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Dalle S, Hiroux C, Koppo K. Endocannabinoid remodeling in murine cachexic muscle associates with catabolic and metabolic regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167179. [PMID: 38653357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Muscle degeneration is a common feature in cancer cachexia that cannot be reversed. Recent advances show that the endocannabinoid system, and more particularly cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), regulates muscle processes, including metabolism, anabolism and regenerative capacity. However, it is unclear whether muscle endocannabinoids, their receptors and enzymes are responsive to cachexia and exercise. Therefore, this study investigated whether cachexia and exercise affected muscle endocannabinoid signaling, and whether CB1 expression correlated with markers of muscle anabolism, catabolism and metabolism. Male BALB/c mice were injected with PBS (CON) or C26 colon carcinoma cells (C26) and had access to wheel running (VWR) or remained sedentary (n = 5-6/group). Mice were sacrificed 18 days upon PBS/tumor cell injection. Cachexic mice exhibited a lower muscle CB1 expression (-43 %; p < 0.001) and lower levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA; -22 %; p = 0.044), as well as a lower expression of the AEA-synthesizing enzyme NAPE-PLD (-37 %; p < 0.001), whereas the expression of the AEA degrading enzyme FAAH was higher (+160 %; p < 0.001). The 2-AG-degrading enzyme MAGL, was lower in cachexic muscle (-34 %; p = 0.007), but 2-AG and its synthetizing enzyme DAGLβ were not different between CON and C26. VWR increased muscle CB1 (+25 %; p = 0.005) and increased MAGL expression (+30 %; p = 0.035). CB1 expression correlated with muscle mass, markers of metabolism (e.g. p-AMPK, PGC1α) and of catabolism (e.g. p-FOXO, LC3b, Atg5). Our findings depict an emerging role of the endocannabinoid system in muscle physiology. Future studies should elaborate how this translates into potential therapies to combat cancer cachexia, and other degenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Dalle
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Dept. of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte Hiroux
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Dept. of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Dept. of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Sadie-Van Gijsen H, Kotzé-Hörstmann L. Rat models of diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysregulation: Current trends, shortcomings and considerations for future research. Obes Res Clin Pract 2023; 17:449-457. [PMID: 37788944 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Rat diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysregulation (DIO/DIMD) is widely used as a pre-clinical model for human obesity and for testing weight-loss interventions. The aim of this review was to utilise a systematic literature survey of rat DIO/DIMD studies as a tool to document trends around study design and metabolic outcomes of these studies, and to consider ways in which the design of these studies may be improved to enhance the relevance thereof for human obesity research. In total, 110 comparisons between control and obesogenic dietary groups were included in the survey. Young male rats were found to be the model of choice, but fewer than 50% of studies provided comprehensive information about diet composition and energy intake. In addition, it was found that the majority of expected DIO/DIMD responses (hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, hypoadiponectinemia) occurred at < 80% frequency, drawing into question the concept of a "typical" or "appropriate" response. We discuss the impact of differences in diet composition and energy intake on metabolic outcomes against the context of large heterogeneity of obesogenic diets employed in rat DIO/DIMD studies, and provide recommendations for the improvement of reporting standards around diet composition and dietary intake. In addition, we highlight the lack of data from female and older rats and describe considerations around the inclusion of sex and age as a variable in rat DIO/DIMD studies, aiming towards improving the applicability of these studies as a model of human obesity, which is most prevalent in women and older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanél Sadie-Van Gijsen
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Tygerberg Campus, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Liske Kotzé-Hörstmann
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Tygerberg Campus, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Institute for Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Tygerberg Campus, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
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3
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Zucker I. The mixed legacy of the rat estrous cycle. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:55. [PMID: 37667337 PMCID: PMC10476291 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rat estrous cycle first characterized by Long and Evans in 1922 profoundly affected the course of endocrine research. Investigators took advantage of sex steroid hormone fluctuations associated with the cycle to assess hormonal influences on anxiety, depression, food intake, stress, brain structure and other traits. Similarities of the rat estrous and human menstrual cycles facilitated understanding of human reproductive physiology. I assessed the impact of awareness of the estrous cycle on the emergence of a sex bias that excluded female rats from biomedical research. METHODS Beginning with the 1918 volume of the American Journal of Physiology and ending in 1976 when the journal subdivided into several separate disciplinary journals, all studies conducted on rats were