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Lautz LS, Melchers TC, Noorlander A, Stoopen G, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A. Application of a generic PBK model for beef cattle: Tissue/fluid correlations of paracetamol and NSAIDs. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 190:114812. [PMID: 38879144 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol can be administered off-label to cattle. Since the use of these veterinary medicines in cattle may pose a public health risk after meat consumption, it is important to translate measured concentrations in urine and tissues into concentrations in meat for human consumption. A generic physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) model for cattle can enable this translation. In this work, a beef cattle PBK model was applied to calculate the relationships between concentrations in different bovine tissues and those were compared to measured concentrations in different matrices. Sixty-seven kidney samples, the corresponding urine and meat samples, and available 19 serum samples were analysed. Overall, 70% of the PBK model predictions are within a 2-fold factor and relationships for kidney/meat, urine/meat, and plasma/meat ratios were established. The conversions of measured kidney concentrations into meat concentrations were mostly within a factor two, while those based on plasma and urine were underpredicted. Based on these ratios, plasma and urine could be used as an appropriate surrogate matrix for a fast, simple in vivo sample screening test under field conditions, such as in local farms and slaughterhouses, to predict a maximum residue level exceedance in meat, reducing the number of test samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Lautz
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T C Melchers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Noorlander
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G Stoopen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Jokela A, Nyrhilä A, Adam M, Salla K, Raekallio M, Aho R, Norring M, Hokkanen AH. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in pre-ruminant calves after intravenous, oral, and subcutaneous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024; 47:143-149. [PMID: 37897203 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Meloxicam is routinely used for pain alleviation in pre-ruminant calves during husbandry procedures. The pharmacokinetics of a single dose (0.5 mg/kg) of meloxicam was investigated after intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), and oral (PO) administration in 30 pre-ruminant calves. Each group included 10 calves. Oral meloxicam was administered at least 1 h after feeding. Plasma samples were collected for up to 168 h, and the meloxicam concentration was analysed with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, followed by a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. The maximum meloxicam concentrations in plasma were 1.91 ± 0.27 μg/mL and 1.77 ± 0.16 μg/mL after SC and PO routes, respectively. The time of maximum concentration was 7.6 ± 2.8 h after SC and 10.0 ± 5.7 h after PO administration. The approximate bioavailability of meloxicam was 97% for SC and PO routes. The elimination half-lives were 79.2 ± 12.4, 84.6 ± 24.8, and 84.8 ± 22.3 h after IV, SC, and PO routes, respectively. The results suggest that the therapeutic meloxicam concentrations in plasma that are required for pain relief in other species, such as horses, may be maintained for several days following a single dose (0.5 mg/kg) administered IV, SC, or PO in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemari Jokela
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexandra Nyrhilä
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Magdy Adam
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Kati Salla
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Aho
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Norring
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ann-Helena Hokkanen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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McRae G, Leek DM, Meija J, Shurmer B, Lehotay SJ, Polzer J, Melanson JE, Mester Z. Production and certification of BOTS-1: bovine muscle-certified reference material for incurred veterinary drug residues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:759-771. [PMID: 37326831 PMCID: PMC10766801 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A freeze-dried bovine muscle-certified reference material (CRM), known as BOTS-1 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.4224/crm.2018.bots-1 ), containing incurred residues of commonly used veterinary drugs was produced and certified for the mass fraction of eight veterinary drug residues. Value assignment was carried out using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods in conjunction with isotope dilution and standard addition approaches involving stable isotope internal standards. Data from the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety in Germany (BVL) were used for value assignment. Results for two drug residues were also obtained through an international inter-laboratory comparison CCQM-K141/P178 organized under the auspices of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). Quantitative NMR (1H-qNMR) was used to characterize primary standards of all veterinary drugs certified. The certified mass fractions of the veterinary drug residues were 490 ± 100 µg/kg for chlorpromazine, 44 ± 4.4 µg/kg for ciprofloxacin, 3.3 ± 1.4 µg/kg for clenbuterol, 9.5 ± 0.8 µg/kg for dexamethasone, 57 ± 4.8 µg/kg for enrofloxacin, 3.0 ± 0.4 µg/kg for meloxicam, 12.4 ± 1.2 µg/kg for ractopamine, and 2290 ± 120 µg/kg for sulfadiazine with expanded uncertainties quoted (95% confidence) which include the effects due to between-bottle inhomogeneity, instability during long-term storage and transportation, and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garnet McRae
