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Gagnon J, Caron V, Tremblay A. SUMOylation of nuclear receptor Nor1/NR4A3 coordinates microtubule cytoskeletal dynamics and stability in neuronal cells. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:91. [PMID: 38997783 PMCID: PMC11245793 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nor1/NR4A3 is a member of the NR4A subfamily of nuclear receptors that play essential roles in regulating gene expression related to development, cell homeostasis and neurological functions. However, Nor1 is still considered an orphan receptor, as its natural ligand remains unclear for mediating transcriptional activation. Yet other activation signals may modulate Nor1 activity, although their precise role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system remains elusive. METHODS We used transcriptional reporter assays, gene expression profiling, protein turnover measurement, and cell growth assays to assess the functional relevance of Nor1 and SUMO-defective variants in neuronal cells. SUMO1 and SUMO2 conjugation to Nor1 were assessed by immunoprecipitation. Tubulin stability was determined by acetylation and polymerization assays, and live-cell fluorescent microscopy. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that Nor1 undergoes SUMO1 conjugation at Lys-89 within a canonical ψKxE SUMOylation motif, contributing to the complex pattern of Nor1 SUMOylation, which also includes Lys-137. Disruption of Lys-89, thereby preventing SUMO1 conjugation, led to reduced Nor1 transcriptional competence and protein stability, as well as the downregulation of genes involved in cell growth and metabolism, such as ENO3, EN1, and CFLAR, and in microtubule cytoskeleton dynamics, including MAP2 and MAPT, which resulted in reduced survival of neuronal cells. Interestingly, Lys-89 SUMOylation was potentiated in response to nocodazole, a microtubule depolymerizing drug, although this was insufficient to rescue cells from microtubule disruption despite enhanced Nor1 gene expression. Instead, Lys-89 deSUMOylation reduced the expression of microtubule-severing genes like KATNA1, SPAST, and FIGN, and enhanced α-tubulin cellular levels, acetylation, and microfilament organization, promoting microtubule stability and resistance to nocodazole. These effects contrasted with Lys-137 SUMOylation, suggesting distinct regulatory mechanisms based on specific Nor1 input SUMOylation signals. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel insights into Nor1 transcriptional signaling competence and identifies a hierarchical mechanism whereby selective Nor1 SUMOylation may govern neuronal cytoskeleton network dynamics and resistance against microtubule disturbances, a condition strongly associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gagnon
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Véronique Caron
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - André Tremblay
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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2
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Wang H, Zhang M, Fang F, Xu C, Liu J, Gao L, Zhao C, Wang Z, Zhong Y, Wang X. The nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A1 in human disease. Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 101:148-159. [PMID: 36861809 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2022-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1), a member of the NR4A subfamily, acts as a gene regulator in a wide range of signaling pathways and responses to human diseases. Here, we provide a brief overview of the current functions of NR4A1 in human diseases and the factors involved in its function. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms can potentially improve drug development and disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuang Wang
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhang
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Jiazhi Liu
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Lanjun Gao
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns Research, Shijiazhuang 050091, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns Research, Shijiazhuang 050091, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Xiangting Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns Research, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
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3
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Interactions governing transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1941-1952. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20220338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The key players in transcriptional regulation are transcription factors (TFs), proteins that bind specific DNA sequences. Several mechanisms exist to turn TFs ‘on’ and ‘off’, including ligand binding which induces conformational changes within TFs, subsequently influencing multiple inter- and intramolecular interactions to drive transcriptional responses. Nuclear receptors are a specific family of ligand-regulated TFs whose activity relies on interactions with DNA, coregulator proteins and other receptors. These multidomain proteins also undergo interdomain interactions on multiple levels, further modulating transcriptional outputs. Cooperation between these distinct interactions is critical for appropriate transcription and remains an intense area of investigation. In this review, we report and summarize recent findings that continue to advance our mechanistic understanding of how interactions between nuclear receptors and diverse partners influence transcription.
