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Peng X, Ren J, Chen P, Yang L, Luo K, Yuan X, Lin P, Fu Z, Li Y, Li Y, Yang W, Yong T. Effects of soil physicochemical environment on the plasticity of root growth and land productivity in maize soybean relay strip intercropping system. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:3865-3882. [PMID: 38217341 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil is a key foundation of crop root growth. There are interactions between root system and soil in multiple ways. The present study aimed to further explore the response of root distribution and morphology to soil physical and chemical environment under maize (Zea mays L.) soybean (Glycine Max L. Merr.) relay strip intercropping (MS) An experiment was carried out aiming to examine the effects of nitrogen (N) applications and interspecific distances on root system and soil environment in MS. The two N application levels, referred to as no N application (NN) and conventional N application (CN), were paired with different interspecific distances: 30, 45 and 60 cm (MS30, MS45 and MS60) and 100 cm of monoculture maize and soybean (MM/SS100). RESULTS The results demonstrated that MS45 increased the distribution of soil aggregates (> 2 mm) near the crop roots and maize soil nutrients status, which increased by 20.3% and 15.6%. Meanwhile, MS reduced soil bulk density, increased soil porosity and improved soil oxygen content. Optimization of the soil environment facilitated root growth. The MS45 achieved a better result on root distribution and morphology than the other configuration and also increased land productivity. CONCLUSION Relay intercropped soybean with maize in interspecific row spacing of 45 cm, improved soil physicochemical environment, reshaped root architecture and optimized root spatial distribution of crops to achieve greater land productivity. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Peng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Junbo Ren
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Lida Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Luo
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoting Yuan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Lin
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhidan Fu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiling Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuze Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
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Raza MA, Din AMU, Zhiqi W, Gul H, Ur Rehman S, Bukhari B, Haider I, Rahman MHU, Liang X, Luo S, El Sabagh A, Qin R, Zhongming M. Spatial differences influence nitrogen uptake, grain yield, and land-use advantage of wheat/soybean relay intercropping systems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16916. [PMID: 37805552 PMCID: PMC10560251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal/legume intercropping is becoming a popular production strategy for higher crop yields and net profits with reduced inputs and environmental impact. However, the effects of different spatial arrangements on the growth, grain yield, nitrogen uptake, and land-use advantage of wheat/soybean relay intercropping are still unclear, particularly under arid irrigated conditions. Therefore, in a three-year field study from 2018 to 2021, soybean was relay intercropped with wheat in different crop configurations (0.9 m, narrow strips; 1.8 m, medium strips; and 2.7 m, wide strips), and the results of intercropping systems were compared with their sole systems. Results revealed that intercrops with wide strips outperformed the narrow and medium strips, when the objective was to obtain higher total leaf area, dry matter, nitrogen uptake, and grain yield on a given land area due to reduced interspecific competition between intercrops. Specifically, at maturity, wide strips increased the dry matter accumulation (37% and 58%) and its distribution in roots (37% and 55%), straw (40% and 61%), and grains (30% and 46%) of wheat and soybean, respectively, compared to narrow strips. This enhanced dry matter in wide strips improved the soybean's competitive ability (by 17%) but reduced the wheat's competitive ability (by 12%) compared with narrow strips. Noticeably, all intercropping systems accumulated a significantly higher amount of nitrogen than sole systems, revealing that wheat/soybean relay intercropping requires fewer anthropogenic inputs (nitrogen) and exerts less pressure on the ecosystem than sole systems. Overall, in wide strips, intercropped wheat and soybean achieved 62% and 71% of sole wheat and soybean yield, respectively, which increased the greater total system yield (by 19%), total land equivalent ratio (by 24%), and net profit (by 34%) of wide strips compared to narrow strips. Our study, therefore, implies that the growth parameters, grain yields, nutrient accumulation, and land-use advantage of intercrop species could be improved with the proper spatial arrangement in cereal/legume intercropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Raza
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Atta Mohi Ud Din
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Wang Zhiqi
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hina Gul
- National Center for Industrial Biotechnology, Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sana Ur Rehman
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Birra Bukhari
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Imran Haider
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Xue Liang
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Ayman El Sabagh
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Ruijun Qin
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
| | - Ma Zhongming
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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Wang L, Yu B, Ji J, Khan I, Li G, Rehman A, Liu D, Li S. Assessing the impact of biochar and nitrogen application on yield, water-nitrogen use efficiency and quality of intercropped maize and soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1171547. [PMID: 37223811 PMCID: PMC10200913 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1171547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Biochar (BC) and nitrogen (N) application have the potential to increase grain yield and resource use efficiency in intercropping systems. However, the effects of different levels of BC and N application in these systems remain unclear. To address this gap, the study is intended to ascertain the impact of various combinations of BC and N fertilizer on the performance of maize-soybean intercropping and determine the optimum application of BC and N for maximizing the effect of the intercropping system. Methods A two-year (2021-2022) field experiment was conducted in Northeast China to assess the impact of BC (0, 15, and 30 t ha-1) and N application (135, 180, and 225 kg ha-1) on plant growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), N recovery efficiency (NRE) and quality in an intercropping system. Maize and soybean were selected as materials in the experiment, where every 2 rows of maize were intercropped with 2 rows of soybean. Results and discussion The results showed that the combination of BC and N significantly affected the yield, WUE, NRE and quality of intercropped maize and soybean. The treatment of 15 t ha-1 BC and 180 kg ha-1 N increased grain yield and WUE, while that of 15 t ha-1 BC and 135 kg ha-1 N enhanced NRE in both years. Nitrogen promoted the protein and oil content of intercropped maize, but decreased the protein and oil content of intercropped soybean. BC did not enhance the protein and oil content of intercropped maize, especially in the first year, but increased maize starch content. BC was found to have no positive impact on soybean protein, but it unexpectedly increased soybean oil content. The TOPSIS method revealed that the comprehensive assessment value first increased and then declined with increasing BC and N application. BC improved the performance of maize-soybean intercropping system in terms of yield, WUE, NRE, and quality while N fertilizer input was reduced. The highest grain yield in two years was achieved for BC of 17.1-23.0 t ha-1 and N of 156-213 kg ha-1 in 2021, and 12.0-18.8 t ha-1 BC and 161-202 kg ha-1 N in 2022. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the growth of maize-soybean intercropping system and its potential to enhance the production in northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Wang
