% PEF decreased the crypt depth and increased the villus height and V/C in the duodenum (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. Supplementation with 0.1% PEF increased the SIgA levels but decreased the IL-2, IL-8, and TNF-α levels in the jejunum (p < 0.05). Compared to the control, E. faecium postbiotics decreased the relative abundances of Serratia and Fusobacterium (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicate that the growth performance, digestibility, immunity, and intestine development of minks are considerably affected by E. faecium postbiotics. In particular, dietary supplementation with 0.1% E. faecium postbiotics provides greater benefits than supplementation with 0.05 and 0.15%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lihua Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Iatrou AM, Michailidou S, Papadopoulos GA, Afaloniati H, Lagou MK, Kiritsi M, Argiriou A, Angelopoulou K, Poutahidis T, Fortomaris P. Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Spirulina platensis on the Immune System, Intestinal Bacterial Microbiome and Skin Traits of Mink. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020190. [PMID: 36670730 PMCID: PMC9854837 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of dietary inclusion of Spirulina platensis on the immune system, intestinal microbiome and skin of mink was investigated. Forty-eight animals were equally separated into four groups. Groups B and D were control animals, while groups A and C had their feed supplemented daily with 100 mg/kg of body weight Spirulina. Mink in groups A and B were descended from dams supplemented with spirulina during their reproductive period, while those in groups C and D were descended from dams fed the control diets. Fur growth rate and quality were graded semi-quantitatively. Fecal microbiome analysis, skin thickness histomorphometry, immunohistochemical labeling and counts of immune cells in the colon, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen and quantitative gene expression analysis of cytokines in the colon were performed. Skin thickness, fur growth rate and skin quality were similar among groups (p > 0.05). However, differences were observed among groups concerning the relative and differential abundance of bacterial species. Tgf-β expression was lower in group A, whereas IL-β1 was lower in group C compared to group B (p < 0.05). Group D had significantly lower numbers of inflammatory cells in the colon and mesenteric lymph nodes. The results revealed that Spirulina decreased indices of subclinical inflammation in mink gut, while differences in the bacterial communities among groups were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Iatrou
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310999958
| | - Sofia Michailidou
- Center for Research and Technology, Hellas Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios A. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Hara Afaloniati
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria K. Lagou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Kiritsi
- Center for Research and Technology, Hellas Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anagnostis Argiriou
- Center for Research and Technology, Hellas Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece
| | - Katerina Angelopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Fortomaris
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Barsøe S, Ullman K, Leijon M, Hedlund KO, Klingström J, Krarup LI, Andresen L, Quaade ML, Hammer AS. RT-qPCR assay for detection of mink astrovirus in outbreaks of diarrhea on Danish mink farms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252022. [PMID: 34038467 PMCID: PMC8153481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea in mink kits is a major cause of disease and mortality in the mink production. The etiology remains unknown in most outbreaks due to a lack of diagnostic assays. In the current study we present an RT-qPCR method to detect mink astrovirus in fecal samples from mink kits with diarrhea. All sampled animals were classified based on age and patoanatomical evaluation as having pre-weaning diarrhea, diarrhea in the growth period or as having no macroscopic signs of diarrhea. Fecal samples were analyzed for MiAstV with RT-qPCR, next generation sequencing and electron microscopy in parallel. Mink astrovirus was detected with RT-qPCR in 92 out of 203 samples. This detection was confirmed by next generation sequencing in a high proportion of samples (22/27), and by visualization of astrovirus particles with EM in some of the samples. Mink astrovirus was highly prevalent (68%) among kits in the outbreaks of pre-weaning diarrhea, in particular outbreaks from May, while less prevalent in outbreaks in June. Mink astrovirus was detected in outbreaks of diarrhea in the growth period, though in a much lesser extent than in the pre-weaning period. The role of mink astrovirus in the diarrhea disease complex of mink remain to be investigated, and for that purpose this sensitive and robust RT-qPCR can be a valuable tool in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Barsøe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karin Ullman
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Leijon
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jonas Klingström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Iuel Krarup
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars Andresen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Michelle Lauge Quaade
