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Camden A, Grandi SM, Lunsky Y, Ray JG, Sharpe I, Lu H, Guttmann A, Tailor L, Vigod S, De Vera MA, Brown HK. Prescription Medication Use in Pregnancy in People with Disabilities: A Population-Based Cohort Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024; 33:1224-1232. [PMID: 38946624 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Individuals with disabilities may require specific medications in pregnancy. The prevalence and patterns of medication use, overall and for medications with known teratogenic risks, are largely unknown. Methods: This population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada, 2004-2021, comprised all recognized pregnancies among individuals eligible for public drug plan coverage. Included were those with a physical (n = 44,136), sensory (n = 13,633), intellectual or developmental (n = 2,446) disability, or multiple disabilities (n = 5,064), compared with those without a disability (n = 299,944). Prescription medication use in pregnancy, overall and by type, was described. Modified Poisson regression generated relative risks (aRR) for the use of medications with known teratogenic risks and use of ≥2 and ≥5 medications concurrently in pregnancy, comparing those with versus without a disability, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors. Results: Medication use in pregnancy was more common in people with intellectual or developmental (82.1%), multiple (80.4%), physical (73.9%), and sensory (71.9%) disabilities, than in those with no known disability (67.4%). Compared with those without a disability (5.7%), teratogenic medication use in pregnancy was especially higher in people with multiple disabilities (14.2%; aRR 2.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.88-2.20). Furthermore, compared with people without a disability (3.2%), the use of ≥5 medications concurrently was more common in those with multiple disabilities (13.4%; aRR 2.21, 95% CI: 2.02-2.41) and an intellectual or developmental disability (9.3%; aRR 2.13, 95% CI: 1.86-2.45). Interpretation: Among people with disabilities, medication use in pregnancy is prevalent, especially for potentially teratogenic medications and polypharmacy, highlighting the need for preconception counseling/monitoring to reduce medication-related harm in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Camden
- Department of Health and Society, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sonia M Grandi
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yona Lunsky
- ICES, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joel G Ray
- ICES, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Astrid Guttmann
- ICES, Toronto, Canada
- Leong Centre for Healthy Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lauren Tailor
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Simone Vigod
- ICES, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mary A De Vera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hilary K Brown
- Department of Health and Society, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Canada
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2
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Noda A, Obara T, Shirota M, Ueno F, Matsuzaki F, Hatanaka R, Obara R, Morishita K, Shinoda G, Orui M, Murakami K, Ishikuro M, Kuriyama S. Medication use before and during pregnancy in Japan: the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:1171-1180. [PMID: 38630193 PMCID: PMC11226522 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-024-03685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the status of medication use among pregnant women in Japan, by means of a multigenerational genome and birth cohort study: the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study (TMM BirThree Cohort Study). METHODS Questionnaires were distributed to pregnant women participating in the TMM BirThree Cohort Study (from July 2013 to March 2017) around 12 weeks (early pregnancy) and 26 weeks (middle pregnancy). We analysed medication use over three periods: (1) 12 months prior to pregnancy diagnosis, (2) the period between pregnancy diagnosis and around week 12 of pregnancy, and (3) post around week 12 of pregnancy. RESULTS In total, 19,297 women were included in the analysis. The proportion of pregnant women using medications was 49.0% prior to pregnancy diagnosis, 52.1% from diagnosis to week 12, and 58.4% post week 12 of pregnancy. The most frequently prescribed medications were loxoprofen sodium hydrate (5.5%) prior to pregnancy diagnosis, magnesium oxide (5.9%) from diagnosis to week 12, and ritodrine hydrochloride (10.5%) post week 12 of pregnancy. The number of women who used suspected teratogenic medications during early pregnancy was 96 prior to pregnancy diagnosis, 48 from diagnosis to week 12, and 54 post week 12 of pregnancy. CONCLUSION We found that ~ 50% of the pregnant women used medications before and during pregnancy and some took potential teratogenic medications during pregnancy. In birth genomic cohort study, it is expected that investigations into the safety and effectiveness of medications used during pregnancy will advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Noda
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryou-Cho, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Taku Obara
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryou-Cho, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan.