- College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Binhang Yu
- College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianmei Ji
- College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ismail Khan
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guanlin Li
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sheng Li
- College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Abstract
Crop diversification has been put forward as a way to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture without penalizing its productivity. In this context, intercropping, the planned combination of two or more crop species in one field, is a promising practice. On an average, intercropping saves land compared with the component sole crops, but it remains unclear whether intercropping produces a higher yield than the most productive single crop per unit area, i.e., whether intercropping achieves transgressive overyielding. Here, we quantified the performance of intercropping for the production of grain, calories, and protein in a global meta-analysis of several production indices. The results show that intercrops outperform sole crops when the objective is to achieve a diversity of crop products on a given land area. However, when intercropping is evaluated for its ability to produce raw products without concern for diversity, intercrops on average generate a small loss in grain or calorie yield compared with the most productive sole crop (-4%) but achieve similar or higher protein yield, especially with maize/legume combinations grown at moderate N supply. Overall, although intercropping does not achieve transgressive overyielding on average, our results show that intercropping performs well in producing a diverse set of crop products and performs almost similar to the most productive component sole crop to produce raw products, while improving crop resilience, enhancing ecosystem services, and improving nutrient use efficiency. Our study, therefore, confirms the great interest of intercropping for the development of a more sustainable agricultural production, supporting diversified diets.
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Chen G, Ren Y, Mohi Ud Din A, Gul H, Chen H, Liang B, Pu T, Sun X, Yong T, Liu W, Liu J, Du J, Yang F, Wu Y, Wang X, Yang W. Comparative analysis of farmer practices and high yield experiments: Farmers could get more maize yield from maize-soybean relay intercropping through high density cultivation of maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1031024. [PMID: 36457530 PMCID: PMC9706207 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1031024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Intercropping is a high-yield, resource-efficient planting method. There is a large gap between actual yield and potential yield at farmer's field. Their actual yield of intercropped maize remains unclear under low solar radiation-area, whether this yield can be improved, and if so, what are the underlying mechanism for increasing yield? In the present study, we collected the field management and yield data of intercropping maize by conducting a survey comprising 300 farmer households in 2016-2017. Subsequently, based on surveyed data, we designed an experiment including a high density planting (Dense cultivation and high N fertilization with plough tillage; DC) and normal farmer practice (Common cultivation; CC) to analyze the yield, canopy structure, light interception, photosynthetic parameters, and photosynthetic productivity. Most farmers preferred rotary tillage with a low planting density and N fertilization. Survey data showed that farmer yield ranged between 4-6 Mg ha-1, with highest yield recorded at 10-12 Mg ha-1, suggesting a possibility for yield improvement by improved cropping practices. Results from high density experiment showed that the two-years average yield for DC was 28.8% higher than the CC. Compared to CC, the lower angle between stem and leaf (LA) and higher leaf area index (LAI) in DC resulted in higher light interception in middle canopy and increased the photosynthetic productivity under DC. Moreover, in upper and lower canopies, the average activity of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase was 70% higher in DC than CC. Briefly, increase in LAI and high Pn improved both light interception and photosynthetic productivity, thereby mediating an increase in the maize yield. Overall, these results indicated that farmer's yields on average can be increased by 2.1 Mg ha-1 by increasing planting density and N fertilization, under plough tillage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Yongfu Ren
- Agriculture Technology Extension Station, Liangzhou County Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei, China
| | - Atta Mohi Ud Din
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hina Gul
- National Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Shamsabad, Pakistan
| | - Hanlin Chen
- Agriculture Technology Extension Station, Pingchang County Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Bazhong, China
| | - Bing Liang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Yushan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
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Htet MNS, Feng B, Wang H, Tian L, Yadav V. Comparative assessment of nutritional and functional properties of different sorghum genotypes for ensuring nutritional security in dryland agro-ecosystem. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1048789. [PMID: 36798756 PMCID: PMC9926944 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1048789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cultivation of unique sorghum (resistant to abiotic stresses and re-recognized as healthy food) has attracted interest as an environmentally friendly minor cereal and may be a solution to food and nutritional security. However, information about how the use of selected sorghum grains affects nutritive values and its functional properties from sorghum flours is still lacking. To address this question, we selected six sorghum varieties (i.e., JinZa 34, LiaoZa 19, JinNuo 3, JiZa 127, JiNiang 2, and JiaXian) for the comprehensive analysis of the relationship among nutritional compositions, energy value contributions, and functional properties of sorghum grains. Results showed that Carr's index (CI) and angle of repose (AR) of all sorghum flours indicated good flow and compressibility properties in terms of micrometric parameters. All sorghums were considered free of tannin. Based on the scatterplot analysis, the proportions of energy contributions due to protein, fat, and carbohydrate (CHO), were highly positively correlated with protein, fat, and CHO, respectively. The significantly different flours of six sorghum varieties resulted in different functional properties. The amylose content showed a highly negative association with light transmittance and water and oil absorption capacities. In addition, amylose had a highly positive relationship with water solubility (WS) and swelling power (SP). JinNuo 3 had the highest nutritional compositions [proximate, mineral, anti-nutritional values, and amino acid (AA) profiles] and functional properties indicating that it could be used as a brewing liquor. Our findings will provide a new opportunity to cultivate sorghum as an environment friendly minor cereal crop in dryland agro-ecosystems of arid and semi-arid regions of northern China for nutritional security, agriculture processing, and non-food industry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maw Ni Soe Htet
