1
|
Han X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang T, Li N, Hao F, Yao L, Guo K. Isolation and characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus with a novel continuous mutation in the S1 0 domain. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1203893. [PMID: 37275149 PMCID: PMC10232790 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1203893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which re-emerged in China in 2010, has caused severe economic losses to the global pig industry. In this study, a PEDV strain, designated PEDV WMB, was isolated from piglets with severe diarrhea on a pig farm in Henan Province of China. Whole-genome sequencing and analysis revealed that the PEDV WMB strain belongs to subtype G2c and has a unique continuous mutation in the S10 antigenic epitope of the S protein. Moreover, the virus-neutralization (VN) test indicated that polyclonal antibodies against the S10 protein of other G1 and G2 strains showed reduced VN reactivity to PEDV WMB. The pathogenicity of PEDV WMB was further investigated in 3 day-old piglets. PEDV infection-related clinical symptoms and morphological lesions were observed and confirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination (IHC). These results illustrated that continuous mutation of the S10 epitope might affect the immunogenicity or pathogenicity of PEDV, providing evidence of the need to monitor the genetic diversity of the virus and develop effective measures to prevent and control PEDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangkun Liu
- Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center of Advanced Analysis & Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tiejun Wang
- Henan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanyang Vocational College of Agriculture, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liang JQ, Xie MY, Hou LJ, Wang HL, Luo JY, Sun JJ, Xi QY, Jiang QY, Chen T, Zhang YL. miRNAs derived from milk small extracellular vesicles inhibit porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. Antiviral Res 2023; 212:105579. [PMID: 36907442 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea and/or vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality in neonatal piglets. It has caused huge economic losses to animal husbandry worldwide. Current commercial PEDV vaccines do not provide enough protection against variant and evolved virus strains. No specific drugs are available to treat PEDV infection. The development of more effective therapeutic anti-PEDV agents is urgently needed. Our previous study suggested that porcine milk small extracellular vesicles (sEV) facilitate intestinal tract development and prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injury. However, the effects of milk sEV during viral infection remain unclear. Our study found that porcine milk sEV, which was isolated and purified by differential ultracentrifugation, could inhibit PEDV replication in IPEC-J2 and Vero cells. Simultaneously, we constructed a PEDV infection model for piglet intestinal organoids and found that milk sEV also inhibited PEDV infection. Subsequently, in vivo experiments showed that milk sEV pre-feeding exerted robust protection of piglets from PEDV-induced diarrhea and mortality. Strikingly, we found that the miRNAs extracted from milk sEV inhibited PEDV infection. miRNA-seq, bioinformatics analysis, and experimental verification demonstrated that miR-let-7e and miR-27b, which were identified in milk sEV targeted PEDV N and host HMGB1, suppressed viral replication. Taken together, we revealed the biological function of milk sEV in resisting PEDV infection and proved its cargo miRNAs, miR-let-7e and miR-27b, possess antiviral functions. This study is the first description of the novel function of porcine milk sEV in regulating PEDV infection. It provides a better understanding of milk sEV resistance to coronavirus infection, warranting further studies to develop sEV as an attractive antiviral.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qi Liang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Mei-Ying Xie
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510520, China
| | - Lian-Jie Hou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, 511518, China
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Jun-Yi Luo
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Jia-Jie Sun
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Qian-Yun Xi
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Qing-Yan Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Ting Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.
| | - Yong-Liang Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Antiviral Properties of Pennisetum purpureum Extract against Coronaviruses and Enteroviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111371. [PMID: 36422622 PMCID: PMC9696772 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many severe epidemics are caused by enteroviruses (EVs) and coronaviruses (CoVs), including feline coronavirus (FCoV) in cats, epidemic diarrhea disease virus (PEDV) in pigs, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens, and EV71 in human. Vaccines and antiviral drugs are used to prevent and treat the infection of EVs and CoVs, but the effectiveness is affected due to rapidly changing RNA viruses. Many plant extracts have been proven to have antiviral properties despite the continuous mutations of viruses. Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) has high phenolic content and has been used as healthy food materials, livestock feed, biofuels, and more. This study tested the antiviral properties of P. purpureum extract against FCoV, PEDV, IBV, and EV71 by in vitro cytotoxicity assay, TCID50 virus infection assay, and chicken embryo infection assay. The findings showed that P. purpureum extract has the potential of being disinfectant to limit the spread of CoVs and EVs because the extract can inhibit the infection of EV71, FCoV, and PEDV in cells, and significantly reduce the severity of symptoms caused by IBV in chicken embryos.