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anne Sofie Hammer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Birch JM, Leijon M, Nielsen SS, Struve T, Jensen HE. Visualization of intestinal infections with astro- and sapovirus in mink ( Neovison vison) kits by in situ hybridization. FEMS MICROBES 2021; 2:xtab005. [PMID: 37334236 PMCID: PMC10117860 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clarification of the infection microbiology remains a challenge in the pre-weaning diarrhea (PWD) syndrome in farmed mink (Neovison vison). Duodenal, jejunal and colon sections from 36 mink kits with PWD were systematically examined by chromogen in situ hybridization targeting two incriminated viruses: mink astrovirus and mink sapovirus. Using the RNAscope® 2.5 HD Duplex Assay, astrovirus and sapovirus were visualized and simultaneously demonstrated in the gut tissue. Both viruses infect enterocytes in the small intestine with a specific localization pattern; astrovirus affects the two apical thirds of the villi, whereas sapovirus generally affects the basal parts of the villi. Furthermore, we demonstrated that astrovirus in mink does not target the goblet cells. This is the first time astro- and calicivirus have been visualized in mink kit gut tissue, and these findings might be important in clarification of the impact of these viruses in the PWD syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Melsted Birch
- Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Kopenhagen Fur, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Mikael Leijon
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Lin B, Liu Y, Zhang W, Zou W. Role of diet on intestinal metabolites and appetite control factors in SD rats. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:2665-2674. [PMID: 32765760 PMCID: PMC7401913 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate changes in the levels of metabolites and appetite control factors caused by different dietary interventions in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. A total of 35 male SD rats were weaned and immediately randomly assigned to five groups. The control group was given ad libitum access to a normal chow diet, and the other groups received a high-fat diet (FAT group), high-sugar diet, high-fibre or high-protein diet (PRO group) for 4 weeks. The high-fat diet contributed to weight gain and adipose tissue formation, and affected lipid indexed. The FAT group had a higher body weight, Lee's index, adipose mass and glucose tolerance than all of the other groups. The opposite effect was observed in the PRO group. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed that short-chain fatty acid and amino acid formation were affected by the various diets. In addition, differences in the mRNA expression levels of leptin, ghrelin and associated receptors were determined in the gastrointestinal, adipose and hypothalamus tissues. The present study provides further evidence of the role of diet in obesity development and prevention. It also highlights the role of intestinal metabolites and appetite control factor expression in the pathogenesis of obesity in SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yueming Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Wenli Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China.,Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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Birch JM, Agger JF, Leijon M, Ullman K, Struve T, Jensen HE. Comparing the treatment effect of narrow spectrum antimicrobial, probiotic and fluid with amoxicillin in mink kits (Neovison vison) with pre-weaning diarrhea. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:121-129. [PMID: 31207535 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pre-weaning diarrhea in mink kits (PWD), also known as "sticky kits" is a multifactorial syndrome of considerable concern in the mink production. Evidence based treatment protocols are not available, and treatment is therefore empirical and often based on the use of antimicrobials. The purpose of the study was to test the effect of 3 alternative treatments to a standard antibiotic treatment, to characterize the study groups microbiologically, and finally to compare the intestinal microbiota of the different treatment groups at the age of 42 days. In total, 226 one to three week old mink kits with PWD from 36 litters were treated with either 1) Lactobacillus reuteri, 2) benzylpenicillin, 3) Ringer lactate or 4) amoxicillin (controls). Effects of the treatments were measured as weight gain from day 0 to day 15 and mortality. Multivariable linear mixed model regression showed no significant difference in weight gain between probiotic-, penicillin or fluid-treated mink kits and the amoxicillin treated controls. There was also no significant difference in mortality risk between the treatment groups. Bacterial culture and next generation sequencing of the viral contents showed that the study groups were uniform with a high frequency of Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) bacteria, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus hirae, Mamastrovirus and Sapovirus which were representative for mink kits with PWD. 16S sequencing results of the bacterial microbiota, when the kits were 42 days old were dominated by clostridia in all groups and showed no clear differences in the bacterial composition between the different treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Melsted Birch
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Jens Frederik Agger
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mikael Leijon
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Ullman
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tina Struve
- Kopenhagen Fur Diagnostics, Kopenhagen Fur, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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