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System in Northwestern Loess Plateau, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Rice Bio Park Research Section, Post-Harvest Technology and Food Science Research Division, Department of Agricultural Research, Naypyidaw, Myanmar
| | - Baili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Honglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Lixin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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Raza MA, Yasin HS, Gul H, Qin R, Mohi Ud Din A, Khalid MHB, Hussain S, Gitari H, Saeed A, Wang J, Rezaei-Chiyaneh E, Sabagh AE, Manzoor A, Fatima A, Ahmad S, Yang F, Skalicky M, Yang W. Maize/soybean strip intercropping produces higher crop yields and saves water under semi-arid conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1006720. [PMID: 36407615 PMCID: PMC9667818 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1006720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable increases in crop production require efficient use of resources, and intercropping can improve water use efficiency and land productivity at reduced inputs. Thus, in a three-year field experiment, the performance of maize/soybean strip intercropping system differing with maize plant density (6 maize plants m-2, low, D1; 8 maize plants m-2, medium, D2; and 10 maize plants m-2, high, D3) was evaluated in comparison with sole maize or soybean cropping system. Results revealed that among all intercropping treatments, D2 had a significantly higher total leaf area index (maize LAI + soybean LAI; 8.2), total dry matter production (maize dry matter + soybean dry matter; 361.5 g plant-1), and total grain yield (maize grain yield + soybean grain yield; 10122.5 kg ha-1) than D1 and D3, and also higher than sole maize (4.8, 338.7 g plant-1, and 9553.7 kg ha-1) and sole soybean (4.6, 64.8 g plant-1, and 1559.5 kg ha-1). The intercropped maize was more efficient in utilizing the radiation and water, with a radiation use efficiency of 3.5, 5.2, and 4.3 g MJ-1 and water use efficiency of 14.3, 16.2, and 13.3 kg ha-1 mm-1, while that of intercropped soybean was 2.5, 2.1, and 1.8 g MJ-1 and 2.1, 1.9, and 1.5 kg ha-1 mm-1 in D1, D2, and D3, respectively. In intercropping, the land and water equivalent ratios ranged from 1.22 to 1.55, demonstrating that it is a sustainable strategy to improve land and water use efficiencies; this maximization is likely associated with the species complementarities for radiation, water, and land in time and space, which resulted in part from competition avoidance responses that maximize the economic profit (e. g., 1300 US $ ha-1 in D2) over sole maize (798 US $ ha-1) or sole soybean (703 US $ ha-1). Overall, these results indicate that optimizing strip intercropping systems can save 20-50% of water and land, especially under the present scenario of limited resources and climate change. However, further research is required to fully understand the resource capture mechanisms of intercrops in intercropping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Raza
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hassan Shehryar Yasin
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hina Gul
- National Center for Industrial Biotechnology, Pir Mehar Ali Shah-Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ruijun Qin
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR, United States
| | - Atta Mohi Ud Din
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Hayder Bin Khalid
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sajad Hussain
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Harun Gitari
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amjed Saeed
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Jun Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xian, China
| | - Esmaeil Rezaei-Chiyaneh
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ayman El Sabagh
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Amir Manzoor
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Akash Fatima
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Bo PT, Dong Y, Zhang R, Soe Htet MN, Hai J. Optimization of Alfalfa-Based Mixed Cropping with Winter Wheat and Ryegrass in Terms of Forage Yield and Quality Traits. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131752. [PMID: 35807706 PMCID: PMC9269676 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forage has a significant association with animal nutrition because it is an essential part of milk and meat production in the livestock industry. Thus, for the production of high-quality forage, cereal–legume mixed cropping is an efficient method for meat and milk production in the livestock sector. In a two-year experiment between 2020 and 2021, the forage yield, nutritional compositions, amino acid profile, and forage quality were evaluated in the mixed cropping of winter wheat and ryegrass with alfalfa. In this study, a split-plot design with a randomized block design was employed with three sampling replicates. Cultivars were harvested at three maturity stages, namely, flowering, milk, and soft dough, depending on the wheat growth stage. The experimental results show that wheat 2 (Baomai 9)–alfalfa and ryegrass–alfalfa mixed cropping produced higher fresh biomass output than mono-cropping of wheat and ryegrass harvested at the flowering stage. Furthermore, the dry matter (DM) percentage range increased from 20.18% to 36.39%. By contrast, crude protein, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were higher at the flowering stage than at other harvesting stages with DM values of 14.28%, 34.12%, 55.06%, and 32.55%, respectively. Ryegrass–alfalfa mixing yielded higher values of mineral compositions, and T5 (Baomai 9–alfalfa) generally achieved more extraordinary amino acid compositions. The results demonstrate that wheat and ryegrass with alfalfa mixed cropping, and harvesting at the flowering period produces high-quality forage. Additionally, mixed cropping with alfalfa remarkably affected forage quality parameters, while mixed cropping of wheat cultivar 2 (Baomai 9) and alfalfa obtained the highest dry matter intake, digestible dry matter, relative feed value, total digestible nutrient, relative forage quality, and quality index values of 2.56, 68.54, 136.49, 60.50, 127.41, and 1.69, respectively. Thus, the mixed-cropping of wheat and ryegrass with alfalfa forage is recommended for its maximized quality forage production and nutritional values in livestock feedstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poe Thinzar Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System in Northwestern Loess Plateau, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (P.T.B.); (Y.D.); (R.Z.); (M.N.S.H.)