Collapse
|
4
|
He WT, Bollen N, Xu Y, Zhao J, Dellicour S, Yan Z, Gong W, Zhang C, Zhang L, Lu M, Lai A, Suchard MA, Ji X, Tu C, Lemey P, Baele G, Su S. Phylogeography reveals association between swine trade and the spread of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in China and across the world. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 39:6482749. [PMID: 34951645 PMCID: PMC8826572 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)-CoV (coronavirus)-2 pandemic has exposed major gaps in our knowledge on the origin, ecology, evolution, and spread of animal coronaviruses. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae that may have originated from bats and leads to significant hazards and widespread epidemics in the swine population. The role of local and global trade of live swine and swine-related products in disseminating PEDV remains unclear, especially in developing countries with complex swine production systems. Here, we undertake an in-depth phylogeographic analysis of PEDV sequence data (including 247 newly sequenced samples) and employ an extension of this inference framework that enables formally testing the contribution of a range of predictor variables to the geographic spread of PEDV. Within China, the provinces of Guangdong and Henan were identified as primary hubs for the spread of PEDV, for which we estimate live swine trade to play a very important role. On a global scale, the United States and China maintain the highest number of PEDV lineages. We estimate that, after an initial introduction out of China, the United States acted as an important source of PEDV introductions into Japan, Korea, China, and Mexico. Live swine trade also explains the dispersal of PEDV on a global scale. Given the increasingly global trade of live swine, our findings have important implications for designing prevention and containment measures to combat a wide range of livestock coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting He
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, China Nanjing
| | - Nena Bollen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Belgium Leuven
| | - Yi Xu
- China animal disease control center, Ministry of Agriculture, China Beijing
| | - Jin Zhao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, China Nanjing
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Belgium Leuven.,Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium CP160/12 50, av. FD Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles
| | - Ziqing Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, China Nanjing
| | - Wenjie Gong
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, China Changchun, Jilin
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, China Nanjing
| | - Letian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, China Nanjing
| | - Meng Lu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, China Nanjing
| | - Alexander Lai
- School of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, Kentucky State University, United States Frankfort, Kentucky
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, and Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science & Engineering, Tulane University New Orleans, LA
| | - Changchun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, China Changchun, Jilin
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Belgium Leuven
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Belgium Leuven
| | - Shuo Su
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, China Nanjing
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen DZ, Fan SR, Yang BJ, Yao HC, Wang YT, Cai JY, Jing CX, Pan ZH, Luo M, Yuze YQ, Liu GJ, Hao XJ. Phenanthridine Derivative Host Heat Shock Cognate 70 Down-Regulators as Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1175-1184. [PMID: 33760626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has become increasingly problematic around the world, not only for its hazards to livestock but also due to the possibility that it is a zoonotic disease. Although vaccine therapy has made some progress toward PEDV control, additional effective therapeutic strategies against PEDV are needed, such as the development of chemotherapeutic agents. The aim of this work was to identify novel anti-PEDV agents by designing and synthesizing a series of phenanthridine derivatives. Among them, three compounds (compounds 1, 2, and 4) were identified as potent anti-PEDV agents exhibiting suppression of host cell heat shock cognate 70 (Hsc70) expression. Mechanism studies revealed that host Hsc70 is involved in the replication of PEDV, and its expression can be suppressed by destabilization of the mRNA, resulting in inhibition of PEDV replication. Activity against PEDV in vivo in PEDV-infected piglets suggested that phenanthridine derivatives are the first host-acting potential anti-PEDV agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duo-Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Rui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Huo-Chun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Yun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Xu Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Hao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qiu Yuze
