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Chen K, Alexander LE, Mahgoub U, Okazaki Y, Higashi Y, Perera AM, Showman LJ, Loneman D, Dennison TS, Lopez M, Claussen R, Peddicord L, Saito K, Lauter N, Dorman KS, Nikolau BJ, Yandeau-Nelson MD. Dynamic relationships among pathways producing hydrocarbons and fatty acids of maize silk cuticular waxes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2234-2255. [PMID: 38537616 PMCID: PMC11213258 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The hydrophobic cuticle is the first line of defense between aerial portions of plants and the external environment. On maize (Zea mays L.) silks, the cuticular cutin matrix is infused with cuticular waxes, consisting of a homologous series of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), aldehydes, and hydrocarbons. Together with VLC fatty-acyl-CoAs (VLCFA-CoAs), these metabolites serve as precursors, intermediates, and end-products of the cuticular wax biosynthetic pathway. To deconvolute the potentially confounding impacts of the change in silk microenvironment and silk development on this pathway, we profiled cuticular waxes on the silks of the inbreds B73 and Mo17, and their reciprocal hybrids. Multivariate interrogation of these metabolite abundance data demonstrates that VLCFA-CoAs and total free VLCFAs are positively correlated with the cuticular wax metabolome, and this metabolome is primarily affected by changes in the silk microenvironment and plant genotype. Moreover, the genotype effect on the pathway explains the increased accumulation of cuticular hydrocarbons with a concomitant reduction in cuticular VLCFA accumulation on B73 silks, suggesting that the conversion of VLCFA-CoAs to hydrocarbons is more effective in B73 than Mo17. Statistical modeling of the ratios between cuticular hydrocarbons and cuticular VLCFAs reveals a significant role of precursor chain length in determining this ratio. This study establishes the complexity of the product-precursor relationships within the silk cuticular wax-producing network by dissecting both the impact of genotype and the allocation of VLCFA-CoA precursors to different biological processes and demonstrates that longer chain VLCFA-CoAs are preferentially utilized for hydrocarbon biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keting Chen
- Department of Genetics, Development & Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Liza E Alexander
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Umnia Mahgoub
- Department of Genetics, Development & Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yozo Okazaki
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Higashi
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ann M Perera
- W.M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lucas J Showman
- W.M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Derek Loneman
- Department of Genetics, Development & Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tesia S Dennison
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Miriam Lopez
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Reid Claussen
- Department of Genetics, Development & Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Layton Peddicord
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Nick Lauter
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Karin S Dorman
- Department of Genetics, Development & Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Basil J Nikolau
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Marna D Yandeau-Nelson
- Department of Genetics, Development & Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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2
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Xu L, Hao J, Lv M, Liu P, Ge Q, Zhang S, Yang J, Niu H, Wang Y, Xue Y, Lu X, Tang J, Zheng J, Gou M. A genome-wide association study identifies genes associated with cuticular wax metabolism in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2616-2630. [PMID: 38206190 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is essential in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. To systematically elucidate the genetic architecture of maize (Zea mays L.) cuticular wax metabolism, 2 cuticular wax-related traits, the chlorophyll extraction rate (CER) and water loss rate (WLR) of 389 maize inbred lines, were investigated and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using 1.25 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In total, 57 nonredundant quantitative trait loci (QTL) explaining 5.57% to 15.07% of the phenotypic variation for each QTL were identified. These QTLs contained 183 genes, among which 21 strong candidates were identified based on functional annotations and previous publications. Remarkably, 3 candidate genes that express differentially during cuticle development encode β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS). While ZmKCS19 was known to be involved in cuticle wax metabolism, ZmKCS12 and ZmKCS3 functions were not reported. The association between ZmKCS12 and WLR was confirmed by resequencing 106 inbred lines, and the variation of WLR was significant between different haplotypes of ZmKCS12. In this study, the loss-of-function mutant of ZmKCS12 exhibited wrinkled leaf morphology, altered wax crystal morphology, and decreased C32 wax monomer levels, causing an increased WLR and sensitivity to drought. These results confirm that ZmKCS12 plays a vital role in maize C32 wax monomer synthesis and is critical for drought tolerance. In sum, through GWAS of 2 cuticular wax-associated traits, this study reveals comprehensively the genetic architecture in maize cuticular wax metabolism and provides a valuable reference for the genetic improvement of stress tolerance in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jiaxin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mengfan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qidong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Sainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongbin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yadong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoduo Lu
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Technology, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China
| | - Jihua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingyue Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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3