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Matsuyuki Shirota
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryou-Cho, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Ueno
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryou-Cho, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Fumiko Matsuzaki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryou-Cho, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Rieko Hatanaka
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryou-Cho, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryo Obara
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kei Morishita
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Genki Shinoda
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryou-Cho, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Orui
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryou-Cho, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Keiko Murakami
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryou-Cho, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Mami Ishikuro
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryou-Cho, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kuriyama
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryou-Cho, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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3
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Cheng S, McLaughlin JR, Brown MC, Al-Sawaihey H, Rutka J, Bouffet E, Hawkins C, Cairney AE, Ranger A, Fleming AJ, Johnston D, Greenberg M, Malkin D, Hung RJ. Maternal and childhood medical history and the risk of childhood brain tumours: a case-control study in Ontario, Canada. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:318-324. [PMID: 37165200 PMCID: PMC10338441 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies to date have yielded inconclusive results as to whether maternal medical history during pregnancy, and a child's early-life medical history contribute to the development of childhood brain tumours (CBTs). This study examined associations between maternal and childhood medical history and the risk of CBTs. METHODS The Childhood Brain Tumour Epidemiology Study of Ontario (CBREO) examined children 0-15 years of age with newly diagnosed CBTs from 1997 to 2003. Multivariable logistic regression analysis determined associations for prenatal medications and childhood medical history, adjusted for child's demographics, and maternal education. Analyses were stratified by histology. A latency period analysis was conducted using 12- and 24-month lead times. RESULTS Maternal intake of immunosuppressants during the prenatal period was significantly associated with glial tumours (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.17-6.39). Childhood intake of anti-epileptics was significantly associated with CBTs overall, after accounting for 12-month (OR 8.51, 95% CI 3.35-21.63) and 24-month (OR 6.04, 95% CI 2.06-17.70) lead time before diagnosis. No associations for other medications were found. CONCLUSIONS This study underscores the need to examine potential carcinogenic effects of the medication classes highlighted and of the indication of medication use. Despite possible reverse causality, increased CBT surveillance for children with epilepsy might be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Cheng
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John R McLaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Catherine Brown
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hamad Al-Sawaihey
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James Rutka
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Division of Pathology, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Adrianna Ranger
- Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adam J Fleming
- McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Donna Johnston
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Greenberg
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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4
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Evangelista JE, Clarke DJB, Xie Z, Marino GB, Utti V, Jenkins SL, Ahooyi TM, Bologa CG, Yang JJ, Binder JL, Kumar P, Lambert CG, Grethe JS, Wenger E, Taylor D, Oprea TI, de Bono B, Ma'ayan A. Toxicology knowledge graph for structural birth defects. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:98. [PMID: 37460679 PMCID: PMC10352311 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birth defects are functional and structural abnormalities that impact about 1 in 33 births in the United States. They have been attributed to genetic and other factors such as drugs, cosmetics, food, and environmental pollutants during pregnancy, but for most birth defects there are no known causes. METHODS To further characterize associations between small molecule compounds and their potential to induce specific birth abnormalities, we gathered knowledge from multiple sources to construct a reproductive toxicity Knowledge Graph (ReproTox-KG) with a focus on associations between birth defects, drugs, and genes. Specifically, we gathered data from drug/birth-defect associations from co-mentions in published abstracts, gene/birth-defect associations from genetic studies, drug- and preclinical-compound-induced gene expression changes in cell lines, known drug targets, genetic burden scores for human genes, and placental crossing scores for small molecules. RESULTS Using ReproTox-KG and semi-supervised learning (SSL), we scored >30,000 preclinical small molecules for their potential to cross the placenta and induce birth defects, and identified >500 birth-defect/gene/drug cliques that can be used to explain molecular mechanisms for drug-induced birth defects. The ReproTox-KG can be accessed via a web-based user interface available at https://maayanlab.cloud/reprotox-kg . This site enables users to explore the associations between birth defects, approved and preclinical drugs, and all human genes. CONCLUSIONS ReproTox-KG provides a resource for exploring knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of birth defects with the potential of predicting the likelihood of genes and preclinical small molecules to induce birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Erol Evangelista
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Daniel J B Clarke
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Zhuorui Xie
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Giacomo B Marino
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Vivian Utti
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sherry L Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Taha Mohseni Ahooyi
