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Robert E, Goonewardene K, El Kanoa I, Hochman O, Nfon C, Ambagala A. Oral Fluids for the Early Detection of Classical Swine Fever in Commercial Level Pig Pens. Viruses 2024; 16:318. [PMID: 38543685 PMCID: PMC10974009 DOI: 10.3390/v16030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The early detection of classical swine fever (CSF) remains a key challenge, especially when outbreaks are caused by moderate and low-virulent CSF virus (CSFV) strains. Oral fluid is a reliable and cost-effective sample type that is regularly surveilled for endemic diseases in commercial pig herds in North America. Here, we explored the possibility of utilizing oral fluids for the early detection of CSFV incursions in commercial-size pig pens using two independent experiments. In the first experiment, a seeder pig infected with the moderately-virulent CSFV Pinillos strain was used, and in the second experiment, a seeder pig infected with the highly-virulent CSFV Koslov strain was used. Pen-based oral fluid samples were collected daily and individual samples (whole blood, swabs) every other day. All samples were tested by a CSFV-specific real-time RT-PCR assay. CSFV genomic material was detected in oral fluids on the seventh and fourth day post-introduction of the seeder pig into the pen, in the first and second experiments, respectively. In both experiments, oral fluids tested positive before the contact pigs developed viremia, and with no apparent sick pigs in the pen. These results indicate that pen-based oral fluids are a reliable and convenient sample type for the early detection of CSF, and therefore, can be used to supplement the ongoing CSF surveillance activities in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Robert
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (O.H.); (C.N.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Kalhari Goonewardene
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (O.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Ian El Kanoa
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (O.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Orie Hochman
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (O.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Charles Nfon
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (O.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (O.H.); (C.N.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Walczak M, Szczotka-Bochniarz A, Żmudzki J, Juszkiewicz M, Szymankiewicz K, Niemczuk K, Pérez-Núñez D, Liu L, Revilla Y. Non-Invasive Sampling in the Aspect of African Swine Fever Detection—A Risk to Accurate Diagnosis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081756. [PMID: 36016380 PMCID: PMC9416727 DOI: 10.3390/v14081756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever remains one of the most economically important and dangerous diseases of the Suidae family. Until now, neither a safe vaccine nor a treatment against ASF has been available, which is why prevention of the disease involves biosecurity measures and early recognition based on accurate diagnosis. Nowadays, different strategies for ASF detection are discussed to reduce both animal suffering and the costs of ASF surveillance. This article aims to indicate the risk, with regard to non-invasive sampling, for the detection of ASFV. In this study, we analyzed data from three independent animal trials, in the framework of the detection of positive samples in different matrices (blood, sera, oral and rectal swabs) collected from nineteen domestic pigs infected with similar doses but under different scenarios, including different ASFV strains or routes of infection. Genetic material of ASFV was found in all matrices, but detection occurred earlier in the blood samples than in the oral and the rectal swabs. Furthermore, analyses revealed that at relevant sampling timepoints, PCR-positive blood samples were detected more frequently and reached higher percentages (up to 100% during fever) than oral and rectal swabs. Moreover, mean Ct values in blood samples collected from animals infected with virulent strains were significantly lower than in oral and rectal swabs, ensuring a higher probability of ASFV detection. High Ct values and occasional shedding in all tested matrices, in the cases of animals infected by an attenuated ASFV-strain, showed that blood sampling may be necessary to confirm the presence of anti-ASFV antibodies in sera. This study showed that during veterinary surveillance, blood sampling (for both PCR and serological analyses) is essential for the accurate diagnosis of ASF and provides the highest probability of detection of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Walczak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Jacek Żmudzki
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lihong Liu