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The role of NURR1 in metabolic abnormalities of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:46. [PMID: 35761385 PMCID: PMC9235236 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A constant metabolism and energy supply are crucial to all organs, particularly the brain. Age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), are associated with alterations in cellular metabolism. These changes have been recognized as a novel hot topic that may provide new insights to help identify risk in the pre-symptomatic phase of the disease, understand disease pathogenesis, track disease progression, and determine critical endpoints. Nuclear receptor-related factor 1 (NURR1), an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors, is a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of PD, and changes in NURR1 expression can have a detrimental effect on cellular metabolism. In this review, we discuss recent evidence that suggests a vital role of NURR1 in dopaminergic (DAergic) neuron development and the pathogenesis of PD. The association between NURR1 and cellular metabolic abnormalities and its implications for PD therapy have been further highlighted.
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5
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Hiwa R, Brooks JF, Mueller JL, Nielsen HV, Zikherman J. NR4A nuclear receptors in T and B lymphocytes: Gatekeepers of immune tolerance . Immunol Rev 2022; 307:116-133. [PMID: 35174510 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Random VDJ recombination early in T and B cell development enables the adaptive immune system to recognize a vast array of evolving pathogens via antigen receptors. However, the potential of such randomly generated TCRs and BCRs to recognize and respond to self-antigens requires layers of tolerance mechanisms to mitigate the risk of life-threatening autoimmunity. Since they were originally cloned more than three decades ago, the NR4A family of nuclear hormone receptors have been implicated in many critical aspects of immune tolerance, including negative selection of thymocytes, peripheral T cell tolerance, regulatory T cells (Treg), and most recently in peripheral B cell tolerance. In this review, we discuss important insights from many laboratories as well as our own group into the function and mechanisms by which this small class of primary response genes promotes self-tolerance and immune homeostasis to balance the need for host defense against the inherent risks posed by the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Hiwa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jeremy F Brooks
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James L Mueller
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hailyn V Nielsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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6
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di Martino O, Niu H, Hadwiger G, Ferris MA, Welch JS. Cytokine exposure mediates transcriptional activation of the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 in hematopoietic cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101240. [PMID: 34571009 PMCID: PMC8528724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 is an immediate-early response gene that based on tissue and cell context is implicated in a plethora of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, and inflammation. Nur77 has a ligand-binding pocket that is obstructed by hydrophobic side groups. Naturally occurring, cell-endogenous ligands have not been identified, and Nur77 transcriptional activity is thought to be regulated through posttranslational modification and modulation of protein levels. To determine whether Nur77 is transcriptionally active in hematopoietic cells in vivo, we used an upstream activating sequence (UAS)-GFP transgenic reporter. We found that Nur77 is transcriptionally inactive in vivo in hematopoietic cells under basal conditions, but that activation occurs following cytokine exposure by G-CSF or IL-3. We also identified a series of serine residues required for cytokine-dependent transactivation of Nur77. Moreover, a kinase inhibitor library screen and proximity labeling-based mass spectrometry identified overlapping kinase pathways that physically interacted with Nur77 and whose inhibition abrogated cytokine-induced activation of Nur77. We determined that transcriptional activation of Nur77 by G-CSF or IL-3 requires functional JAK and mTor signaling since their inhibition leads to Nur77 transcriptional inactivation. Thus, intracellular cytokine signaling networks appear to regulate Nur77 transcriptional activity in mouse hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsola di Martino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Haixia Niu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer & Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gayla Hadwiger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Margaret A Ferris
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John S Welch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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7