| | - Yongli Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System in Northwestern Loess Plateau, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (P.T.B.); (Y.D.); (R.Z.); (M.N.S.H.)
| | - Ruifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System in Northwestern Loess Plateau, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (P.T.B.); (Y.D.); (R.Z.); (M.N.S.H.)
| | - Maw Ni Soe Htet
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System in Northwestern Loess Plateau, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (P.T.B.); (Y.D.); (R.Z.); (M.N.S.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Rice Bio-Park Research Section, Post-Harvest Technology and Food Science Research Division, Department of Agricultural Research, Yezin, Zayarthiri Township, Nay Pyi Taw 15013, Myanmar
| | - Jiangbo Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System in Northwestern Loess Plateau, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (P.T.B.); (Y.D.); (R.Z.); (M.N.S.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-133-8922-1092
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Integrated Starches and Physicochemical Characterization of Sorghum Cultivars for an Efficient and Sustainable Intercropping Model. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121574. [PMID: 35736725 PMCID: PMC9229435 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sorghum has good adaptation to drought tolerance and can be successfully cultivated on marginal lands with low input cost. Starch is used in many foods and nonfood industrial applications and as a renewable energy resource. Sorghum starches with different amylose contents affect the different physicochemical properties. In this study, we isolated starches from six sorghum varieties (i.e., Jinza 34, Liaoza 19, Jinnuo 3, Jiza 127, Jiniang 2, and Jiaxian) and investigated them in terms of their chemical compositions and physicochemical properties. All the starch granules had regular polygonal round shapes and showed the characteristic “Maltese cross”. These six sorghum starches showed an A-type diffraction pattern. The highest amylose content of starch in Jinza 127 was 26.90%. Jiaxian had a higher water solubility at 30, 70, and 90 °C. From the flow cytometry analysis based on six sorghum starch granules, Liaoza 19 had a larger and more complex granules (particle percentage (P1) = 66.5%). The Jinza 34 starch had higher peak (4994.00 mPa∙s) and breakdown viscosity (4013.50 mPa∙s) and lower trough viscosity (973.50 mPa∙s). Jinnuo 3 had higher onset temperature, peak temperature, conclusion temperature, gelatinization enthalpy, and gelatinization range. The principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis based on classification of different sorghum starches showed that Jiniang 2 and Jinnuo 3 had similar physicochemical properties and most divergent starches, respectively. Our result provides useful information not only on the use of sorghum starches in food and non-food industries but for the great potential of sorghum-based intercropping systems in maintaining agricultural sustainability.
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Cheng B, Wang L, Liu R, Wang W, Yu R, Zhou T, Ahmad I, Raza A, Jiang S, Xu M, Liu C, Yu L, Wang W, Jing S, Liu W, Yang W. Shade-Tolerant Soybean Reduces Yield Loss by Regulating Its Canopy Structure and Stem Characteristics in the Maize-Soybean Strip Intercropping System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:848893. [PMID: 35371167 PMCID: PMC8967133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.848893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The shading of maize is an important factor, which leads to lodging and yield loss of soybean in the maize-soybean strip intercropping system, especially in areas with low solar radiation. This study was designed to explore how shade-tolerant soybean reduces yield loss by regulating its canopy structure and stem characteristics in the maize-soybean strip intercropping system. The soybean cultivars Tianlong No.1 (TL-1, representative of shade-tolerant plants) and Chuandou-16 (CD-16, representative of shade-intolerant plants) were grown in monocropping and intercropping systems from 2020 to 2021 in Chongzhou, Sichuan, China. Regardless of shade-intolerant or shade-tolerant soybean, the canopy and stem of soybean in strip intercropping were weaker than those of the corresponding monoculture. But compared with shade-intolerant soybean, the shade-tolerant soybean slightly changed its spatial structure of canopy and stem morphology and physiology in maize-soybean strip intercropping system, especially in the later growth stages. On the one hand, the canopy of shade-tolerant soybean showed relatively high transmission coefficient (TC) and relatively low leaf area index (LAI) and mean leaf angle (MLA). On the other hand, the stem of shade-tolerant soybean was obviously stronger than that of shade-intolerant soybean in terms of external morphology, internal structure, and physiological characteristics. Additionally, compared with shade-intolerant soybean, shade-tolerant soybean showed higher APnWP (the average net photosynthetic rate of the whole plant) and seed yield in the strip intercropping. The results showed that shade-tolerant soybean increased light energy capture and photosynthesis in the different canopy levels to promote the morphological and physiological development of the stem and ultimately reduce the yield loss of the strip intercropping system. However, the molecular mechanism of low radiation regulating soybean canopy structure (LAI, TC, and MLA) needs further in-depth research to provide theoretical guidance for cultivating plants with ideal canopy shape that can adapt to changing light environment in intercropping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Da Mei Seeds Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Ranjin Liu
- Chengdu Da Mei Seeds Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Weibing Wang
- Quxian Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Dazhou, China
| | - Renwei Yu
- Quxian Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Dazhou, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Irshan Ahmad
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Ali Raza
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengjun Jiang
- Chuanshanqu Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Suining, China
| | - Mei Xu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuzhong Jing
- Chengdu Da Mei Seeds Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
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11