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Havas KA, Gogin AE, Basalaeva JV, Sindryakova IP, Kolbasova OL, Titov IA, Lyska VM, Morgunov SY, Vlasov ME, Sevskikh TA, Pivova EY, Kudrjashov DA, Doolittle K, Zimmerman S, Witbeck W, Gimenez-Lirola LG, Nerem J, Spronk GD, Zimmerman JJ, Sereda AD. An Assessment of Diagnostic Assays and Sample Types in the Detection of an Attenuated Genotype 5 African Swine Fever Virus in European Pigs over a 3-Month Period. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040404. [PMID: 35456079 PMCID: PMC9027431 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus causes hemorrhagic disease in swine. Attenuated strains are reported in Africa, Europe, and Asia. Few studies on the diagnostic detection of attenuated ASF viruses are available. Two groups of pigs were inoculated with an attenuated ASFV. Group 2 was also vaccinated with an attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine. Commercially available ELISA, as well as extraction and qPCR assays, were used to detect antibodies in serum and oral fluids (OF) and nucleic acid in buccal swabs, tonsillar scrapings, OF, and blood samples collected over 93 days, respectively. After 12 dpi, serum (88.9% to 90.9%) in Group 1 was significantly better for antibody detection than OF (0.7% to 68.4%). Group 1′s overall qPCR detection was highest in blood (48.7%) and OF (44.2%), with the highest detection in blood (85.2%) from 8 to 21 days post inoculation (dpi) and in OF (83.3%) from 1 to 7 dpi. Group 2′s results were not significantly different from Group 1, but detection rates were lower overall. Early detection of attenuated ASFV variants requires active surveillance in apparently healthy animals and is only reliable at the herd level. Likewise, antibody testing will be needed to prove freedom from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn A. Havas
- Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA; (J.N.); (G.D.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrey E. Gogin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | | | - Irina P. Sindryakova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Olga L. Kolbasova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Ilya A. Titov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Valentina M. Lyska
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Sergey Y. Morgunov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Mikhail E. Vlasov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Timofey A. Sevskikh
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Elena Y. Pivova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Dmitry A. Kudrjashov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Kent Doolittle
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; (K.D.); (S.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Silvia Zimmerman
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; (K.D.); (S.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Wendy Witbeck
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; (K.D.); (S.Z.); (W.W.)
| | | | - Joel Nerem
- Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA; (J.N.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Gordon D. Spronk
- Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA; (J.N.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Alexey D. Sereda
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
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4
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Point of care diagnostics and non-invasive sampling strategy: a review on major advances in veterinary diagnostics. ACTA VET BRNO 2022. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202291010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of point of care diagnostics (POCD) in animal diseases has steadily increased over the years since its introduction. Its potential application to diagnose infectious diseases in remote and resource limited settings have made it an ideal diagnostic in animal disease diagnosis and surveillance. The rapid increase in incidence of emerging infectious diseases requires urgent attention where POCD could be indispensable tools for immediate detection and early warning of a potential pathogen. The advantages of being rapid, easily affordable and the ability to diagnose an infectious disease on spot has driven an intense effort to refine and build on the existing technologies to generate advanced POCD with incremental improvements in analytical performance to diagnose a broad spectrum of animal diseases. The rural communities in developing countries are invariably affected by the burden of infectious animal diseases due to limited access to diagnostics and animal health personnel. Besides, the alarming trend of emerging and transboundary diseases with pathogen spill-overs at livestock-wildlife interfaces has been identified as a threat to the domestic population and wildlife conservation. Under such circumstances, POCD coupled with non-invasive sampling techniques could be successfully deployed at field level without the use of sophisticated laboratory infrastructures. This review illustrates the current and prospective POCD for existing and emerging animal diseases, the status of non-invasive sampling strategies for animal diseases, and the tremendous potential of POCD to uplift the status of global animal health care.