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Dodat F, Mader S, Lévesque D. Minireview: What is Known about SUMOylation Among NR4A Family Members? J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167212. [PMID: 34437889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NR4A receptors, including NUR77 (NR4A1), NURR1 (NR4A2) and NOR-1 (NR4A3), form a family of nuclear receptors that act as transcription factors to regulate many physiological and pathological processes such as cell cycle and apoptosis, lipid metabolism, inflammation, carcinogenesis, vascular and neuronal functions. In the absence of known endogenous ligand modulating their physiological functions, the NR4A family remains a class of orphan receptors. However, several post-translational modifications (PTMs), including SUMOylation, have been shown to regulate the expression and/or activity of these receptors. Addition of Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) proteins is a dynamic and reversible enzymatic process that regulates multiple essential functions of proteins, including nuclear receptors. This review aims at summarizing what is known about the impact of SUMOylation on NR4A family member transcriptional activities and physiological functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Eukaryotic Cells/cytology
- Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Lipid Metabolism/genetics
- Multigene Family
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins/genetics
- Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins/metabolism
- Sumoylation
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatéma Dodat
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC) and Département de biochimie et de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Sylvie Mader
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC) and Département de biochimie et de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Lévesque
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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8
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Zapatería B, Sevillano J, Sánchez-Alonso MG, Limones M, Pizarro-Delgado J, Zuccaro A, Herradón G, Medina-Gómez G, Ramos-Álvarez MP. Deletion of pleiotrophin impairs glucose tolerance and liver metabolism in pregnant mice: Moonlighting role of glycerol kinase. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21911. [PMID: 34551152 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101181r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pleiotrophin is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been demonstrated to have a critical role in regulating energy metabolism, lipid turnover and plasticity of adipose tissue. Here, we hypothesize that this cytokine can be involved in regulatory processes of glucose and lipid homeostasis in the liver during pregnancy. Using 18-days pregnant Ptn-deficient mice, we evaluated the biochemical profile (circulating variables), tissue mRNA expression (qPCR) and protein levels of key enzymes and transcription factors involved in main metabolic pathways. Ptn deletion was associated with a reduction in body weight gain, hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. Moreover, we observed an impairment in glucose synthesis and degradation during late pregnancy in Ptn-/- mice. Hepatic lipid content was significantly lower (73.6%) in Ptn-/- mice and was associated with a clear reduction in fatty acid, triacylglycerides and cholesterol synthesis. Ptn deletion was accompanying with a diabetogenic state in the mother and a decreased expression of key proteins involved in glucose and lipid uptake and metabolism. Moreover, Ptn-/- pregnant mice have a decreased expression of transcription factors, such as PPAR-α, regulating lipid uptake and glucose and lipid utilization. Furthermore, the augmented expression and nuclear translocation of glycerol kinase, and the decrease in NUR77 protein levels in the knock-out animals can further explain the alterations observed in hepatic glucose metabolism. Our results point out for the first time that pleiotrophin is an important player in maintaining hepatic metabolic homeostasis during late gestation, and further highlighted the moonlighting role of glycerol kinase in the regulation of maternal glucose homeostasis during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Zapatería
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Julio Sevillano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - María Gracia Sánchez-Alonso
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - María Limones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Javier Pizarro-Delgado
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Agata Zuccaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Herradón
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Gema Medina-Gómez
- Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - María Pilar Ramos-Álvarez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Alcorcón, Spain
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9
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Gagnon J, Caron V, Gyenizse L, Tremblay A. Atypic SUMOylation of Nor1/NR4A3 regulates neural cell viability and redox sensitivity. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21827. [PMID: 34383980 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100395r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuron-derived orphan receptor 1, NR4A3 (Nor1)/NR4A3 is an orphan nuclear receptor involved in the transcriptional control of developmental and neurological functions. Oxidative stress-induced conditions are primarily associated with neurological defects in humans, yet the impact on Nor1-mediated transcription of neuronal genes remains with unknown mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that Nor1 is a non-conventional target of SUMO2/3 conjugation at Lys-137 contained in an atypic ψKxSP motif referred to as the pSuM. Nor1 pSuM SUMOylation differs from the canonical process with the obligate phosphorylation of Ser-139 by Ras signaling to create the required negatively charged interface for SUMOylation. Additional phosphorylation at sites flanking the pSuM is also mediated by the coordinated action of protein kinase casein kinase 2 to function as a small ubiquitin-like modifier enhancer, regulating Nor1-mediated transcription