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Zhang Y, Henke M, Li Y, Xu D, Liu A, Liu X, Li T. Analyzing the Impact of Greenhouse Planting Strategy and Plant Architecture on Tomato Plant Physiology and Estimated Dry Matter. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:828252. [PMID: 35242156 PMCID: PMC8885523 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.828252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Determine the level of significance of planting strategy and plant architecture and how they affect plant physiology and dry matter accumulation within greenhouses is essential to actual greenhouse plant management and breeding. We thus analyzed four planting strategies (plant spacing, furrow distance, row orientation, planting pattern) and eight different plant architectural traits (internode length, leaf azimuth angle, leaf elevation angle, leaf length, leaflet curve, leaflet elevation, leaflet number/area ratio, leaflet length/width ratio) with the same plant leaf area using a formerly developed functional-structural model for a Chinese Liaoshen-solar greenhouse and tomato plant, which used to simulate the plant physiology of light interception, temperature, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and dry matter. Our study led to the conclusion that the planting strategies have a more significant impact overall on plant radiation, temperature, photosynthesis, and dry matter compared to plant architecture changes. According to our findings, increasing the plant spacing will have the most significant impact to increase light interception. E-W orientation has better total light interception but yet weaker light uniformity. Changes in planting patterns have limited influence on the overall canopy physiology. Increasing the plant leaflet area by leaflet N/A ratio from what we could observe for a rose the total dry matter by 6.6%, which is significantly better than all the other plant architecture traits. An ideal tomato plant architecture which combined all the above optimal architectural traits was also designed to provide guidance on phenotypic traits selection of breeding process. The combined analysis approach described herein established the causal relationship between investigated traits, which could directly apply to provide management and breeding insights on other plant species with different solar greenhouse structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China
| | - Michael Henke
- Plant Sciences Core Facility, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Demin Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China
| | - Anhua Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China
| | - Xingan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China
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12
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Raza MA, Cui L, Khan I, Din AMU, Chen G, Ansar M, Ahmed M, Ahmad S, Manaf A, Titriku JK, Shah GA, Yang F, Yang W. Compact maize canopy improves radiation use efficiency and grain yield of maize/soybean relay intercropping system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:41135-41148. [PMID: 33779899 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Maize/soybean relay intercropping system is a popular cultivation system to obtain high yields of both crops with reduced inputs. However, shading by maize decreases the photosynthetically active radiation, reaching the soybean canopy in maize/soybean relay intercropping system, which reduces soybean radiation use efficiency and competitiveness. Here, we reveal that compact maize in maize/soybean relay intercropping system enhances the photosynthetically active radiation transmittance, leaf area index, dry matter production, radiation use efficiency, and competitiveness of soybean and compensates the slight maize yield loss by substantially increasing soybean yield. In this experiment, soybean was relay intercropped with different maize types (SI, spreading maize; SII, semi-compact maize; and SIII, compact maize) in maize/soybean relay intercropping system, and all the relay intercropping treatments were compared with sole cropping systems of soybean and maize. Results revealed that SIII significantly enhanced the soybean radiation use efficiency (by 77%, from 0.35 g MJ-1 in SI to 0.61 g MJ-1 in SIII) and total radiation use efficiency (soybean radiation use efficiency + maize radiation use efficiency) of maize/soybean relay intercropping system (by 5%, from 3.53 g MJ-1 in SI to 3.73 g MJ-1 in SIII). Similarly, SIII improved the competitiveness (by 62%, from 0.58% in SI to 0.94% in SIII) of soybean but reduced the competitiveness (by 38%, from 1.73% in SI to 1.07% in SIII) of maize, which, in turn, considerably increased soybean yield by maintaining maize yield. On average, over the 2 years, in SIII, relay-intercropped soybean produced 89% of the sole soybean yield, and relay-intercropped maize produced 95% of the sole maize yield. Besides, treatment SIII achieved the mean highest land equivalent ratio value of 1.84 in both years. Thus, enhanced radiation use efficiency of soybean, especially during the co-growth period, was the primary factor responsible for the high productivity of the maize/soybean relay intercropping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Liang Cui
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Crop Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, Liaoning, China
| | - Imran Khan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Atta Mohi Ud Din
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guopeng Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Manaf
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - John Kwame Titriku
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ghulam Abbas Shah
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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Strip-width determines competitive strengths and grain yields of intercrop species in relay intercropping system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21910. [PMID: 33318496 PMCID: PMC7736315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize/soybean relay intercropping system (MSR) is a popular cultivation method to obtain high yields of both crops with reduced inputs. However, in MSR, the effects of different strip widths on competitive strengths and grain yields of intercrop species are still unclear. Therefore, in a two-year field experiment, soybean was relay-intercropped with maize in three different strip-width arrangements (narrow-strips, 180 cm; medium-strips, 200 cm; and wide-strips, 220 cm), and all intercropping results were compared with sole maize (SM) and sole soybean (SS). Results showed that the optimum strip-width for obtaining high grain yields of maize and soybean was 200 cm (medium-strips), which improved the competitive-ability of soybean by maintaining the competitive-ability of maize in MSR. On average, maize and soybean produced 98% and 77% of SM and SS yield, respectively, in medium-strips. The improved grain yields of intercrop species in medium-strips increased the total grain yield of MSR by 15% and land equivalent ratio by 22%, which enhanced the net-income of medium-strips (by 99%, from 620 US $ ha-1 in wide-strips to 1233 US $ ha-1 in medium-strips). Overall, these findings imply that following the optimum strip-width in MSR, i. e., strip-width of 200 cm, grain yields, and competitive interactions of intercrop species can be improved.