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Gong Y, Wang D, Xie H, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Zhang D, Jiao Y, Shi M, Lv P, Sha Q, Yang J, Chu P, Sun Y. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the KCS gene family in soybean ( Glycine max) reveal their potential roles in response to abiotic stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1291731. [PMID: 38116151 PMCID: PMC10728876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1291731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are fatty acids with chain lengths of 20 or more carbon atoms, which are the building blocks of various lipids that regulate developmental processes and plant stress responses. 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase encoded by the KCS gene is the key rate-limiting enzyme in VLCFA biosynthesis, but the KCS gene family in soybean (Glycine max) has not been adequately studied thus far. In this study, 31 KCS genes (namely GmKCS1 - GmKCS31) were identified in the soybean genome, which are unevenly distributed on 14 chromosomes. These GmKCS genes could be phylogenetically classified into seven groups. A total of 27 paralogous GmKCS gene pairs were identified with their Ka/Ks ratios indicating that they had undergone purifying selection during soybean genome expansion. Cis-acting element analysis revealed that GmKCS promoters contained multiple hormone- and stress-responsive elements, indicating that GmKCS gene expression levels may be regulated by various developmental and environmental stimuli. Expression profiles derived from RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR experiments indicated that GmKCS genes were diversely expressed in different organs/tissues, and many GmKCS genes were found to be differentially expressed in the leaves under cold, heat, salt, and drought stresses, suggesting their critical role in soybean resistance to abiotic stress. These results provide fundamental information about the soybean KCS genes and will aid in their further functional elucidation and exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pengfei Chu
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yongwang Sun
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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4
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Zhang J, Zhang C, Li X, Liu ZY, Liu X, Wang CL. Comprehensive analysis of KCS gene family in pear reveals the involvement of PbrKCSs in cuticular wax and suberin synthesis and pear fruit skin formation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s11103-023-01371-3. [PMID: 37523053 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax, cutin and suberin polyesters covering the surface of some fleshy fruit are tightly associated with skin color and appearance. β-Ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) is a rate-limiting enzyme participating in the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), the essential precursors of cuticular waxes and aliphatic monomers of suberin. However, information on the KCS gene family in pear genome and the specific members involved in pear fruit skin formation remain unclear. In the present study, we performed an investigation of the composition and amount of cuticular waxes, cutin and aliphatic suberin in skins of four sand pear varieties with distinct colors (russet, semi-russet, and green) and demonstrated that the metabolic shifts of cuticular waxes and suberin leading to the significant differences of sand pear skin color. A genome-wide identification of KCS genes from the pear genome was conducted and 35 KCS coding genes were characterized and analyzed. Expression profile analysis revealed that the KCS genes had diverse expression patterns among different pear skins and the transcript abundance of PbrKCS15, PbrKCS19, PbrKCS24, and PbrKCS28 were consistent with the accumulation of cuticular waxes and suberin in fruit skin respectively. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that PbrKCS15, PbrKCS19, PbrKCS24 and PbrKCS28 located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Further, transient over-expression of PbrKCS15, PbrKCS19, and PbrKCS24 in pear fruit skins significantly increased cuticular wax accumulation, whereas PbrKCS28 notably induced suberin deposition. In conclusion, pear fruit skin color and appearance are controlled in a coordinated way by the deposition of the cuticular waxes and suberin. PbrKCS15, PbrKCS19, and PbrKCS24 are involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis, and PbrKCS28 is involved in suberin biosynthesis, which play essential roles in pear fruit skin formation. Moreover, this work provides a foundation for further understanding the functions of KCS genes in pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yu Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lei Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Yang L, Fang J, Wang J, Hui S, Zhou L, Xu B, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Lai C, Jiao G, Sheng Z, Wei X, Shao G, Xie L, Wang L, Chen Y, Zhao F, Hu S, Hu P, Tang S. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase gene family in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) under cadmium stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1222288. [PMID: 37554558 PMCID: PMC10406525 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1222288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
3-Ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) is the key rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in plants, which determines the carbon chain length of VLCFAs. However, a comprehensive study of KCSs in Oryza sativa has not been reported yet. In this study, we identified 22 OsKCS genes in rice, which are unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes. The OsKCS gene family is divided into six subclasses. Many cis-acting elements related to plant growth, light, hormone, and stress response were enriched in the promoters of OsKCS genes. Gene duplication played a crucial role in the expansion of the OsKCS gene family and underwent a strong purifying selection. Quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results revealed that most KCS genes are constitutively expressed. We also revealed that KCS genes responded differently to exogenous cadmium stress in japonica and indica background, and the KCS genes with higher expression in leaves and seeds may have functions under cadmium stress. This study provides a basis for further understanding the functions of KCS genes and the biosynthesis of VLCFA in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shikai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Wang L, Tonsager AJ, Zheng W, Wang Y, Stessman D, Fang W, Stenback KE, Campbell A, Tanvir R, Zhang J, Cothron S, Wan D, Meng Y, Spalding MH, Nikolau BJ, Li L. Single-cell genetic models to evaluate orphan gene function: The case of QQS regulating carbon and nitrogen allocation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1126139. [PMID: 37051080 PMCID: PMC10084940 