downloaded; the use of females, males, both sexes and sex left unspecified was tabulated for 485 articles. A second analysis tracked the number of rat estrous cycle studies across all disciplines listed in PubMed from 1950 to 2021. RESULTS The description and awareness of variability associated with the rat estrous cycle was correlated with a precipitous decline in investigations that incorporated both sexes, a marked increase in male-only studies and a striking sex bias that excluded female rats. The number of rat estrous cycles studies increased markedly from earlier decades to a peak in 2021. CONCLUSIONS The initial description the rat estrous cycle was correlated with a substantial decline in investigations that incorporated both sexes; one result was a marked increase in male-only studies and a striking sex bias that excluded female rats from biomedical research. Recognition of the advantages of studies that incorporate the rat estrous cycle has resulted in recent years in an increase of such investigations. Female rats and females of several other species are not more variable than their male counterparts across traits, arguing for female inclusion without requiring cycle monitoring. There, remain, however, many advantages of incorporating the estrous cycle in contemporary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Zucker
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way West, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 VLSB, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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4
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Klappenbach CM, Wang Q, Jensen AL, Glodosky NC, Delevich K. Sex and timing of gonadectomy relative to puberty interact to influence weight, body composition, and feeding behaviors in mice. Horm Behav 2023; 151:105350. [PMID: 36996734 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Gonadal sex steroids are important regulators of energy balance in adult rodents, and gonadectomy (GDX) has opposing effects on weight gain in sexually mature males and females. Puberty is associated with the emergence of sex differences in weight, body composition, and feeding behaviors, yet the role of gonadal hormones at puberty remains unclear. To address this, we performed GDX or sham surgery in male and female C57Bl/6 mice at postnatal day (P)25 (prepubertal) or P60 (postpubertal) timepoints and measured weight and body composition for 35 days, after which ad libitum and operant food intake was measured using Feeding Experimentation Device 3 (FED3s) in the home cage. Consistent with previous studies, postpubertal GDX caused weight gain in females and weight loss in males and increased adiposity in both sexes. However, prepubertal GDX decreased weight gain and altered body composition across the adolescent transition (P25 to P60) in males but had no effect in females. Despite the varied effects on weight, GDX decreased food intake and motivation for food as assessed in operant tasks regardless of sex or timing of surgery relative to puberty. Our findings indicate that GDX interacts with both sex and age at surgery to influence weight, body composition, and feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Klappenbach
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Allison L Jensen
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Nicholas C Glodosky
- Department of Psychology Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Kristen Delevich
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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5
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Zucker I, Prendergast BJ, Beery AK. Pervasive Neglect of Sex Differences in Biomedical Research. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a039156. [PMID: 34649925 PMCID: PMC9121903 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Females have long been underrepresented in preclinical research and clinical drug trials. Directives by the U.S. National Institutes of Health have increased female participation in research protocols, although analysis of outcomes by sex remains infrequent. The long-held view that traits of female rats and mice are more variable than those of males is discredited, supporting equal representation of both sexes in most studies. Drug pharmacokinetic analysis reveals that, among subjects administered a standard drug dose, women are exposed to higher blood drug concentrations and longer drug elimination times. This contributes to increased adverse drug reactions in women and suggests that women are routinely overmedicated and should be administered lower drug doses than men. The past decade has seen progress in female inclusion, but key subsequent steps such as sex-based analysis and sex-specific drug dosing remain to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Zucker
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Brian J Prendergast
- Department of Psychology and Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Annaliese K Beery
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Departments of Psychology and Biology, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, USA
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6
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Seney ML, Nestler EJ. Introduction to Special Issue: Insight Into Sex Differences in Neuropsychiatric Syndromes From Transcriptomic Analyses. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:3-5. [PMID: 34857105 PMCID: PMC8887677 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne L. Seney