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Bawa G, Feng L, Chen G, Chen H, Hu Y, Pu T, Cheng Y, Shi J, Xiao T, Zhou W, Yong T, Sun X, Yang F, Yang W, Wang X. Gibberellins and auxin regulate soybean hypocotyl elongation under low light and high-temperature interaction. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 170:345-356. [PMID: 32588443 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is an important oilseed crop grown globally. However, two examples of environmental stresses that drastically regulate soybean growth are low light and high-temperature. Emerging evidence suggests a possible interconnection between these two environmental stimuli. Low light and high-temperature as individual factors have been reported to regulate plant hypocotyl elongation. However, their interactive signal effect on soybean growth and development remains largely unclear. Here, we report that gibberellins (GAs) and auxin are required for soybean hypocotyl elongation under low light and high-temperature interaction. Our analysis indicated that low light and high-temperature interaction enhanced the regulation of soybean hypocotyl elongation and that the endogenous GA3 , GA7 , indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and indole-3-pyruvate (IPA) contents significantly increased. Again, analysis of the effect of exogenous phytohormones and biosynthesis inhibitors treatments showed that exogenous GA, IAA, and paclobutrazol (PAC), 2, 3, 5,-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) treatments significantly regulated soybean seedlings growth under low light and high-temperature interaction. Further qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression level of GA biosynthesis pathway genes (GmGA3ox1, GmGA3ox2 and GmGA3) and auxin biosynthesis pathway genes (GmYUCCA3, GmYUCCA5 and GmYUCCA7) significantly increased under (i) low light and high-temperature interaction and (ii) exogenous GA and IAA treatments. Altogether, these observations support the hypothesis that gibberellins and auxin regulate soybean hypocotyl elongation under low light and high-temperature stress interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Bawa
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lingyang Feng
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guopeng Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Tian Pu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yajiao Cheng
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jianyi Shi
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Te Xiao
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wenguan Zhou
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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15
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Variable Light Condition Improves Root Distribution Shallowness and P Uptake of Soybean in Maize/Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping System. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091204. [PMID: 32942525 PMCID: PMC7570427 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, soybean root distribution in an inter-cropping system was influenced by various environmental and biotic cues. However, it is still unknown how root development and distribution in inter-cropping responds to aboveground light conditions. Herein, soybeans were inter- and monocropped with P (phosphorus) treatments of 0 and 20 kg P ha yr−1 (P0 and P20, respectively) in field experiment over 4 years. In 2019, a pot experiment was conducted as the supplement to the field experiment. Shade from sowing to V5 (Five trifoliolates unroll) and light (SL) was used to imitate the light condition of soybeans in a relay trip inter-cropping system, while light then shade from V5 to maturity (LS) was used to imitate the light condition of soybeans when monocropped. Compared to monocropping, P uptake and root distribution in the upper 0–15 cm soil layer increased when inter-cropped. Inter-cropped soybeans suffered serious shade by maize during a common-growth period, which resulted in the inhibition of primary root growth and a modified auxin synthesis center and response. During the solo-existing period, plant photosynthetic capacity and sucrose accumulation increased under ameliorated light in SL (shade-light). Increased light during the reproductive stage significantly decreased leaf P concentration in SL under both P-sufficient and P-deficient conditions. Transcripts of a P starvation response gene (GmPHR25) in leaves and genes (GmEXPB2) involved in root growth were upregulated by ameliorated light during the reproductive stage. Furthermore, during the reproductive stage, more light interception increased the auxin concentration and expression of GmYUCCA14 (encoding the auxin synthesis) and GmTIR1C (auxin receptor) in roots. Across the field and pot experiments, increased lateral root growth and shallower root distribution were associated with inhibited primary root growth during the seedling stage and ameliorated light conditions in the reproductive stage. Consequently, this improved topsoil foraging and P uptake of inter-cropped soybeans. It is suggested that the various light conditions (shade-light) mediating leaf P status and sucrose transport can regulate auxin synthesis and respond to root formation and distribution.