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Cristian G Bologa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Translational Informatics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jeremy J Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Translational Informatics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jessica L Binder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Translational Informatics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Translational Informatics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Christophe G Lambert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Translational Informatics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Grethe
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Eric Wenger
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Deanne Taylor
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tudor I Oprea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Translational Informatics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Bernard de Bono
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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5
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Barrett JS, Azer K. Opportunities for Systems Biology and Quantitative Systems Pharmacology to Address Knowledge Gaps for Drug Development in Pregnancy. J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 63 Suppl 1:S96-S105. [PMID: 37317502 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women are still viewed as therapeutic orphans to the extent that they are avoided as participants in mainstream clinical trials and not considered a priority for targeted drug research despite the fact that many clinical conditions exist during pregnancy for which pharmacotherapy is warranted. Part of the challenge is the uncertain risk potential that pregnant women represent in the absence of timely and costly toxicology and developmental pharmacology studies, which only partly mitigate such risks. Even when clinical trials are conducted in pregnant women, they are often underpowered and absent biomarkers and exclude evaluation across multiple stages of pregnancy where relevant development risk could have been assessed. Quantitative systems pharmacology model development has been proposed as one solution to fill knowledge gaps, make earlier and perhaps more informed risk assessment, and design more informative trials with better recommendations for biomarker and end point selection including design and sample size optimality. Funding for translational research in pregnancy is limited but will fill some of these gaps, especially when joined with ongoing clinical trials in pregnancy that also fill certain knowledge gaps, especially biomarker and end point evaluation across pregnancy states linked to clinical outcomes. Opportunities exist for further advances in quantitative systems pharmacology model development with the inclusion of real-world data sources and complimentary artificial intelligence/machine learning approaches. The successful coordination of the approach reliant on these new data sources will require commitments to share data and a diverse multidisciplinary group that seeks to develop open science models that benefit the entire research community, ensuring that such models can be used with high fidelity. New data opportunities and computational resources are highlighted in an effort to project how these efforts can move forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karim Azer
- Axcella Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Leung F, Miljanic S, Fernandes V, Tabbara N, De Castro C, Burry L, Jorgensen SC. Eligibility and enrollment of pregnant and breastfeeding women in psychiatry randomized controlled trials. Arch Womens Ment Health 2023; 26:353-359. [PMID: 37106141 PMCID: PMC10139916 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
To describe the eligibility and enrollment of pregnant and breastfeeding women in psychiatry randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We screened citations published 2017-2019 in the three highest impact psychiatry and five highest impact general medicine journals. We excluded male, pediatric, geriatric, and postmenopausal-focused RCTs and publications reporting subgroup, pooled, or secondary analyses of RCTs. We reviewed appendices, protocols, and registries for additional data. In total 108 RCTs were included. Three (2.8%) permitted enrollment of pregnant women; 59/108 (55%) and 46/108 (43%) explicitly excluded pregnant women or did not report pregnancy inclusion criteria, respectively. All RCTs including pregnant women evaluated non-pharmacological interventions for depression during pregnancy or postpartum. Among RCTs excluding pregnant women, 5/59 (8.5%) provided a rationale for exclusion. Contraception and/or negative pregnancy testing were required for women with reproductive capacity in 31/59 (53%). Three (2.8%) RCTs permitted enrollment of breastfeeding women and 3/41 (7.3%) RCTs excluding breastfeeding women provided a rationale for exclusion. This study demonstrates a major gap in psychiatry research involving pregnant and breastfeeding women. A shift from exclusion by default to inclusion and integration of this population into the clinical research agenda is needed to ensure they receive evidence-based care for mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Leung
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simona Miljanic
- Department of Pharmacy, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Najla Tabbara
- Department of Pharmacy, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lisa Burry
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Cj Jorgensen
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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7
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Fisher A, Paterson JM, Winquist B, Wu F, Reynier P, Suissa S, Dahl M, Ma Z, Lu X, Zhang J, Raymond CB, Filion KB, Platt RW, Moriello C, Dormuth CR. Patterns of antiemetic medication use during pregnancy: A multi-country retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277623. [PMID: 36454900 PMCID: PMC9714905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare patterns in use of different antiemetics during pregnancy in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, between 2002 and 2014. METHODS We constructed population-based cohorts of pregnant women using administrative healthcare data from five Canadian provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan), the Clinical Practice Research Datalink from the United Kingdom, and the IBM MarketScan Research Databases from the United States. We included pregnancies ending in live births, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, or induced abortion. We determined maternal use of antiemetics from pharmacy claims in