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1126139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate two synthetic single-cell systems that can be used to better understand how the acquisition of an orphan gene can affect complex phenotypes. The Arabidopsis orphan gene, Qua-Quine Starch (QQS) has been identified as a regulator of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) partitioning across multiple plant species. QQS modulates this important biotechnological trait by replacing NF-YB (Nuclear Factor Y, subunit B) in its interaction with NF-YC. In this study, we expand on these prior findings by developing Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, to refactor the functional interactions between QQS and NF-Y subunits to affect modulations in C and N allocation. Expression of QQS in C. reinhardtii modulates C (i.e., starch) and N (i.e., protein) allocation by affecting interactions between NF-YC and NF-YB subunits. Studies in S. cerevisiae revealed similar functional interactions between QQS and the NF-YC homolog (HAP5), modulating C (i.e., glycogen) and N (i.e., protein) allocation. However, in S. cerevisiae both the NF-YA (HAP2) and NF-YB (HAP3) homologs appear to have redundant functions to enable QQS and HAP5 to affect C and N allocation. The genetically tractable systems that developed herein exhibit the plasticity to modulate highly complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Andrew J. Tonsager
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Wenguang Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Dan Stessman
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kenna E. Stenback
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Alexis Campbell
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rezwan Tanvir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Jinjiang Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
- Mississippi School for Mathematics and Science, Columbus, MS, United States
| | - Samuel Cothron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Dongli Wan
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Agriculture, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS, United States
| | - Martin H. Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Basil J. Nikolau
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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7
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Batsale M, Alonso M, Pascal S, Thoraval D, Haslam RP, Beaudoin F, Domergue F, Joubès J. Tackling functional redundancy of Arabidopsis fatty acid elongase complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1107333. [PMID: 36798704 PMCID: PMC9928185 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1107333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) are precursors for various lipids playing important physiological and structural roles in plants. Throughout plant tissues, VLCFA are present in multiple lipid classes essential for membrane homeostasis, and also stored in triacylglycerols. VLCFA and their derivatives are also highly abundant in lipid barriers, such as cuticular waxes in aerial epidermal cells and suberin monomers in roots. VLCFA are produced by the fatty acid elongase (FAE), which is an integral endoplasmic reticulum membrane multi-enzymatic complex consisting of four core enzymes. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) catalyzes the first reaction of the elongation and determines the chain-length substrate specificity of each elongation cycle, whereas the other three enzymes have broad substrate specificities and are shared by all FAE complexes. Consistent with the co-existence of multiple FAE complexes, performing sequential and/or parallel reactions to produce the broad chain-length-range of VLCFA found in plants, twenty-one KCS genes have been identified in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we established an expression platform to reconstitute the different Arabidopsis FAE complexes in yeast. The VLCFA produced in these yeast strains were analyzed in detail to characterize the substrate specificity of all KCS candidates. Additionally, Arabidopsis candidate proteins were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves to explore their activity and localization in planta. This work sheds light on the genetic and biochemical redundancy of fatty acid elongation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Alonso
- Univesity of Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, BFP, UMR 1332, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Stéphanie Pascal
- Univesity of Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Didier Thoraval
- Univesity of Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | | | - Frédéric Domergue
- Univesity of Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- Univesity of Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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8
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Stenback KE, Flyckt KS, Hoang T, Campbell AA, Nikolau BJ. Modifying the yeast very long chain fatty acid biosynthetic machinery by the expression of plant 3-ketoacyl CoA synthase isozymes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13235. [PMID: 35918413 PMCID: PMC9346008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes express a multi-component fatty acid elongase to produce very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), which are building blocks of diverse lipids. Elongation is achieved by cyclical iteration of four reactions, the first of which generates a new carbon-carbon bond, elongating the acyl-chain. This reaction is catalyzed by either ELONGATION DEFECTIVE LIKE (ELO) or 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) enzymes. Whereas plants express both ELO and KCS enzymes, other eukaryotes express only ELOs. We explored the Zea mays KCS enzymatic redundancies by expressing each of the 26 isozymes in yeast strains that lacked endogenous ELO isozymes. Expression of the 26 maize KCS isozymes in wild-type, scelo2 or scelo3 single mutants did not affect VLCFA profiles. However, a complementation screen of each of the 26 KCS isozymes revealed five that were capable of complementing the synthetically lethal scelo2; scelo3 double mutant. These rescued strains express novel VLCFA profiles reflecting the different catalytic capabilities of the KCS isozymes. These novel strains offer a platform to explore the relationship between VLCFA profiles and cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenna E Stenback
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kayla S Flyckt
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Trang Hoang
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexis A Campbell