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Donald M Leek
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Juris Meija
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bryn Shurmer
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2R3, Canada
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Joachim Polzer
- German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Mauerstrasse 39-42, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Zoltan Mester
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
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Kongara K, Purchas G, Dukkipati V, Venkatachalam D, Ward N, Hunt H, Speed D. Pharmacokinetics and effect on renal function and average daily gain in lambs after castration and tail docking, of firocoxib and meloxicam. N Z Vet J 2023; 71:306-314. [PMID: 37409352 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2232337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetics of IM and oral firocoxib, and IM meloxicam, and detect their effect on renal function and average daily gain (ADG) in lambs undergoing tail docking and castration. METHODS Seventy-five male Romney lambs, aged 3-6 weeks, were randomised into five treatment groups (n = 15 per group): IM firocoxib (1 mg/kg); oral firocoxib (1 mg/kg); IM meloxicam (1 mg/kg); normal saline (approximately 2 mL, oral); or sham. Following the treatment administration, hot-iron tail docking and rubber ring castration were performed in all groups except the sham group, which did not undergo the procedures, but the animals were handled in the same manner as castrated and tail docked lambs. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after treatment administration, and drug concentrations in plasma were quantified by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Plasma urea and creatinine concentrations were determined at a commercial laboratory. Lamb body weights were recorded before and 2, 4 and 8 weeks after tail docking and castration. The pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out using a non-compartmental approach. Between-group and between-time-point differences were compared using mixed model analyses. RESULTS There was no evidence for a difference in plasma elimination half-life between firocoxib given IM (LSM 18.6 (SE 1.4) hours), firocoxib given orally (LSM 18.2 (SE 1.4) hours), and meloxicam given IM (LSM 17. 0 (SE 1.4) hours). Firocoxib (IM) had a significantly greater volume of distribution (LSM 3.7 (SE 0.2) L/kg) than IM meloxicam (LSM 0.2 (SE 0.2) L/kg). Lambs in the meloxicam group had higher (p < 0.05) plasma urea and creatinine concentrations than those in the firocoxib, saline and sham groups. Lambs' ADG was decreased (p < 0.01) compared to the other treatment groups in the 0-2 week period following meloxicam administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both formulations of firocoxib had a long plasma elimination half-life and large volume of distribution. There was a transient reduction in ADG in the meloxicam group, possibly due to mild renal toxicity. Comparative studies on dose-response effects of firocoxib and meloxicam in lambs following the procedures are required.Abbreviations: ADG: Average daily gain; Cmax: Maximum concentration; COX: Cyclooxygenase; LOD: Limit of detection; NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; CL: Plasma clearance; T1/2el: Plasma elimination half-life; Tmax: Time to achieve Cmax; Vd: Volume of distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kongara
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - G Purchas
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vsr Dukkipati
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D Venkatachalam
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - N Ward
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - H Hunt
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D Speed
- Analytica Laboratories, Ruakura Research Station, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Role of Topical Anaesthesia in Pain Management of Farm Animals, a Changing Paradigm. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182459. [PMID: 36139319 PMCID: PMC9495143 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Field evidence indicates that livestock producers are motivated by access to products that readily deliver pain management during husbandry interventions and, more recently, viral epidermal infectious diseases, including FMD. There has been impressive adoption in Australia of a farmer-applied spray-on topical anaesthetic wound formulation (TAF; Tri-Solfen®, Medical Ethics, Australia), initially for managing pain of the breech modification ‘mulesing’ procedure that reduces susceptibility of sheep to flystrike. Over 120 million lambs have now received pain relief and cattle producers have commenced using the TAF for a range of husbandry procedures. This product has demonstrated efficacy for surgical castration and tail docking of lambs, surgical castration and dehorning of calves, surgical castration of piglets, debridement of lesions of the hoof for lame cattle and, importantly, treatment of clinical FMD lesions, including decubitus ulcerations occurring from prolonged recumbency. Multimodal use of an NSAID for improved pain management is advocated, particularly meloxicam, available by prescription from veterinarians for injection and as an oral formulation (Ilium Buccalgesic®, Troy Laboratories, Australia), with current work assessing the potential for prolonged delivery in molasses blocks. Increased use of TAF with NSAIDs significantly reduces pain and suffering in livestock, with enhanced healing of FMD lesions, reduced viral loads from Orf infections in lambs and diminished necessity of ‘antibiotic cover’, assisting antimicrobial-resistance (AMR) stewardship.
