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Palacios-Marquez JJ, Guevara-Fiore P. Parasitism in viviparous vertebrates: an overview. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:53. [PMID: 38100003 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive mode of viviparity has independently evolved in various animal taxa. It refers to the condition in which the embryos or young develop inside the female's body during gestation, providing advantages such as protection, nutrition, and improved survival chances. However, parasites and diseases can be an evolutionary force that limit the host's resources, leading to physiological, morphological, and behavioral changes that impose additional costs on both the pregnant female and her offspring. This review integrates the primary literature published between 1980 and 2021 on the parasitism of viviparous hosts. We describe aspects such as reproductive investment in females, offspring sex ratios, lactation investment in mammals, alterations in birth intervals, current reproductive investment, variations between environments, immune system activity in response to immunological challenges, and other factors that can influence the interaction between viviparous females and parasites. Maintaining pregnancy incurs costs in managing the mother's resources and regulating the immune system's responses to the offspring, while simultaneously maintaining an adequate defense against parasites and pathogens. Parasites can significantly influence this reproductive mode: parasitized females adjust their investment in survival and reproduction based on their life history, environmental factors, and the diversity of encountered parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Palacios-Marquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edificio Bio-1, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, 72580, Puebla, CP, Mexico
| | - Palestina Guevara-Fiore
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edificio Bio-1, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, 72580, Puebla, CP, Mexico.
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Coupé S, Giantsis IA, Vázquez Luis M, Scarpa F, Foulquié M, Prévot J, Casu M, Lattos A, Michaelidis B, Sanna D, García‐March JR, Tena‐Medialdea J, Vicente N, Bunet R. The characterization of toll-like receptor repertoire in Pinna nobilis after mass mortality events suggests adaptive introgression. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10383. [PMID: 37546570 PMCID: PMC10401143 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The fan mussel Pinna nobilis is currently on the brink of extinction due to a multifactorial disease mainly caused to the highly pathogenic parasite Haplosporidium pinnae, meaning that the selection pressure outweighs the adaptive potential of the species. Hopefully, rare individuals have been observed somehow resistant to the parasite, stretching the need to identify the traits underlying this better fitness. Among the candidate to explore at first intention are fast-evolving immune genes, of which toll-like receptor (TLR). In this study, we examined the genetic diversity at 14 TLR loci across P. nobilis, Pinna rudis and P. nobilis × P. rudis hybrid genomes, collected at four physically distant regions, that were found to be either resistant or sensitive to the parasite H. pinnae. We report a high genetic diversity, mainly observed at cell surface TLRs compared with that of endosomal TLRs. However, the endosomal TLR-7 exhibited unexpected level of diversity and haplotype phylogeny. The lack of population structure, associated with a high genetic diversity and elevated dN/dS ratio, was interpreted as balancing selection, though both directional and purifying selection were detected. Interestingly, roughly 40% of the P. nobilis identified as resistant to H. pinnae were introgressed with P. rudis TLR. Specifically, they all carried a TLR-7 of P. rudis origin, whereas sensitive P. nobilis were not introgressed, at least at TLR loci. Small contributions of TLR-6 and TLR-4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms to the clustering of resistant and susceptible individuals could be detected, but their specific role in resistance remains highly speculative. This study provides new information on the diversity of TLR genes within the P. nobilis species after MME and additional insights into adaptation to H. pinnae that should contribute to the conservation of this Mediterranean endemic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Coupé
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, MIOMarseilleFrance
| | | | - Maite Vázquez Luis
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO, CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de BalearesPalma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFabio Scarpa, Daria Sanna: University of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Mathieu Foulquié
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, MIOMarseilleFrance
- Institut océanographique Paul RicardIle des Embiez, VarFrance
| | | | - Marco Casu
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Athanasios Lattos
- Faculty of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Western MacedoniaKozaniGreece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Faculty of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Western MacedoniaKozaniGreece
| | - Daria Sanna
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFabio Scarpa, Daria Sanna: University of SassariSassariItaly
| | - José Rafa García‐March
- IMEDMAR‐UCV, Institute of Environment and Marine Science ResearchUniversidad Católica de Valencia SVMCalpe, AlicanteSpain
| | - José Tena‐Medialdea
- IMEDMAR‐UCV, Institute of Environment and Marine Science ResearchUniversidad Católica de Valencia SVMCalpe, AlicanteSpain
| | - Nardo Vicente
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix‐Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon UniversitéAvignonFrance
| | - Robert Bunet
- Institut océanographique Paul RicardIle des Embiez, VarFrance