Canada and the United States and from prescriptions in the United Kingdom. RESULTS The most common outcome of 3 848 734 included pregnancies (started 2002-2014) was live birth (66.7% of all pregnancies) followed by spontaneous abortion (20.2%). Use of antiemetics during pregnancy increased over time in all three countries. Canada had the highest prevalence of use of prescription antiemetics during pregnancy (17.7% of pregnancies overall, 13.2% of pregnancies in 2002, and 18.9% in 2014), followed by the United States (14.0% overall, 8.9% in 2007, and 18.1% in 2014), and the United Kingdom (5.0% overall, 4.2% in 2002, and 6.5% in 2014). Besides use of antiemetic drugs being considerably lower in the United Kingdom, the increase in its use over time was more modest. The most commonly used antiemetic was combination doxylamine/pyridoxine in Canada (95.2% of pregnancies treated with antiemetics), ondansetron in the United States (72.2%), and prochlorperazine in the United Kingdom (63.5%). CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort study, we observed an overall increase in antiemetic use during pregnancy, and patterns of use varied across jurisdictions. Continued monitoring of antiemetic use and further research are warranted to better understand the reasons for differences in use of these medications and to assess their benefit-risk profile in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Fisher
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J. Michael Paterson
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandace Winquist
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Saskatchewan Health Quality Council, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Pauline Reynier
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samy Suissa
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew Dahl
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Zhihai Ma
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xinya Lu
- Saskatchewan Health Quality Council, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Colette B. Raymond
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kristian B. Filion
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert W. Platt
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carolina Moriello
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Colin R. Dormuth
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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8
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Jorgensen SCJ, Miljanic S, Tabbara N, Somanader D, Leung F, De Castro C, Tse CLY, Law J, Fernandes V, Lapinsky SE, Malhamé I, Burry L. Inclusion of pregnant and breastfeeding women in nonobstetrical randomized controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2022; 4:100700. [PMID: 35914736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need to prioritize and expedite the inclusion of pregnant and breastfeeding women in research. Characterizing trials that have successfully included these populations could inform the design and execution of future studies. In addition, up-to-date data on their inclusion in clinical research could assist in setting benchmarks, establishing targets, and monitoring progress toward more equitable inclusion. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to characterize the eligibility and enrollment of pregnant and breastfeeding women in randomized controlled trials evaluating interventions for nonobstetrical conditions experienced by, but not limited to, these populations. STUDY DESIGN We developed a literature search in collaboration with an information specialist. We included randomized controlled trials published between 2017 and 2019 in the 5 highest-impact general medicine journals and the 3 highest-impact specialty journals in cardiovascular disease, critical care, general infectious diseases, HIV, and psychiatry. We included randomized controlled trials that evaluated screening, diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of nonobstetrical medical conditions. We excluded randomized controlled trials exclusively focused on males, pediatrics, geriatrics, oncology, or postmenopausal women, and publications reporting subgroup, pooled, or follow-up analyses of previously published randomized controlled trials. We screened titles and abstracts independently and in duplicate, with discrepancies resolved by a third reviewer. We entered data into a standardized electronic case report form. We reviewed study protocols, appendices, and trial registries for additional data. RESULTS Of the 1333 randomized controlled trials, pregnant and breastfeeding women were eligible for 13 (1.0%) and 6 (0.5%), respectively. Pregnancy and breastfeeding eligibility criteria were not addressed in 383 of 1333 (28.7%) and 710 of 1333 (53.3%) randomized controlled trials, respectively. In total, 102 of 937 (10.9%) and 33 of 617 (5.3%) randomized controlled trials that explicitly excluded pregnant and breastfeeding women documented the rationale. Most studies excluding pregnant women (542/937; 57.8%) required at least 1 method of contraception and/or pregnancy testing as part of trial participation for women with reproductive capacity. Among the 13 randomized controlled trials that allowed inclusion of pregnant women, 3 restricted eligibility to specific trimesters. Two randomized controlled trials enrolled pregnant women after the first year of the study following interim review of safety results in nonpregnant participants. Four randomized controlled trials reported the number of pregnant women enrolled, which ranged from 0.7% to 3.4% of the study population. None of the studies reported on pregnancy or perinatal outcomes. Compared with randomized controlled trials that excluded pregnant women, those including them more commonly had an infectious disease focus (12/13 [92.3%] vs 270/937 [28.8%]; p<.0001), including HIV (5/13 [38.5%] vs 96/937 [10.2%]; p=.0079), enrolled participants in sub-Saharan Africa (5/13 [38.5%] vs 111/937 [11.8%]; p=.0143), and had exclusively nonindustry sponsorship (13/13 [100%] vs 559/937 [59.7%]; p=.0025); inclusion varied by study phase, randomization level, and intervention type. CONCLUSION This study illustrates a major inequity in research involving pregnant and breastfeeding women. As new health challenges arise, including novel pandemics, and the research community mobilizes to develop therapies and innovate in patient care, it is crucial that pregnant and breastfeeding women not be left behind. Greater regulatory support, in the form of explicit requirements and incentives, will be needed to ensure these populations are integrated into the research agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C J Jorgensen
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Jorgensen and Burry).