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Stanford K, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Meléndez DM, Ngo S, Harding M, McAllister TA, Schatzmayr D, Swift ML, Blakley B, Ribeiro GO. Effects of Heating, Pelleting, and Feed Matrix on Apparent Concentrations of Cereal Ergot Alkaloids in Relation to Growth Performance and Welfare Parameters of Backgrounding Beef Steers. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090580. [PMID: 36136518 PMCID: PMC9500729 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As the contamination of cereal grains with ergot has been increasing in Western Canada, studies were undertaken to evaluate the impacts of heating (60, 80, 120, or 190 °C) alone or in combination with pelleting on concentrations of ergot alkaloids. Fifteen samples of ergot-contaminated grain from Alberta and Saskatchewan were assayed for R and S epimers of six alkaloids (ergocryptine, ergocristine, ergocornine, ergometrine, ergosine, and ergotamine) using HPLC MS/MS. Five samples with distinct alkaloid profiles were then selected for heating and pelleting studies. Heating resulted in a linear increase (p < 0.05) of total R and total S epimers with increasing temperature, although some individual R epimers were stable (ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine). Pelleting also increased (p < 0.05) concentrations of total R and total S epimers detected, although ergometrine concentration decreased (p < 0.05) after pelleting. A feeding study arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial structure used 48 backgrounding Angus-cross steers fed four different diets: (1) Control Mash (CM, no added ergot), (2) Control Pellet (CP), (3) Ergot Mash (EM), or (4) Ergot Pellet (EP). Pelleting heated the ergot to 90−100 °C under 4 bars pressure, but the ergot used in the feeding study was not otherwise heated. Alkaloid concentrations of EM and EP varied by up to 1.1 mg/kg depending on the feed matrix assayed. No differences among treatments were noted for growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion, concentrations of serum prolactin and haptoglobin, hair cortisol, or in temperatures of extremities measured by infrared thermography. The only negative impacts of ergot alkaloids were on blood parameters indicative of reduced immune function or chronic inflammation. Pelleting did not heighten the negative clinical outcomes of ergot, although alkaloid concentrations of pelleted feed increased depending on the matrix assayed. It was hypothesized that the heat and pressure associated with pelleting may enhance the recovery of alkaloids from pelleted feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Stanford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Karen S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research and Development Center, 5401-1st Ave. S. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Daniela M. Meléndez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research and Development Center, 5401-1st Ave. S. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Skyler Ngo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Michael Harding
- Alberta Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Economic Development, Crop Diversification Center South, Brooks, AB T1R 1E6, Canada
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research and Development Center, 5401-1st Ave. S. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Dian Schatzmayr
- DSM–BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Mary Lou Swift
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Barry Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Gabriel O. Ribeiro
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Tschoner T, Feist M. Substance P concentrations in the blood plasma and serum of adult cattle and calves during different painful procedures and conditions - a systematic review. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:232. [PMID: 35717202 PMCID: PMC9206354 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pain in cattle is a major welfare problem, as cattle mask their pain. Subjective and objective parameters to assess pain in cattle have been described. Among the objective parameters to evaluate pain in cattle is substance P (SP). SP is a neurotransmitter, which is involved in the processing of noxious information to the brain; it seems to be a more objective indicator for nociception than cortisol, which has long been used as a biomarker for pain and stress in cattle. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the existing literature about SP during painful procedures, conditions, and diseases in cattle in form of a systematic review. Results Following the PRISMA statement, 36 out of 236 studies were included in this systematic review. Study design, grouping, age and weight of animals, processing of blood samples for the assessment of SP, and results were heterogenous. The largest number of studies originated from the United States of America and Canada and were published in 2018. A higher number of studies were done on calves (69.4%, n = 25) compared with adult cattle (30.6%, n = 11). Most studies were done to assess SP concentrations after administration of analgesics prior to husbandry procedures in calves. Conclusions There is a manageable number of studies assessing SP concentrations during painful procedures, conditions, and diseases in cattle. SP seems to be a suitable biomarker for nociception in cattle, but results of research work are heterogenous, and SP concentrations of calves and adult cattle differ throughout studies. Basic research work is missing and is needed to assess factors others than nociception which might influence the SP concentrations in the blood plasma. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03304-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Tschoner
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Melanie Feist