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Hwang JW, Myeong SH, Lee NH, Kim H, Son HJ, Chang JW, Lee NK, Na DL. Immunosuppressant Drugs Mitigate Immune Responses Generated by Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplanted into the Mouse Parenchyma. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211019025. [PMID: 34044601 PMCID: PMC8168027 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211019025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can evade the immune surveillance of the recipient. However, emerging research cast doubt on whether MSCs are intrinsically immune-privileged. Previously, we observed that the transplantation of human MSCs (hMSCs) into the mouse parenchyma attracted a high infiltration of leukocytes into the injection tract. Thus, in order to reduce the immune responses generated by hMSCs, the aim of this study was to assess which immunosuppressant condition (dexamethasone only, tacrolimus only, or dexamethasone and tacrolimus together) would not only reduce the overall immune response but also enhance the persistence of MSCs engrafted into the caudate putamen of wild-type C57BL/6 mice. According to immunohistochemical analysis, compared to the hMSC only group, the administration of immunosuppressants (for all three conditions) reduced the infiltration of CD45-positive leukocytes and neutrophils at the site of injection. The highest hMSC persistence was detected from the group that received combinatorial administrations of dexamethasone and tacrolimus. Moreover, compared to the immunocompetent WT mouse, higher MSC engraftment was observed from the immunodeficient BALB/c mice. The results of this study support the use of immunosuppressants to tackle MSC-mediated immune responses and to possibly prolong the engraftment of transplanted MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Won Hwang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, 35019Sungkyunkwan University, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, 36626Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, 35019Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyeon Myeong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, 35019Sungkyunkwan University, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, 36626Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, 35019Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Hee Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, 35019Sungkyunkwan University, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, 36626Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, 35019Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, 36626Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongseop Kim
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, 36626Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Institute, ENCell Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Son
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, 36626Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, 35019Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, 36626Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,School of Medicine, 35019Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wook Chang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, 36626Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Institute, ENCell Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Kyung Lee
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, 36626Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, 36626Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,School of Medicine, 35019Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, 35019Sungkyunkwan University, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, 36626Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, 35019Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, 36626Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,School of Medicine, 35019Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Olvera Hernández S, Reyes Castro LA, Daher Abdi A, Mezo-González CE, Arredondo A, Zambrano E, Bolaños-Jiménez F. Adult rats from undernourished dams show sex-dependent impaired expression in taste papillae and hypothalamus of genes responsible for sweet and fat detection and signalling. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2011-2022. [PMID: 33926365 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1920678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Individuals undernourished in utero or during early life are at high risk of developing obesity and metabolic disorders and show an increased preference for consuming sugary and fatty food. This study aimed at determining whether impaired taste detection and signalling in the lingual epithelium and the brain might contribute to this altered pattern of food intake. METHODS The preference for feeding fat and sweet food and the expression in circumvallate papillae and hypothalamus of genes coding for sweet and fat receptors and transducing pathways were evaluated in adult rats born to control or calorie-restricted dams. Expression in the hypothalamus and the brain's reward system of genes involved in the homeostatic and hedonic control of food intake was also determined. RESULTS Male and female undernourished animals exhibited increased expression in taste papillae and hypothalamus of T1R1, T1R2, CD36, gustducin, TRMP5 and PLC-β2 genes, all of which modulate sweet and fat detection and intracellular signalling. However, the severity of the effect was greater in females than in males. Moreover, male, but not female, undernourished rats consumed more standard and sweetened food than their control counterparts and presented increased hypothalamic AgRP and NPY mRNAs levels together with enhanced dopamine transporter and dopamine receptor D2 expression in the ventral tegmental area. CONCLUSIONS Maternal undernutrition induces sex-specific changes in food preferences and gene expression in taste papillae, hypothalamus and brain reward regions. The gene expression alterations in the male offspring are in line with their preference for consuming sugary and fatty food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Olvera Hernández