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,School of Education, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Basil J Nikolau
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Stocky1, a Novel Gene Involved in Maize Seedling Development and Cuticle Integrity. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070847. [PMID: 35406827 PMCID: PMC9003528 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cuticle is the plant’s outermost layer that covers the surfaces of aerial parts. This structure is composed of a variety of aliphatic molecules and is well-known for its protective role against biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Mutants with a permeable cuticle show developmental defects such as organ fusions and altered seed germination and viability. In this study, we identified a novel maize mutant, stocky1, with unique features: lethal at the seedling stage, and showing a severely dwarfed phenotype, due to a defective cuticle. For the first time, the mutant was tentatively mapped to chromosome 5, bin 5.04. The mutant phenotype investigated in this work has the potential to contribute to the elucidation of the role of the cuticle during plant development. The possibility of controlling this trait is of relevance in the context of climate change, as it may contribute to tolerance to abiotic stresses.
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Rizwan HM, Shaozhong F, Li X, Bilal Arshad M, Yousef AF, Chenglong Y, Shi M, Jaber MYM, Anwar M, Hu SY, Yang Q, Sun K, Ahmed MAA, Min Z, Oelmüller R, Zhimin L, Chen F. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of KCS Gene Family in Passion Fruit ( Passiflora edulis) Under Fusarium kyushuense and Drought Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:872263. [PMID: 35548275 PMCID: PMC9081883 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.872263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant and fruit surfaces are covered with cuticle wax and provide a protective barrier against biotic and abiotic stresses. Cuticle wax consists of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives. β-Ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of VLCFAs and provides a precursor for the synthesis of cuticle wax, but the KCS gene family was yet to be reported in the passion fruit (Passiflora edulis). In this study, thirty-two KCS genes were identified in the passion fruit genome and phylogenetically grouped as KCS1-like, FAE1-like, FDH-like, and CER6-like. Furthermore, thirty-one PeKCS genes were positioned on seven chromosomes, while one PeKCS was localized to the unassembled genomic scaffold. The cis-element analysis provides insight into the possible role of PeKCS genes in phytohormones and stress responses. Syntenic analysis revealed that gene duplication played a crucial role in the expansion of the PeKCS gene family and underwent a strong purifying selection. All PeKCS proteins shared similar 3D structures, and a protein-protein interaction network was predicted with known Arabidopsis proteins. There were twenty putative ped-miRNAs which were also predicted that belong to nine families targeting thirteen PeKCS genes. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation results were highly associated with fatty acid synthase and elongase activity, lipid metabolism, stress responses, and plant-pathogen interaction. The highly enriched transcription factors (TFs) including ERF, MYB, Dof, C2H2, TCP, LBD, NAC, and bHLH were predicted in PeKCS genes. qRT-PCR expression analysis revealed that most PeKCS genes were highly upregulated in leaves including PeKCS2, PeKCS4, PeKCS8, PeKCS13, and PeKCS9 but not in stem and roots tissues under drought stress conditions compared with controls. Notably, most PeKCS genes were upregulated at 9th dpi under Fusarium kyushuense biotic stress condition compared to controls. This study provides a basis for further understanding the functions of KCS genes, improving wax and VLCFA biosynthesis, and improvement of passion fruit resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Shaozhong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal Arshad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Fathy Yousef
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Azhar, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yang Chenglong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meng Shi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Y. M. Jaber
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Muhammad Anwar
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuai-Ya Hu
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kaiwei Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohamed A. A. Ahmed
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Zheng Min
- Department of Horticulture, Fujian Agricultural Vocational College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lin Zhimin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Zhimin,
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Faxing Chen,
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Batsale M, Bahammou D, Fouillen L, Mongrand S, Joubès J, Domergue F. Biosynthesis and Functions of Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Responses of Plants to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061284. [PMID: 34064239 PMCID: PMC8224384 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (i.e., fatty acids with more than 18 carbon atoms; VLCFA) are important molecules that play crucial physiological and structural roles in plants. VLCFA are specifically present in several membrane lipids and essential for membrane homeostasis. Their specific accumulation in the sphingolipids of the plasma membrane outer leaflet is of primordial importance for its correct functioning in intercellular communication. VLCFA are found in phospholipids, notably in phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine, where they could play a role in membrane domain organization and interleaflet coupling. In epidermal cells, VLCFA are precursors of the cuticular waxes of the plant cuticle, which are of primary importance for many interactions of the plant with its surrounding environment. VLCFA are also major components of the root suberin barrier, which has been shown to be fundamental for nutrient homeostasis and plant adaptation to adverse conditions. Finally, some plants store VLCFA in the triacylglycerols of their seeds so that they later play a pivotal role in seed germination. In this review, taking advantage of the many studies conducted using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model, we present our current knowledge on the biosynthesis and regulation of VLCFA in plants, and on the various functions that VLCFA and their derivatives play in the interactions of plants with their abiotic and biotic environment.