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Jin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Niederwerder MC. Risk and Mitigation of African Swine Fever Virus in Feed. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030792. [PMID: 33803495 PMCID: PMC7998236 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary African swine fever is the most significant disease threat to swine globally, and recent introductions into previously negative countries has heightened the risk for disease spread. Without an effective vaccine or treatment, the primary objective of negative countries is to prevent African swine fever virus infection in pigs. Significant quantities of feed ingredients used for swine diets are traded worldwide and may be imported from countries with African swine fever. If feed ingredients are contaminated with the virus, they can serve as potential routes for the introduction and transmission of African swine fever virus. This review provides information on the risk of African swine fever virus in feed and the mitigation strategies that may help protect the global swine population from introduction and spread through feed. Abstract Since the 2013 introduction of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus into the United States (U.S.), feed and feed ingredients have been recognized as potential routes for the introduction and transmission of foreign animal diseases of swine. Feed ingredients for swine diets are commodities traded worldwide, and the U.S. imports thousands of metric tons of feed ingredients each year from countries with circulating foreign animal diseases. African swine fever (ASF) is the most significant foreign animal disease threat to U.S. swine production, and the recent introduction of ASF into historically negative countries has heightened the risk for further spread. Laboratory investigations have characterized the stability of the ASF virus (ASFV) in feed ingredients subjected to transoceanic shipment conditions, ASFV transmissibility through the natural consumption of plant-based feed, and the mitigation potential of certain feed additives to inactivate ASFV in feed. This review describes the current knowledge of feed as a risk for swine viruses and the opportunities for mitigating the risk to protect U.S. pork production and the global swine population from ASF and other foreign animal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Y, Sun L, Zhou W, Su Q. Regional Differences in and Influencing Factors of Animal Epidemic Risk in China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:520. [PMID: 33088823 PMCID: PMC7544817 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on data from three major pig diseases, this study calculated the animal disease epidemic index of 31 provinces and autonomous regions in mainland China. We adopted the Gini coefficient to investigate the interregional differences in animal disease epidemic risk and used the Shapley value decomposition method to illustrate the contribution of influencing factors. The results showed that the Gini coefficient remains above 0.60, indicating significant interregional differences in mainland China. Animal breeding level, ecological environment, and animal disease prevention and control contribute most to the interregional differences in animal epidemic risk. The results imply that reducing sewage discharge, increasing pig production, and changing the breeding style from free-range to large-scale farming are measures that may help improve disease prevention and control. This study has implications for providing theoretical references for preventing and controlling animal epidemics and for improving public health governance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Li
- College of Public Administration and Law, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Long Sun
- College of Public Administration and Law, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Public Administration and Law, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingsong Su
- College of Humanities and Development Studies, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tao J, Li B, Shi Y, Chen J, Zhu G, Shen X, Liu H. Attenuated porcine-derived type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus as vector stably expressing viral gene. J Virol Methods 2020; 279:113842. [PMID: 32135175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) cDNA clones have been used for the expression of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) genes for immune prevention and control. However, can it be used for the expression of an allogenetic fragment? To answer this question, a BVDV chimeric virus expressing the spike (S) antigen fragment of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was constructed. Antigen S499-602 was inserted into pig-derived BVDV-2 infectious cDNA clone pASH28 in tandem by overlapping PCR, located between the seventh and eighth amino acids at the N-terminus of the capsid (C) protein of BVDV. Indirect immunofluorescence assay confirmed that the chimeric virus vASH-dS312 containing double S499-602 sequences was successfully assembled, which could react with the monoclonal antibody (MAb) against BVDV E2 and PEDV S proteins. Further western blot analysis confirmed that the exogenous S499-602 double protein could be stably expressed. Next, the chimeric virus vASH-dS312 was administered to BALB/C mice either orally or by intramuscular injection. The immunized mice were healthy and showed no signs of toxicity. IgG against BVDV and PEDV antibodies could be detected in the mice administered vASH-dS312 by intramuscular injection, which had neutralization activity against BVDV and PEDV. Thus, this study reported a new insertion site in the BVDV infectious cDNA clone that could successfully express an allogenetic antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Benqiang Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaohui Shen
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Huili Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China.
| |
Collapse
|