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Chen L, Wen K, Chen FE, Trick AY, Liu H, Shao S, Yu W, Hsieh K, Wang Z, Shen J, Wang TH. Portable Magnetofluidic Device for Point-of-Need Detection of African Swine Fever. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10940-10946. [PMID: 34319068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With a nearly 100% mortality rate, African swine fever (ASF) has devastated the pork industry in many countries. Without a vaccine in sight, mitigation rests on rapid diagnosis and immediately depopulating infected or exposed animals. Unfortunately, current tests require centralized laboratories with well-trained personnel, take days to report the results, and thus do not meet the need for such rapid diagnosis. In response, we developed a portable, sample-to-answer device that allows for ASF detection at the point of need in <30 min. The device employs droplet magnetofluidics to automate DNA purification from blood, tissue, or swab samples and utilizes fast thermal cycling to perform real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), all within an inexpensive disposable cartridge. We evaluated its diagnostic performance at six farms and slaughter facilities. The device exhibits high diagnostic accuracy with a positive percent agreement of 92.2% and a negative percent agreement of 93.6% compared with a lab-based reference qPCR test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kai Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hebin Liu
- Beijing Mingrida Science & Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100095, China
| | - Shibei Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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6
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Clemmons EA, Alfson KJ, Dutton JW. Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2039. [PMID: 34359167 PMCID: PMC8300273 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals provide food and other critical resources to most of the global population. As such, diseases of animals can cause dire consequences, especially disease with high rates of morbidity or mortality. Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible, epidemic diseases, with the potential to spread rapidly across the globe and the potential to cause substantial socioeconomic and public health consequences. Transboundary animal diseases can threaten the global food supply, reduce the availability of non-food animal products, or cause the loss of human productivity or life. Further, TADs result in socioeconomic consequences from costs of control or preventative measures, and from trade restrictions. A greater understanding of the transmission, spread, and pathogenesis of these diseases is required. Further work is also needed to improve the efficacy and cost of both diagnostics and vaccines. This review aims to give a broad overview of 17 TADs, providing researchers and veterinarians with a current, succinct resource of salient details regarding these significant diseases. For each disease, we provide a synopsis of the disease and its status, species and geographic areas affected, a summary of in vitro or in vivo research models, and when available, information regarding prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Clemmons
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Kendra J. Alfson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - John W. Dutton
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
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Goonewardene KB, Chung CJ, Goolia M, Blakemore L, Fabian A, Mohamed F, Nfon C, Clavijo A, Dodd KA, Ambagala A. Evaluation of oral fluid as an aggregate sample for early detection of African swine fever virus using four independent pen-based experimental studies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2867-2877. [PMID: 34075717 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sustained spread of African swine fever (ASF) virus throughout much of the world has made ASF a global animal health priority, with an increased emphasis on enhancing preparedness to prevent, detect and respond to a potential outbreak of ASF virus (ASFV). In the event of ASFV entry to the North American swine population, enhanced surveillance and diagnostic testing strategies will be critical to facilitate progressive response and eradication of the disease. Compared to individual animal sampling, pen-based oral fluid collection for active surveillance is a non-invasive alternative that is less resource and time-intensive. To evaluate the feasibility of using rope-based oral fluid for early detection of ASFV, four independent animal experiments were conducted in weaned pigs housed in numbers that mimic the industry settings, utilising either highly virulent ASFV Georgia 2007/1 strain or moderately virulent ASFV Malta'78 strain. Pen-based oral fluid and individual oropharyngeal swabs were collected daily and blood samples from each animal were collected every other day. All samples were subsequently tested for ASFV by real-time PCR. ASFV genome was detected in individual blood samples as early as one day post-infection and detected in oral fluids at low-to-moderate levels as early as 3-5 days post-infection in all four independent experiments. These results suggest that pen-based oral fluid samples may be used to supplement the use of traditional samples for rapid detection of ASFV during ASF surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalhari B Goonewardene
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chungwon J Chung
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Melissa Goolia
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Leslie Blakemore
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Andrew Fabian
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Fawzi Mohamed
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Charles Nfon
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Dodd
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Mee PT, Wong S, O’Riley KJ, da Conceição F, Bendita da Costa Jong J, Phillips DE, Rodoni BC, Rawlin GT, Lynch SE. Field Verification of an African Swine Fever Virus Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay During an Outbreak in Timor-Leste. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121444. [PMID: 33334037 PMCID: PMC7765541 DOI: 10.3390/v12121444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of African swine fever virus (ASFV) have seen the movement of this virus into multiple new regions with devastating impact. Many of these outbreaks are occurring in remote, or resource-limited areas, that do not have access to molecular laboratories. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a rapid point of care test that can overcome a range of inhibitors. We outline further development of a real-time ASFV LAMP, including field verification during an outbreak in Timor-Leste. To increase field applicability, the extraction step was removed and an internal amplification control (IAC) was implemented. Assay performance was assessed in six different sample matrices and verified for a range of clinical samples. A LAMP detection limit of 400 copies/rxn was determined based on synthetic positive control spikes. A colourmetric LAMP assay was also assessed on serum samples. Comparison of the LAMP assay to a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed on clinical ASFV samples, using both serum and oral/rectal swabs, with a substantial level of agreement observed. The further verification of the ASFV LAMP assay, removal of extraction step, implementation of an IAC and the assessment of a range of sample matrix, further support the use of this assay for rapid in-field detection of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Mee
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (S.W.); (K.J.O.); (B.C.R.); (G.T.R.); (S.E.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-390-327-143
| | - Shani Wong
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (S.W.); (K.J.O.); (B.C.R.); (G.T.R.); (S.E.L.)