- UMR Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRAE - Université de Nantes, 44096 Nantes France
| | - Luis Antonio Reyes Castro
- UMR Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRAE - Université de Nantes, 44096 Nantes France.,Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México
| | - Amran Daher Abdi
- UMR Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRAE - Université de Nantes, 44096 Nantes France
| | | | | | - Elena Zambrano
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México
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9
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Hiroux C, Dalle S, Koppo K, Hespel P. Voluntary exercise does not improve muscular properties or functional capacity during C26-induced cancer cachexia in mice. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2021; 42:169-181. [PMID: 33606189 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-021-09599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training is considered as a potential intervention to counteract muscle degeneration in cancer cachexia. However, evidence to support such intervention is equivocal. Therefore, we investigated the effect of exercise training, i.e. voluntary wheel running, on muscle wasting, functional capacity, fiber type composition and vascularization during experimental cancer cachexia in mice. Balb/c mice were injected with PBS (CON) or C26 colon carcinoma cells to induce cancer cachexia (C26). Mice had free access to a running wheel in their home cage (CONEX and C26EX, n = 8-9) or were sedentary (CONS and C26S, n = 8-9). Mice were sacrificed 18 days upon tumor cell injection. Immunohistochemical analyes were performed on m. gastrocnemius and quadriceps, and ex vivo contractile properties were assessed in m. soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL). Compared with CON, C26 mice exhibited body weight loss (~ 20 %), muscle atrophy (~ 25 %), reduced grip strength (~ 25 %), and lower twitch and tetanic force (~ 20 %) production in EDL but not in m. soleus. Furthermore, muscle of C26 mice were characterizd by a slow-to-fast fiber type shift (type IIx fibers: +57 %) and increased capillary density (~ 30 %). In C26 mice, wheel running affect neither body weight loss, nor muscle atrophy or functional capacity, nor inhibited tumor growth. However, wheel running induced a type IIb to type IIa fiber shift in m. quadriceps from both CON and C26, but not in m. gastrocnemius. Wheel running does not exacerbate muscular degeneration in cachexic mice, but, when voluntary, is insufficient to improve the muscle phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hiroux
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Dalle
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Esselun C, Dilberger B, Silaidos CV, Koch E, Schebb NH, Eckert GP. A Walnut Diet in Combination with Enriched Environment Improves Cognitive Function and Affects Lipid Metabolites in Brain and Liver of Aged NMRI Mice. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:140-160. [PMID: 33367957 PMCID: PMC7929966 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This in vivo study aimed to test if a diet enriched with 6% walnuts alone or in combination with physical activity supports healthy ageing by changing the oxylipin profile in brain and liver, improving motor function, cognition, and cerebral mitochondrial function. Female NMRI mice were fed a 6% walnut diet starting at an age of 12 months for 24 weeks. One group was additionally maintained in an enriched environment, one group without intervention served as control. After three months, one additional control group of young mice (3 weeks old) was introduced. Motor and cognitive functions were measured using Open Field, Y-Maze, Rotarod and Passive Avoidance tests. Lipid metabolite profiles were determined using RP-LC-ESI(-)-MS/MS in brain and liver tissues of mice. Cerebral mitochondrial function was characterized by the determination of ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial respiration. Expression of genes involved with mito- and neurogenesis, inflammation, and synaptic plasticity were determined using qRT-PCR. A 6% walnut-enriched diet alone improved spatial memory in a Y-Maze alternation test (p < 0.05) in mice. Additional physical enrichment enhanced the significance, although the overall benefit was virtually identical. Instead, physical enrichment improved motor performance in a Rotarod experiment (p* < 0.05) which was unaffected by walnuts alone. Bioactive oxylipins like hydroxy-polyunsaturated fatty acids (OH-PUFA) derived from linoleic acid (LA) were significantly increased in brain (p** < 0.01) and liver (p*** < 0.0001) compared to control mice, while OH-PUFA of α-linolenic acid (ALA) could only be detected in the brains of mice fed with walnuts. In the brain, walnuts combined with physical activity reduced arachidonic acid (ARA)-based oxylipin levels (p < 0.05). Effects of walnut lipids were not linked to mitochondrial function, as ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial respiration were unaffected. Furthermore, common markers for synaptic plasticity and neuronal growth, key genes in the regulation of cytoprotective response to oxidative stress and neuronal growth were unaffected. Taken together, walnuts change the oxylipin profile in liver and brain, which could have beneficial effects for healthy ageing, an effect that can be further enhanced with an active lifestyle. Further studies may focus on specific nutrient lipids that potentially provide preventive effects in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Esselun
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dilberger
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carmina V Silaidos
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Koch
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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11