| | - Simona Miljanic
- Department of Pharmacy, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Miljanic, Tabbara, Law, Fernandes, and Burry)
| | - Najla Tabbara
- Department of Pharmacy, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Miljanic, Tabbara, Law, Fernandes, and Burry)
| | - Deborah Somanader
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Sinai Health System-University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Ms Somanader)
| | - Felicia Leung
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Ms Leung and Drs Tse and Burry)
| | - Charmaine De Castro
- Library Services, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Ms De Castro)
| | - Christopher L Y Tse
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Ms Leung and Drs Tse and Burry)
| | - Janice Law
- Department of Pharmacy, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Miljanic, Tabbara, Law, Fernandes, and Burry)
| | - Virginia Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacy, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Miljanic, Tabbara, Law, Fernandes, and Burry)
| | - Stephen E Lapinsky
- Division of Respirology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Mr Lapinsky); Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Mr Lapinsky and Dr Burry)
| | - Isabelle Malhamé
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada (Dr Malhamé); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada (Dr Malhamé)
| | - Lisa Burry
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Jorgensen and Burry); Department of Pharmacy, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Miljanic, Tabbara, Law, Fernandes, and Burry); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Ms Leung and Drs Tse and Burry); Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Mr Lapinsky and Dr Burry)
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9
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Characterizing the inclusion of pregnant and breastfeeding people in infectious diseases randomized controlled trials: a targeted literature review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 28:801-811. [PMID: 34768020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Severe complications of infectious diseases can occur during pregnancy. Evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies are critical to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Despite this medical need, pregnant and breastfeeding people have been systematically excluded from biomedical research. The objective of this study was to characterize representation of pregnant and breastfeeding people in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating a broad range of interventions for infectious diseases. METHODS Pregnancy and breastfeeding inclusion criteria were examined in infectious diseases RCTs published between 1 January 2017, and 31 December 2019, in the top five highest impact general medicine and the top three highest impact infectious diseases and HIV journals. RESULTS Of 376 RCTs, 5.3% and 1.9% included pregnant and breastfeeding people, respectively. Justification for exclusion was documented in 36/271 (13.3%) studies that explicitly excluded pregnant people. Most studies excluding pregnant people (177/271, 65.3%) required at least one form of contraception, abstinence and/or negative pregnancy test(s) as part of participation. Only 11/271 (4.1%) studies excluding pregnant people allowed participants to continue the intervention if unintended pregnancy occurred during the study. When both pregnant and non-pregnant people were eligible, pregnant people made up <3% of participants. Only 2/48 (4.2%) vaccine studies included pregnant people; 13/234 (5.5%) drug studies included pregnant people. All studies of procedures, devices, behaviour/education and supplements/vitamins explicitly excluded or did not address pregnancy eligibility criteria. Only 2/20 (10.0%) RCTs including pregnant people collected pharmacokinetic data. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates widespread exclusion of pregnant and breastfeeding people from infectious disease RCTs.