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Ameline C, Voegtli F, Andras J, Dexter E, Engelstädter J, Ebert D. Genetic slippage after sex maintains diversity for parasite resistance in a natural host population. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn0051. [PMID: 36399570 PMCID: PMC9674289 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although parasite-mediated selection is a major driver of host evolution, its influence on genetic variation for parasite resistance is not yet well understood. We monitored resistance in a large population of the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna over 8 years, as it underwent yearly epidemics of the bacterial pathogen Pasteuria ramosa. We observed cyclic dynamics of resistance: Resistance increased throughout the epidemics, but susceptibility was restored each spring when hosts hatched from sexual resting stages. Host resting stages collected across the year showed that largely resistant host populations can produce susceptible sexual offspring. A genetic model of resistance developed for this host-parasite system, based on multiple loci and strong epistasis, is in partial agreement with our findings. Our results reveal that, despite strong selection for resistance in a natural host population, genetic slippage after sexual reproduction can be a strong factor for the maintenance of genetic diversity of host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ameline
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Voegtli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason Andras
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Dexter
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Engelstädter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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Mancilla-Morales MD, Velarde E, Contreras-Rodríguez A, Gómez-Lunar Z, Rosas-Rodríguez JA, Heras J, Soñanez-Organis JG, Ruiz EA. Characterization, Selection, and Trans-Species Polymorphism in the MHC Class II of Heermann’s Gull (Charadriiformes). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050917. [PMID: 35627302 PMCID: PMC9140796 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) enables vertebrates to cope with pathogens and maintain healthy populations, thus making it a unique set of loci for addressing ecology and evolutionary biology questions. The aim of our study was to examine the variability of Heermann’s Gull MHC class II (MHCIIB) and compare these loci with other Charadriiformes. Fifty-nine MHCIIB haplotypes were recovered from sixty-eight Heermann’s Gulls by cloning, of them, twelve were identified as putative true alleles, forty-five as unique alleles, and two as pseudogenes. Intra and interspecific relationships indicated at least two loci in Heermann’s Gull MHCIIB and trans-species polymorphism among Charadriiformes (coinciding with the documented evidence of two ancient avian MHCIIB lineages, except in the Charadriidae family). Additionally, sites under diversifying selection revealed a better match with peptide-binding sites inferred in birds than those described in humans. Despite the negative anthropogenic activity reported on Isla Rasa, Heermann’s Gull showed MHCIIB variability consistent with population expansion, possibly due to a sudden growth following conservation efforts. Duplication must play an essential role in shaping Charadriiformes MHCIIB variability, buffering selective pressures through balancing selection. These findings suggest that MHC copy number and protected islands can contribute to seabird conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misael Daniel Mancilla-Morales
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Mexico CP 11340, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.D.M.-M.); (J.G.S.-O.); (E.A.R.)
| | - Enriqueta Velarde
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías, Universidad Veracruzana, Hidalgo 617, Colonia Río Jamapa, Boca del Rio, Veracruz CP 94290, Mexico;
| | - Araceli Contreras-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Mexico CP 11340, Mexico; (A.C.-R.); (Z.G.-L.)
| | - Zulema Gómez-Lunar
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Mexico CP 11340, Mexico; (A.C.-R.); (Z.G.-L.)
| | - Jesús A. Rosas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Lázaro Cárdenas del Río No. 100, Francisco Villa, Navojoa CP 85880, Mexico;
| | - Joseph Heras
- Departament of Biology, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA;
| | - José G. Soñanez-Organis
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Lázaro Cárdenas del Río No. 100, Francisco Villa, Navojoa CP 85880, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (M.D.M.-M.); (J.G.S.-O.); (E.A.R.)
| | - Enrico A. Ruiz
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Mexico CP 11340, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.D.M.-M.); (J.G.S.-O.); (E.A.R.)
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Connelly AD, Ryan MJ. Phenotypic Variation in an Asexual-Sexual Fish System: Visual Lateralization. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.605943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is nearly ubiquitous in the vertebrate world, yet its evolution and maintenance remain a conundrum due to the cost of males. Conversely, asexually reproducing species should enjoy a twofold population increase and thus replace sexual species all else being equal, but the prevalence of asexual species is rare. However, stable coexistence between asexuals and sexuals does occur and can shed light on the mechanisms asexuals may use in order to persist in this sex-dominated world. The asexual Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa) is required to live in sympatry with one of its sexual sperm hosts –sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) and Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana)—and are ecological equivalents to their host species in nearly every way except for reproductive method. Here, we compare the visual lateralization between Amazon mollies and sailfin mollies from San Marcos, Texas. Neither Amazon mollies nor sailfin mollies exhibited a significant eye bias. Additionally, Amazon mollies exhibited similar levels of variation in visual lateralization compared to the sailfin molly. Further investigation into the source of this variation –clonal lineages or plasticity—is needed to better understand the coexistence of this asexual-sexual system.
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