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Nurmi H, Laaksonen S, Raekallio M, Hänninen L. Wintertime pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered meloxicam in semidomesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:423-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Depenbrock S, Urbano T, Ziegler J, Wetzlich S, Clapham MO, Tell LA. Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Tissue Withdrawal Intervals for Sheep Administered Multiple Oral Doses of Meloxicam. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102797. [PMID: 34679818 PMCID: PMC8532701 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Meloxicam is an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat pain and inflammation in ruminants including sheep, and pharmacokinetic studies are needed to protect the food supply from drug residues after use in food-producing animals. This study estimated plasma pharmacokinetic parameters and meat withdrawal intervals (WDI) for market sheep after multiple daily oral doses of meloxicam. Single and multiple dose plasma pharmacokinetic studies, a multi-dose tissue depletion study, and a follow-up study to investigate if events prior to slaughter were associated with differences in plasma meloxicam concentrations, all using sample data collected after completion of dosing, were completed. Using regulatory agency methods for calculating withdrawal times, an estimated WDI of at least 10 d following the last dose is recommended for market lambs treated with ten daily oral 1 mg/kg doses of meloxicam tablets suspended in water. The effect of events surrounding slaughter on plasma meloxicam concentrations in lambs is unknown but should be considered if plasma samples are obtained immediately prior to or during the slaughter process and used for pharmacokinetic investigations. Abstract Meloxicam is an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat pain and inflammation in ruminants including sheep, and pharmacokinetic studies are needed to protect the food supply from drug residues after use in food-producing animals. This study estimated plasma pharmacokinetic parameters and meat withdrawal intervals (WDI) for market sheep after multiple daily oral doses of meloxicam. Single and multiple dose plasma pharmacokinetic studies, a multi-dose tissue depletion study, and a follow-up study to investigate if events prior to slaughter were associated with differences in plasma meloxicam concentrations, all using sample data collected after completion of dosing, were completed. Using regulatory agency methods for calculating withdrawal times, an estimated WDI of at least 10 d following the last dose is recommended for market lambs treated with 10 daily oral 1 mg/kg doses of meloxicam tablets suspended in water. The effect of events surrounding slaughter on plasma meloxicam concentrations in lambs is unknown but should be considered if plasma samples are obtained immediately prior to or during the slaughter process and used for pharmacokinetic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Depenbrock
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.W.); (M.O.C.); (L.A.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tara Urbano
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.U.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jessie Ziegler
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.U.); (J.Z.)
| | - Scott Wetzlich
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.W.); (M.O.C.); (L.A.T.)
| | - Maaike O. Clapham
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.W.); (M.O.C.); (L.A.T.)
| | - Lisa A. Tell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.W.); (M.O.C.); (L.A.T.)
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10
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Unmitigated Surgical Castration in Calves of Different Ages: Electroencephalographic and Neurohormonal Findings. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061791. [PMID: 34203947 PMCID: PMC8232710 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration is a common management procedure employed in North American cattle production and is known to cause a pain response. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of unmitigated surgical castration on the electroencephalography (EEG) responses and plasma substance P (SP) concentrations in calves of different ages under the same experimental conditions. Thirty male Holstein calves in three age categories [<6 weeks (6W); 3 months (3M); 6 months (6M); 10 calves per age group] were used in the study. Calves were subjected to a simulated castration session (SHAM) followed 24 h later by surgical castration (CAST) without analgesia. An EEG analysis was performed before the procedure (i.e., baseline), at treatment, and 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 min post-treatment for both SHAM and CAST, respectively. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to both treatments (time 0) and again at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after both treatments. The EEG results showed a three-way interaction between treatment, age, and time for delta and beta absolute power, beta relative power, total power, and median frequency (p = 0.004, p = 0.04, p = 0.04, p = 0.03, and p = 0.008, respectively). Following CAST, EEG total power decreased, and median frequency increased relative to SHAM in 6W and 3M calves only following treatment. For 6W and 3M calves, delta and beta absolute power increased at CAST and at later time points relative to SHAM. Marginal evidence for two-way interactions was noted between time and treatment and between age and treatment on the concentration of SP (p = 0.068 and p = 0.066, respectively). Substance P concentrations decreased in CAST treatment compared to SHAM at the later times (8 h: p = 0.007; 12 h: p = 0.048); 6W calves showed lower SP concentration at CAST relative to SHAM (p = 0.017). These findings indicate variation in EEG responses and in SP concentrations following unmitigated surgical castration in calves and that these responses may be age specific. These EEG findings have implications for supporting the perception of the pain associated with surgical castration in young calves and emphasize the urgency of pain mitigation strategies during routine husbandry practices such as castration, as typically implemented in North American cattle management.