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Peng J, Ladumor MK, Unadkat JD. Prediction of Pregnancy-Induced Changes in Secretory and Total Renal Clearance of Drugs Transported by Organic Anion Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:929-937. [PMID: 34315779 PMCID: PMC8626639 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy can significantly change the pharmacokinetics of drugs, including those renally secreted by organic anion transporters (OATs). Quantifying these changes in pregnant women is logistically and ethically challenging. Hence, predicting the in vivo plasma renal secretory clearance (CLsec) and renal CL (CLrenal) of OAT drugs in pregnancy is important to design correct dosing regimens of OAT drugs. Here, we first quantified the fold-change in renal OAT activity in pregnant versus nonpregnant individual using available selective OAT probe drug CLrenal data (training dataset; OAT1: tenofovir, OAT2: acyclovir, OAT3: oseltamivir carboxylate). The fold-change in OAT1 activity during the 2nd and 3rd trimester was 2.9 and 1.0 compared with nonpregnant individual, respectively. OAT2 activity increased 3.1-fold during the 3rd trimester. OAT3 activity increased 2.2, 1.7 and 1.3-fold during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester, respectively. Based on these data, we predicted the CLsec, CLrenal and total clearance ((CLtotal) of drugs in pregnancy, which are secreted by multiple OATs (verification dataset; amoxicillin, pravastatin, cefazolin and ketorolac, R-ketorolac, S-ketorolac). Then, the predicted clearances (CLs) were compared with the observed values. The predicted/observed CLsec, CLrenal, and CLtotal of drugs in pregnancy of all verification drugs were within 0.80-1.25 fold except for CLsec of amoxicillin in the 3rd trimester (0.76-fold) and cefazolin in the 2nd trimester (1.27-fold). Overall, we successfully predicted the CLsec, CLrenal, and CLtotal of drugs in pregnancy that are renally secreted by multiple OATs. This approach could be used in the future to adjust dosing regimens of renally secreted OAT drugs which are administered to pregnant women. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report to successfully predict renal secretory clearance and renal clearance of multiple OAT substrate drugs during pregnancy. The data presented here could be used in the future to adjust dosing regimens of renally secreted OAT drugs in pregnancy. In addition, the mechanistic approach used here could be extended to drugs transported by other renal transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfu Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.P., M.K.L., J.D.U.); Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (J.P.)
| | - Mayur K Ladumor
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.P., M.K.L., J.D.U.); Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (J.P.)
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.P., M.K.L., J.D.U.); Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (J.P.)
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Sewberath Misser VH, Shankar A, Hindori-Mohangoo A, Wickliffe J, Lichtveld M, Mans DR. Prevalence and safety of prescription medicine use during pregnancy in the Republic of Suriname in the year 2017: a pharmacoepidemiological analysis. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY & DRUG SAFETY 2021; 10:249. [PMID: 34659914 PMCID: PMC8516118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using the claims database of the State Health Foundation from 2017, the prevalence and safety of prescription medicines given to pregnant women in Suriname (South America) have been determined. METHODS Prescription rates and proportions of the total number of prescriptions were calculated, overall and stratified for subgroups of age, region of residence, major Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical - and safety classification (Australian categorization system). Data were compared with the Σ2-test and the two samples test of proportions using normal theory method; p-values <0.01 were considered statistically significant differences. RESULTS Average prescription rates (number of prescriptions by number of patients) were 24.0, 29.7, and 32.5 in age groups 15-29, 30-44, and 45+ years, respectively (p<0.001), and 26.4, 23.0, and 14.0 in the urban-coastal, rural-coastal, and rural-interior region, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The use of prescription medicines was common (rates up to 40.4), ranged from antibiotics to vitamins, and most were safe. However, 3.2% (some antibiotics and antiepileptics) belonged to safety category D, carrying a definite human fetal risk. However, the potential benefits of these drugs warranted their use in pregnant women. These findings are largely in line with literature data, although future studies must verify their generalizability to the total Surinamese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoj H. Sewberath Misser
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Arti Shankar
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans (LA), USA
| | - Ashna Hindori-Mohangoo
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans (LA), USA
- Foundation for Perinatal Interventions and Research in Suriname (Perisur), Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Jeffrey Wickliffe
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans (LA), USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama (AL), USA
| | - Maureen Lichtveld
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans (LA), USA
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (PA), USA
| | - Dennis R.A. Mans
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
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12
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Di Filippo JI, Bollini M, Cavasotto CN. A Machine Learning Model to Predict Drug Transfer Across the Human Placenta Barrier. Front Chem 2021; 9:714678. [PMID: 34354979 PMCID: PMC8329444 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.714678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of computational models for assessing the transfer of chemicals across the placental membrane would be of the utmost importance in drug discovery campaigns, in order to develop safe therapeutic options. We have developed a low-dimensional machine learning model capable of classifying compounds according to whether they can cross or not the placental barrier. To this aim, we compiled a database of 248 compounds with experimental information about their placental transfer, characterizing each compound with a set of ∼5.4 thousand descriptors, including physicochemical properties and structural features. We evaluated different machine learning classifiers and implemented a genetic algorithm, in a five cross validation scheme, to perform feature selection. The optimization was guided towards models displaying a low number of false positives (molecules that actually cross the placental barrier, but are predicted as not crossing it). A Linear Discriminant Analysis model trained with only four structural features resulted to be robust for this task, exhibiting only one false positive case across all testing folds. This model is expected to be useful in predicting placental drug transfer during pregnancy, and thus could be used as a filter for chemical libraries in virtual screening campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Di Filippo