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Liu X, Bourgault R, Galli M, Strable J, Chen Z, Feng F, Dong J, Molina I, Gallavotti A. The FUSED LEAVES1-ADHERENT1 regulatory module is required for maize cuticle development and organ separation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:388-402. [PMID: 32738820 PMCID: PMC7754373 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
All aerial epidermal cells in land plants are covered by the cuticle, an extracellular hydrophobic layer that provides protection against abiotic and biotic stresses and prevents organ fusion during development. Genetic and morphological analysis of the classic maize adherent1 (ad1) mutant was combined with genome-wide binding analysis of the maize MYB transcription factor FUSED LEAVES1 (FDL1), coupled with transcriptional profiling of fdl1 mutants. We show that AD1 encodes an epidermally-expressed 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASE (KCS) belonging to a functionally uncharacterized clade of KCS enzymes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis. Wax analysis in ad1 mutants indicates that AD1 functions in the formation of very-long-chain wax components. We demonstrate that FDL1 directly binds to CCAACC core motifs present in AD1 regulatory regions to activate its expression. Over 2000 additional target genes of FDL1, including many involved in cuticle formation, drought response and cell wall organization, were also identified. Our results identify a regulatory module of cuticle biosynthesis in maize that is conserved across monocots and eudicots, and highlight previously undescribed factors in lipid metabolism, transport and signaling that coordinate organ development and cuticle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
| | - Richard Bourgault
- Department of BiologyAlgoma UniversitySault Ste. MarieONP6A 2G4Canada
| | - Mary Galli
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
| | - Josh Strable
- School of Integrative Plant SciencePlant Biology SectionCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Zongliang Chen
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
| | - Fan Feng
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
| | - Jiaqiang Dong
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
| | - Isabel Molina
- Department of BiologyAlgoma UniversitySault Ste. MarieONP6A 2G4Canada
| | - Andrea Gallavotti
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
- Department of Plant BiologyRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJ08901USA
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Liu X, Bourgault R, Galli M, Strable J, Chen Z, Feng F, Dong J, Molina I, Gallavotti A. The FUSED LEAVES1-ADHERENT1 regulatory module is required for maize cuticle development and organ separation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:388-402. [PMID: 32738820 DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.11.943787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
All aerial epidermal cells in land plants are covered by the cuticle, an extracellular hydrophobic layer that provides protection against abiotic and biotic stresses and prevents organ fusion during development. Genetic and morphological analysis of the classic maize adherent1 (ad1) mutant was combined with genome-wide binding analysis of the maize MYB transcription factor FUSED LEAVES1 (FDL1), coupled with transcriptional profiling of fdl1 mutants. We show that AD1 encodes an epidermally-expressed 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASE (KCS) belonging to a functionally uncharacterized clade of KCS enzymes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis. Wax analysis in ad1 mutants indicates that AD1 functions in the formation of very-long-chain wax components. We demonstrate that FDL1 directly binds to CCAACC core motifs present in AD1 regulatory regions to activate its expression. Over 2000 additional target genes of FDL1, including many involved in cuticle formation, drought response and cell wall organization, were also identified. Our results identify a regulatory module of cuticle biosynthesis in maize that is conserved across monocots and eudicots, and highlight previously undescribed factors in lipid metabolism, transport and signaling that coordinate organ development and cuticle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
| | - Richard Bourgault
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Mary Galli
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
| | - Josh Strable
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Zongliang Chen
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
| | - Fan Feng
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
| | - Jiaqiang Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
| | - Isabel Molina
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Andrea Gallavotti
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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