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11
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Small A, Fisher AD, Lee C, Colditz I. Analgesia for Sheep in Commercial Production: Where to Next? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041127. [PMID: 33920025 PMCID: PMC8070992 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Increasing societal and customer pressure to provide animals with ‘a life worth living’ continues to apply pressure on industry to alleviate pain associated with husbandry practices, injury and illness. Although a number of analgesic solutions are now available for sheep, providing some amelioration of the acute pain responses, this review has highlighted a number of potential areas for further research. Abstract Increasing societal and customer pressure to provide animals with ‘a life worth living’ continues to apply pressure on livestock production industries to alleviate pain associated with husbandry practices, injury and illness. Over the past 15–20 years, there has been considerable research effort to understand and develop mitigation strategies for painful husbandry procedures in sheep, leading to the successful launch of analgesic approaches specific to sheep in a number of countries. However, even with multi-modal approaches to analgesia, using both local anaesthetic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), pain is not obliterated, and the challenge of pain mitigation and phasing out of painful husbandry practices remains. It is timely to review and reflect on progress to date in order to strategically focus on the most important challenges, and the avenues which offer the greatest potential to be incorporated into industry practice in a process of continuous improvement. A structured, systematic literature search was carried out, incorporating peer-reviewed scientific literature in the period 2000–2019. An enormous volume of research is underway, testament to the fact that we have not solved the pain and analgesia challenge for any species, including our own. This review has highlighted a number of potential areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Small
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 1, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6776-1435
| | - Andrew David Fisher
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Caroline Lee
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 1, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (I.C.)
| | - Ian Colditz
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 1, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (I.C.)
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Gellatly D, Marti S, Pajor EA, Meléndez DM, Moya D, Janzen ED, Yang X, Milani MR, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS. Effect of a single subcutaneous injection of meloxicam on chronic indicators of pain and inflammatory responses in 2-month-old knife and band-castrated beef calves housed on pasture. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Williams HJ, Duncan JS, Grove-White DH, Mahen PJ, Gillespie AV. Repeatability and Feasibility of Pressure Algometry for Quantifying Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold in the Thoracic Region of Calves. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:442. [PMID: 32851025 PMCID: PMC7416630 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pressure algometry can be used to quantify mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) in humans and animals. If reliable this may be a useful tool to examine calves for increased mechanical sensitivity, which may be induced by disease or pain. This study measures the repeatability and feasibility of pressure algometry using a handheld digital pressure algometer (PRODPlus, Top Cat metrology) using three serial measurements applied to six sites on the thoraces of 35 healthy calves by two different operators. The range of MNTs recorded in healthy calves was 1.2-25 Newtons (median = 10.1 IQR = 7.1-14.0). A multivariable mixed effects model identified that the MNT's recorded were influenced by Operator, Site, and Calf. Intra and inter-operator reliability were measured by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs). Based on average ICCs, intra-operator reliability at two sites was good; one site overlying the ventral aspect of the 6th intercostal space [ICC = 0.79 95% CI (0.63-0.89)] and the other overlying the dorsal aspect of the 9th intercostal space [ICC = 0.75 95% CI (0.56-0.87)]. Average ICCs for three other measurement sites were moderate or poor, and one site proved unfeasible. For inter-operator agreement average ICCs showed that agreement was also good at the same 6 and 9th intercostal space, [ICCs = 0.77 95% CI (0.35-0.90) and 0.77 95% CI (0.54-0.88), respectively], agreement was moderate for the remainder of the sites. This study identifies two sites that are potentially useful for monitoring of thoracic sensitivity as an indicator of pain in calves by means of pressure algometry using the average of three measurements. It also identifies sources of variability to be considered when applying the tool for clinical or research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J. Williams
- Department of Livestock Health and Welfare, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S. Duncan
- Department of Livestock Health and Welfare, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dai H. Grove-White
- Department of Livestock Health and Welfare, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa J. Mahen
- Department of Livestock Health and Welfare, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amy V. Gillespie
- Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Tekeli IO, Turk E, Durna Corum D, Corum O, Uney K. Effect of castration procedure on the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in goat kids. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:429-434. [PMID: 32420638 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in goat kids who were castrated following the administration of xylazine. Six goat kids were used for the study. The study was performed in two periods according to a longitudinal study, with a 15-day washout period between periods. In the first period (Control group), 1 mg/kg meloxicam was administered by i.v. route to kids. In the second period (Castration group), the kids were sedated with 0.3 mg/kg xylazine and castration was performed following meloxicam administration. Plasma meloxicam concentration was analyzed using HPLC-UV, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental model. In the control group following the administration of meloxicam, mean elimination half-life (t1/2 ʎz ), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞ ), total body clearance (ClT ), and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss ) were 13.50 ± 0.62 hr, 41.10 ± 2.86 hr µg/ml, 24.43 ± 1.75 ml hr-1 kg-1 , and 0.45 ± 0.03 L/kg, respectively. In the castration group, the t1/2 ʎz of meloxicam prolonged, AUC0-∞ increased, and ClT and Vdss decreased. In conclusion, the excretion of meloxicam from the body slowed and the t1/2 ʎz was prolonged in the castrated goat kids following xylazine administration. However, there is a need to determine the pharmacodynamics of meloxicam in castrated goat kids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ozan Tekeli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Erdinc Turk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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