- Computational Drug Design and Biomedical Informatics Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Pilar, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas and Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Argentina.,Austral Institute for Applied Artificial Intelligence, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Argentina
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Centro de Investigaciones en BioNanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio N Cavasotto
- Computational Drug Design and Biomedical Informatics Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Pilar, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas and Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Argentina.,Austral Institute for Applied Artificial Intelligence, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Argentina
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13
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Ajiji P, Uzunali A, Ripoche E, Vittaz E, Vial T, Maison P. Investigating the efficacy and safety of metronidazole during pregnancy; A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X 2021; 11:100128. [PMID: 34136799 PMCID: PMC8176309 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurox.2021.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to review and analyze studies focusing on the efficacy of metronidazole in reducing the risk of preterm birth and the safety of metronidazole taking into account the different doses, duration of treatment and routes of administration. STUDY DESIGNS Embase, Cochrane Library and PubMed were searched up to 29 July 2019 to identify studies assessing metronidazole exposure during pregnancy. Additional studies were identified from reference lists of retrieved papers. Measured outcomes were preterm births (<37 weeks of gestation) and associated delivery outcomes such as spontaneous abortions (≤ 20 weeks of gestation), stillbirths (≥20 weeks of gestation) and low birth weight (<2500 g) irrespective of the period of exposure and major malformations after first-trimester exposure. Overall effect estimates for RCTs and observational studies were calculated using the random-effects model and pooled using Risk Ratios (RR) and Odds Ratios (OR) respectively. ROB-2 and ROBINS-I tool were used to assess Risk of Bias for RCTs and observational studies, respectively. RESULTS Twenty-four studies (17 observational studies and 7 RCTs) were selected. Pooled RR was 1.10 (95 % CI 0.78-1.55; n = 7; I2 = 72 %) for preterm birth. Subgroup analysis found RR 1.67; 95 % CI 1.07-2.62; n = 3; I² = 32 %) for treatment duration of ≤3 days among women with a previous preterm delivery. Pooled OR for spontaneous abortion was 1.72 (95 % CI 1.40-2.12; n = 5; I2 = 72 %) and 1.15 (95 % CI 0.98-1.34; n = 12; I2 = 25 %) for major malformations. After exclusion of studies with critical risk of bias, pooled OR were 1.7 (1.42-2.04; n = 3; I2 = 19 %) and 1.13 (0.93-1.36; n = 9; I2 = 28 %) respectively. Among several specific malformations analyzed, only congenital hydrocephaly was significantly increased at 4.06 (95 % CI 1.75-9.42; n = 2; I² = 0%). CONCLUSIONS Data do not confirm the efficacy of metronidazole in reducing the risk of preterm birth and associated delivery outcomes. Further research is required to confirm the effect of high dose and short duration of metronidazole treatment on preterm birth among the high-risk group. Regarding the increased odds of spontaneous abortion, RCTs are required to assess the role of the underlying infection. The need for further studies to confirm the risk of congenital hydrocephaly is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Ajiji
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de santé (ANSM), France
- EA 7379, EpiDermE Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, France
| | - Anil Uzunali
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de santé (ANSM), France
| | - Emmanuelle Ripoche
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de santé (ANSM), France
| | - Emilie Vittaz
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de santé (ANSM), France
| | - Thierry Vial
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmacotoxicologie, CHU-Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Maison
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de santé (ANSM), France
- EA 7379, EpiDermE Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, France
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Abstract
Importance Poor sleep is widely recognized as a common complaint in pregnancy, and yet there are incomplete data on the exact nature of these complaints, what their implications for fetal and maternal health are, and how to best recognize and address these significant health issues. Objectives The purpose of this article is to review the current literature on the changes in objectively measured sleep parameters that occur during pregnancy, identify any possible trends, and discuss current implications for obstetric outcomes and treatments. Evidence Acquisition PubMed NCBI and Google Scholars database were searched for a variety of sleep-related terms, and articles were selected based on relevance to the topic and method of sleep pattern monitoring. Results Poor sleep is ubiquitous during pregnancy, and the relatively few studies evaluating the issue using objective polysomnography have small sample sizes. However, data suggests sleep architecture changes begin as early as the first trimester, and there is evidence that primigravid sleep structure never returns to prepregnancy levels after birth. In addition, cesarean delivery frequency, early labor, labor length, depression, gestational hypertension, and gestational diabetes all appear to be influenced by sleep changes. Current treatments are based on nonpregnant populations and may not be appropriate for the gravid patient. Conclusions and Relevance Disordered sleep is a more widespread and serious issue than most women are aware, and there are numerous obstetric and general health implications to cause clinician concern. More research is needed on both electroencephalography architecture changes and treatment options.