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Lalanza JF, Snoeren EMS. The cafeteria diet: A standardized protocol and its effects on behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 122:92-119. [PMID: 33309818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major health risk, with junk food consumption playing a central role in weight gain, because of its high palatability and high-energy nutrients. The Cafeteria (CAF) diet model for animal experiments consists of the same tasty but unhealthy food products that people eat (e.g. hot dogs and muffins), and considers variety, novelty and secondary food features, such as smell and texture. This model, therefore, mimics human eating patterns better than other models. In this paper, we systematically review studies that have used a CAF diet in behavioral experiments and propose a standardized CAF diet protocol. The proposed diet is ad libitum and voluntary; combines different textures, nutrients and tastes, including salty and sweet products; and it is rotated and varied. Our summary of the behavioral effects of CAF diet show that it alters meal patterns, reduces the hedonic value of other rewards, and tends to reduce stress and spatial memory. So far, no clear effects of CAF diet were found on locomotor activity, impulsivity, coping and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume F Lalanza
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Eelke M S Snoeren
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Regional Health Authority of North Norway, Norway.
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12
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Arumugam K, Shin W, Schiavone V, Vlahos L, Tu X, Carnevali D, Kesner J, Paull EO, Romo N, Subramaniam P, Worley J, Tan X, Califano A, Cosma MP. The Master Regulator Protein BAZ2B Can Reprogram Human Hematopoietic Lineage-Committed Progenitors into a Multipotent State. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108474. [PMID: 33296649 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bi-species, fusion-mediated, somatic cell reprogramming allows precise, organism-specific tracking of unknown lineage drivers. The fusion of Tcf7l1-/- murine embryonic stem cells with EBV-transformed human B cell lymphocytes, leads to the generation of bi-species heterokaryons. Human mRNA transcript profiling at multiple time points permits the tracking of the reprogramming of B cell nuclei to a multipotent state. Interrogation of a human B cell regulatory network with gene expression signatures identifies 8 candidate master regulator proteins. Of these 8 candidates, ectopic expression of BAZ2B, from the bromodomain family, efficiently reprograms hematopoietic committed progenitors into a multipotent state and significantly enhances their long-term clonogenicity, stemness, and engraftment in immunocompromised mice. Unbiased systems biology approaches let us identify the early driving events of human B cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Arumugam
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - William Shin
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valentina Schiavone
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lukas Vlahos
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaochuan Tu
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Davide Carnevali
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordan Kesner
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evan O Paull
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neus Romo
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Prem Subramaniam
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy Worley
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiangtian Tan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, J.P. Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Maria Pia Cosma
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain; Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.
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13
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Delevich K, Hall CD, Piekarski D, Zhang Y, Wilbrecht L. Prepubertal gonadectomy reveals sex differences in approach-avoidance behavior in adult mice. Horm Behav 2020; 118:104641. [PMID: 31778717 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period that is associated with physical, cognitive, and affective maturation and a time when sex biases in multiple psychiatric diseases emerge. While puberty onset marks the initiation of adolescence, it is unclear whether the pubertal rise in gonadal hormones generates sex differences in approach-avoidance behaviors that may impact psychiatric vulnerability. To examine the influence of pubertal development on adult behavior, we removed the gonads or performed sham surgery in male and female mice just prior to puberty onset and assessed performance in an odor-guided foraging task and anxiety-related behaviors in adulthood. We observed no significant sex differences in foraging or anxiety-related behaviors between intact adult male and female mice but found significant differences between adult male and female mice that had been gonadectomized (GDX) prior to puberty onset. GDX males failed to acquire the odor-guided foraging task, showed reduced locomotion, and exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior, while GDX females showed the opposite pattern of behavior. These data suggest that puberty may minimize rather than drive differences in approach-avoidance phenotypes in male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Delevich
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christopher D Hall
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Piekarski
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Linda Wilbrecht
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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