| | - Kim J. O’Riley
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (S.W.); (K.J.O.); (B.C.R.); (G.T.R.); (S.E.L.)
| | - Felisiano da Conceição
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Government of Timor-Leste, Av. Nicolao Lobato, Comoro, Dili 0332, Timor-Leste; (F.d.C.); (J.B.d.C.J.)
| | - Joanita Bendita da Costa Jong
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Government of Timor-Leste, Av. Nicolao Lobato, Comoro, Dili 0332, Timor-Leste; (F.d.C.); (J.B.d.C.J.)
| | - Dianne E. Phillips
- Agriculture Victoria, Biosecurity and Agriculture Services, Bairnsdale, VIC 3857, Australia;
| | - Brendan C. Rodoni
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (S.W.); (K.J.O.); (B.C.R.); (G.T.R.); (S.E.L.)
| | - Grant T. Rawlin
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (S.W.); (K.J.O.); (B.C.R.); (G.T.R.); (S.E.L.)
| | - Stacey E. Lynch
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (S.W.); (K.J.O.); (B.C.R.); (G.T.R.); (S.E.L.)
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de Oliveira LG, Gatto IRH, Mechler-Dreibi ML, Almeida HMS, Sonálio K, Storino GY. Achievements and Challenges of Classical Swine Fever Eradication in Brazil. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111327. [PMID: 33227889 PMCID: PMC7699269 DOI: 10.3390/v12111327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) causes one of the most critical diseases in the porcine industry worldwide. In Brazil, the first description of the infection was reported in 1888, and the national recognition of the first free zone (FZ) occurred in 2001. Brazil has been recently recognized (2015-2016) by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) with an FZ involving 15 states and the Federal District, corresponding to 95% of the industrial production of pigs in the country, and a non-free zone (NFZ), comprised by the North and Northeast regions of the country, with approximately 18% of the national pig herd and 5% of industrial production. This review aims to describe the history, the control and eradication actions, the recent occurrence of outbreaks in the NFZ, and the results obtained by the surveillance systems' action in the FZ for CSF in Brazil since its creation. In the passive surveillance system, the notification of the suspect cases of classical swine fever (CSF) is mandatory while in the active surveillance system adopted in the FZ consists of serological monitoring of certified swine breeding farms (CSBFs), intensive pig farming (IPF), non-technified pig herds (NTPig), surveillance in slaughterhouses and monitoring the populations of wild pigs. In this region, the last outbreaks of the disease occurred in 1998, while in the NFZ, 28 outbreaks were detected from 2005 to 2017, with an apparent lethality rate of 93.96% (840/894). However, in 2018 and 2019, 68 new outbreaks were registered with an apparent lethality rate of 75.05% (1095/1459). Therefore, in 2019, the Brazil CSF-Free Strategic Plan was created to eradicate the infection from the country's NFZ, since outbreaks in this region present a risk of reintroducing the disease FZ. Finally, differences in characteristics between the regions show factors that still need to be considered for the construction of a robust surveillance system in the NFZ and some improvements in the FZ. Thus, the control of CSF throughout the Brazilian territory requires strict sanitary guidelines, promoting animal health and, consequently, the national production chain's competitiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (M.L.M.-D.); (H.M.S.A.); (K.S.); (G.Y.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Igor Renan Honorato Gatto
- Ourofino Animal Health Ltda. Rodovia Anhanguera SP 330, Km 298, Distrito Industrial, Cravinhos, São Paulo 14140-000, Brazil;
| | - Marina Lopes Mechler-Dreibi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (M.L.M.-D.); (H.M.S.A.); (K.S.); (G.Y.S.)
| | - Henrique M. S. Almeida
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (M.L.M.-D.); (H.M.S.A.); (K.S.); (G.Y.S.)
| | - Karina Sonálio
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (M.L.M.-D.); (H.M.S.A.); (K.S.); (G.Y.S.)
| | - Gabriel Yuri Storino
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (M.L.M.-D.); (H.M.S.A.); (K.S.); (G.Y.S.)
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