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Flannagan KS, Sjaarda LA, Mumford SL, Schisterman EF. Prescription Opioid Use Among Populations of Reproductive Age: Effects on Fertility, Pregnancy Loss, and Pregnancy Complications. Epidemiol Rev 2020; 42:117-133. [PMID: 33001215 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prescription opioid use is common among men and women of reproductive age, including during assisted-reproduction procedures. Opioid use disorder and chronic use are associated with harms to fertility and pregnancy outcomes, but it is unclear whether these associations extend to common short-term patterns of prescription opioid use. We conducted a literature review using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify studies of nonchronic, nondependent opioid use and reproductive endpoints including fertility, pregnancy loss, and pregnancy complications (i.e., preterm birth, birth weight, gestational diabetes, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy). Seventeen studies were included. Although results of the studies suggest possible harms of short-term opioid use on fertility and pregnancy loss, methodologic limitations and the small number of studies make the literature inconclusive. This review highlights important data gaps that must be addressed to make conclusions about potential reproductive effects of short-term opioid use. These include the need for additional data on opioid use before clinically recognized pregnancy; accurate measurement of opioid exposure by multiple means with detailed information on the types and quantity of opioids used; assessment of important confounders, including opioid use indication, comorbidities, and use of other medications and substances; and studies of paternal opioid use, fertility, and pregnancy outcomes. A primary limitation of this review targeting studies of nonchronic opioid exposure is the possibility that selected studies included populations with unspecified chronic or dependent opioid use. Efforts to understand the impact of the prescription opioid epidemic should address potential reproductive harms of these medications among people of reproductive age.
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Ayele Y, Mekuria AN, Tola A, Mishore KM, Geleto FB. Prescription drugs use during pregnancy in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120935471. [PMID: 32612829 PMCID: PMC7307276 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120935471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The selection of safe drugs for pregnant women in developing countries, such as Ethiopia, where there are limited options of drugs would be challenging. Hence, the aim of this review was to determine the extent of prescribed drugs use and their potential to cause fetal harm among pregnant women in Ethiopia based on the United States Food and Drug Administration risk category. Methods Relevant studies were identified through systematic searches conducted in PubMed, HINARI, Google Scholar and Researchgate. Data on study characteristics and outcomes were extracted using the format developed in Microsoft Excel. The primary measure was pooled prevalence of prescription drugs use during pregnancy. The I2 index was used to assess heterogeneity among studies. The presence of publication bias across studies was evaluated using funnel plot. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence. Results A total of nine studies published between 2013 and 2019 were included. The pooled prevalence of prescription drugs during pregnancy, excluding minerals and vitamins, was 45.9 (95%CI: 29.3, 62.5)%. The pooled prevalence of prescription drug use, including minerals and vitamins, was 86.9 (95%CI: 81.2, 92.6)%. The pooled proportion of medications used based on the United States Food and Drug Administration risk category was 56.1 (95%CI: 43.0, 68.4)%, 29.0 (95%CI: 27.9, 30.1)%, 12.1 (95%CI: 7.9, 18.1)%, 4.1 (95%CI: 3.6, 4.6)%, and 2.5 (95%CI: 1.8, 3.6)% for the United States Food and Drug Administration fetal risk category "A," "B," "C," "D," and "X," respectively. Conclusion The use of prescription drugs during pregnancy, excluding supplements, in Ethiopia was high. Drugs with evidence of fetal harm were widely used. Hence, health care providers should select relatively safe drugs. Stakeholders should ensure safe prescribing practice for pregnant women through developing guidelines and updating professionals on the fetal risk status of commonly prescribed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohanes Ayele
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Nigussie Mekuria
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Assefa Tola
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Kirubel Minsamo Mishore
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Fisseha Bonja Geleto
- Department of Medical laboratory, College of medicine and health science, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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