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16
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Chen G, Chen H, Shi K, Raza MA, Bawa G, Sun X, Pu T, Yong T, Liu W, Liu J, Du J, Yang F, Yang W, Wang X. Heterogeneous Light Conditions Reduce the Assimilate Translocation Towards Maize Ears. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080987. [PMID: 32759776 PMCID: PMC7465644 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The border row crop in strip intercropped maize is often exposed to heterogeneous light conditions, resulting in increased photosynthesis and yield decreased. Previous studies have focused on photosynthetic productivity, whereas carbon allocation could also be one of the major causes of decreased yield. However, carbon distribution remains unclear in partially shaded conditions. In the present study, we applied heterogeneous light conditions (T), and one side of plants was shaded (T-30%), keeping the other side fully exposed to light (T-100%), as compared to control plants that were exposed entirely to full-light (CK). Dry weight, carbon assimilation, 13C abundance, and transport tissue structure were analyzed to clarify the carbon distribution in partial shading of plants. T caused a marked decline in dry weight and harvest index (HI), whereas dry weight in unshaded and shaded leaves did not differ. Net photosynthesis rate (Pn), the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase enzymes (SPS), and sucrose concentration increased in unshaded leaves. Appropriately, 5.7% of the 13C from unshaded leaves was transferred to shaded leaves. Furthermore, plasmodesma density in the unshaded (T-100%) and shaded (T-30%) leaves in T was not significantly different but was lower than that of CK. Similarly, the vascular bundle total area of T was decreased. 13C transfer from unshaded leaves to ear in T was decreased by 18.0% compared with that in CK. Moreover, 13C and sucrose concentration of stem in T were higher than those in CK. Our results suggested that, under heterogeneous light, shaded leaves as a sink imported the carbohydrates from the unshaded leaves. Ear and shaded leaf competed for carbohydrates, and were not conducive to tissue structure of sucrose transport, resulting in a decrease in the carbon proportion in the ear, harvest index, and ear weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kai Shi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - George Bawa
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tian Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-028-8629-0906
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Ahmed S, Raza MA, Yuan X, Du Y, Iqbal N, Chachar Q, Soomro AA, Ibrahim F, Hussain S, Wang X, Liu W, Yang W. Optimized planting time and co‐growth duration reduce the yield difference between intercropped and sole soybean by enhancing soybean resilience toward size‐asymmetric competition. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Ahmed
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | | | - Xiaoqin Yuan
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Yibin Vocational and Technical College Yibin China
| | - Yongli Du
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Institute of Sorghum and Potato Yibin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Yibin China
| | - Nasir Iqbal
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Qamaruddin Chachar
- Faculty of Crop Production Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam Pakistan
| | - Aijaz Ahmed Soomro
- Faculty of Crop Production Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam Pakistan
| | - Faisal Ibrahim
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Sajad Hussain
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Xingcai Wang
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
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18
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Raza MA, Feng LY, Werf W, Iqbal N, Khan I, Khan A, Din AMU, Naeem M, Meraj TA, Hassan MJ, Khan A, Lu FZ, Liu X, Ahmed M, Yang F, Yang W. Optimum strip width increases dry matter, nutrient accumulation, and seed yield of intercrops under the relay intercropping system. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Yang Feng
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Wopke Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Nasir Iqbal
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Grassland Science Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Ahsin Khan
- College of Life Sciences Sichuan Agricultural University Yaan China
| | - Atta Mohi Ud Din
- College of Life Sciences Sichuan Agricultural University Yaan China
| | - Muhammd Naeem
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | | | | | - Aaqil Khan
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Feng Zhi Lu
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Agronomy Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
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19
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Zhou T, Wang L, Yang H, Gao Y, Liu W, Yang W. Ameliorated light conditions increase the P uptake capability of soybean in a relay-strip intercropping system by altering root morphology and physiology in the areas with low solar radiation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:1069-1080. [PMID: 31726538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Belowground interspecific facilitation and complementarity contribute to the phosphorus (P) uptake advantages in the cereal-legume intercropping system. However, the root morphological and physiological plasticity and, subsequently, the P uptake capability response to light conditions in intercropping systems remain unclear. Soybean was grown under two levels of P application rates in sole and intercropping systems (maize/soybean relay strip intercropping) from 2016 to 2018 in Renshou, southwest of China. As a supplement to the field experiment, soybean was also grown in L-S (simulating the light conditions of sole cropping in the field: light first and then shading) and S-L (simulating the light conditions of intercropping in the field: shading first and then light) light conditions with two levels of P application in 2018 in a pot experiment. After maize harvest (approximately 3/4 of the soybean growth period), light capture in intercropping was higher than sole (ameliorated light conditions in intercropping system), which resulted in an advantage of P uptake in intercropped soybean. Both low P supply and more light capture increased the total root length and root APase activity. The genes GmEXPB2 (which is associated with root growth) and GmACP1 (which is associated with exudation of APase) were highly expressed in plants that captured more light under both P-sufficient and P-deficient conditions. Additionally, more light capture increased the production of lateral roots and the proportion of in the upper 15 cm soil layer roots at the reproductive stage in the field. Across the field and pot experiments, increased root morphological and physiological plasticity were associated with lower P concentrations in the leaves and greater allocation of photosynthates to roots as sucrose. It is suggested that ameliorated light conditions can regulate soybean root growth plasticity and, consequently, P uptake in maize/soybean relay strip intercropping systems, especially in the areas with low solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huan Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Gao
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China..
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China..
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20
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Raza MA, Feng LY, van der Werf W, Iqbal N, Khalid MHB, Chen YK, Wasaya A, Ahmed S, Ud Din AM, Khan A, Ahmed S, Yang F, Yang W. Maize leaf-removal: A new agronomic approach to increase dry matter, flower number and seed-yield of soybean in maize soybean relay intercropping system. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13453. [PMID: 31530859 PMCID: PMC6748973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Shading conditions adversely affect flower-number and pod-number of soybeans under maize-soybean relay-intercropping (MSR). Here we reveal that leaf-removal from maize-canopy improves the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance and dry-matter production (DMP) of soybean (especially during the co-growth phase), and compensates the maize seed-yield loss by considerably increasing soybean seed-yield. In a two-year experiment with MSR, maize-plants were subjected to different leaf-removal treatments to increase the PAR-transmittance of soybean; removal of the topmost two-leaves (R2), four-leaves (R4), six-leaves (R6), with no-removal of leaves (R0). Leaf-removal treatments improved the PAR-transmittance, photosynthetic-rate, and morphological-characteristics of soybean under MSR. At 90 days after sowing, the dry-matter of pods, and seeds was increased by 25%, and 32%, respectively under R6 than R0. Importantly, enhanced PAR-transmittance and DMP under R6 enabled soybean to initiate a greater number of flowers 182.2 plant-1 compared to 142.7 plant-1 under R0, and it also decreased the flower-abscission (by 13%, from 54.9% under R0 to 47.6% under R6). These positive responses increased the pod-number by 49% and seed-number by 28% under R6 than R0. Overall, under R6, relay-intercropped soybean produced 78% of sole-soybean seed-yield, and relay-intercropped maize produced 81% of sole-maize seed-yield and achieved the land equivalent ratio of 1.59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Ling Yang Feng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Wopke van der Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nasir Iqbal
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Hayder Bin Khalid
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Kai Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Allah Wasaya
- College of Agriculture, Bahadur Sub Campus, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Layyah, 31200, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Ahmed
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Atta Mohi Ud Din
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, P.R. China
| | - Ahsin Khan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, P.R. China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China.
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China.
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21
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Raza MA, Feng LY, Iqbal N, Ahmed M, Chen YK, Khalid MHB, Mohi Ud Din A, Khan A, Ijaz W, Hussain A, Jamil MA, Naeem M, Bhutto SH, Ansar M, Yang F, Yang W. Growth and development of soybean under changing light environments in relay intercropping system. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7262. [PMID: 31372317 PMCID: PMC6659667 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maize-soybean relay-intercropping (MSR) is a famous system of crop production in developing countries. However, maize shading under this system directly affects the light quality and intensity of soybean canopy. This is a challenging scenario in which to implement the MSR system, in terms of varieties selection, planting pattern, and crop management since the duration of crop resource utilization clearly differs. Methods Therefore, this experiment aimed to elucidate the effect of leaf excising treatments from maize top to fully clarify the needs and balance of light quality and intensity of intercrop-soybean under MSR in field conditions. The effects of different leaf excising treatments (T0, no removal of leaves; T2, removal of two topmost leaves; T4, removal of four topmost leaves; T6, removal of six topmost leaves from maize plants were applied at first-trifoliate stage (V1) of soybean) on photosynthetically active radiation transmittance (PART), red to far-red ratio (R:FR), morphological and photosynthetic characteristics and total biomass production at second-trifoliate stage (V2), fifth-trifoliate stage (V5), and flowering-stage (R1) of soybean were investigated through field experiments for 2-years under MSR. Results As compared to T0, treatment T6 increased the PART and R:FR ratio at soybean canopy by 77% and 37% (V2), 70% and 34% (V5), and 41% and 36% (R1), respectively. This improved light environment in T6 considerably enhanced the leaf area index, SPAD values and photosynthetic rate of soybean plants by 66%, 25% and 49% at R1, respectively than T0. Similarly, relative to control, T6 also increased the stem diameter (by 29%) but decreased the plant height (by 23%) which in turn significantly increased stem breaking strength (by 87%) by reducing the lodging rate (by 59%) of soybean plants. Overall, under T6, relay-cropped soybean produced 78% of sole soybean seed-yield, and relay-cropped maize produced 81% of sole maize seed-yield. Our findings implied that by maintaining the optimum level of PART (from 60% to 80%) and R:FR ratio (0.9 to 1.1), we can improve morphological and photosynthetic characteristics of soybean plants in MSR. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the light environment when considering the sustainability of MSR via appropriate planting pattern selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China, China
| | - Ling Yang Feng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China, China
| | - Nasir Iqbal
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China, China
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy, University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, Rwalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.,Department of Northern Agricultural Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden
| | - Yuan Kai Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China, China
| | | | - Atta Mohi Ud Din
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China, China
| | - Ahsin Khan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China, China
| | - Waqas Ijaz
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Anwaar Hussain
- Northeast Forestry University, School of Forestry, Harbin, China
| | | | - Muhammd Naeem
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China, China
| | | | - Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Agronomy, University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, Rwalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China, China
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22
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Raza MA, Feng LY, Werf W, Cai GR, Khalid MHB, Iqbal N, Hassan MJ, Meraj TA, Naeem M, Khan I, Rehman SU, Ansar M, Ahmed M, Yang F, Yang W. Narrow‐wide‐row planting pattern increases the radiation use efficiency and seed yield of intercrop species in relay‐intercropping system. Food Energy Secur 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‐physiology and Farming System in Southwest Ministry of Agriculture Chengdu China
| | - Ling Yang Feng
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‐physiology and Farming System in Southwest Ministry of Agriculture Chengdu China
| | - Wopke Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Gao Ren Cai
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‐physiology and Farming System in Southwest Ministry of Agriculture Chengdu China
| | - Muhammad Hayder Bin Khalid
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Maize Research Institute Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Nasir Iqbal
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‐physiology and Farming System in Southwest Ministry of Agriculture Chengdu China
| | | | | | - Muhammd Naeem
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‐physiology and Farming System in Southwest Ministry of Agriculture Chengdu China
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Grassland Science Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Sana ur Rehman
- Department of Agronomy Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Agronomy Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan
- Department of Northern Agricultural Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‐physiology and Farming System in Southwest Ministry of Agriculture Chengdu China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‐physiology and Farming System in Southwest Ministry of Agriculture Chengdu China
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