and proteasomal degradation. Nor1 responsive genes involved in cell proliferation and metabolism, such as activating transcription factor 3, cyclin D1, CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator, and enolase 3 were upregulated in response to pSuM disruption in mouse HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cells and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. We also identified critical antioxidant genes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase 1, and microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2, as responsive targets of Nor1 under pSuM regulation. Nor1 SUMOylation impaired gene transcription through less effective Nor1 chromatin binding and reduced enrichment of histone H3K27ac marks to gene promoters. These effects resulted in decreased neuronal cell growth, increased apoptosis, and reduced survival to oxidative stress damage, underlying the role of pSuM-modified Nor1 in redox homeostasis. Our findings uncover a hierarchical post-translational mechanism that dictates Nor1 non-canonical SUMOylation, disrupting Nor1 transcriptional competence, and neuroprotective redox sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gagnon
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Caron
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurent Gyenizse
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tremblay
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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10
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Morán-Torres R, Castillo González DA, Durán-Pastén ML, Aguilar-Maldonado B, Castro-Obregón S, Del Rio G. Selective Moonlighting Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1119. [PMID: 34452080 PMCID: PMC8400200 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are molecules capable of passing through biological membranes. This capacity has been used to deliver impermeable molecules into cells, such as drugs and DNA probes, among others. However, the internalization of these peptides lacks specificity: CPPs internalize indistinctly on different cell types. Two major approaches have been described to address this problem: (i) targeting, in which a receptor-recognizing sequence is added to a CPP, and (ii) activation, where a non-active form of the CPP is activated once it interacts with cell target components. These strategies result in multifunctional peptides (i.e., penetrate and target recognition) that increase the CPP's length, the cost of synthesis and the likelihood to be degraded or become antigenic. In this work we describe the use of machine-learning methods to design short selective CPP; the reduction in size is accomplished by embedding two or more activities within a single CPP domain, hence we referred to these as moonlighting CPPs. We provide experimental evidence that these designed moonlighting peptides penetrate selectively in targeted cells and discuss areas of opportunity to improve in the design of these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Morán-Torres
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.M.-T.); (D.A.C.G.)
| | - David A. Castillo González
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.M.-T.); (D.A.C.G.)
| | - Maria Luisa Durán-Pastén
- Laboratorio Nacional de Canalopatias, National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Beatriz Aguilar-Maldonado
- Department of Neurodevelopment and Physiology, Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (B.A.-M.); (S.C.-O.)
| | - Susana Castro-Obregón
- Department of Neurodevelopment and Physiology, Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (B.A.-M.); (S.C.-O.)
| | - Gabriel Del Rio
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.M.-T.); (D.A.C.G.)
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11
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Functions of nuclear receptors SUMOylation. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 516:27-33. [PMID: 33476589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor superfamily is a family of ligand-activated transcription factors that play a key role in cell metabolism and human diseases. They can be modified after translation, such as acetylation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation and SUMOylation. Crosstalk between SUMO and ubiquitin, phosphorylation and acetylation regulates a variety of metabolic and physiological activities. Nuclear receptors play an important role in lipid metabolism, inflammation, bile acid homeostasis and autophagy. SUMOylation nuclear receptors can regulate their function and affect cell metabolism. It also provides a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis, tumor and other metabolic and inflammation-related diseases. This review focuses on the function of SUMOylation nuclear receptors.
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12
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Li P, Jing H, Wang Y, Yuan L, Xiao H, Zheng Q. SUMO modification in apoptosis. J Mol Histol 2020; 52:1-10. [PMID: 33225418 PMCID: PMC7790789 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and clearance of dead cells is highly evolutionarily conserved from nematode to humans, which is crucial to the growth and development of multicellular organism. Fail to remove apoptotic cells often lead to homeostasis imbalance, fatal autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs) modification is a post-translational modification of ubiquitin proteins mediated by the sentrin-specific proteases (SENPs) family. SUMO modification is widely involved in many cellular biological process, and abnormal SUMO modification is also closely related to many major human diseases. Recent researches have revealed that SUMO modification event occurs during apoptosis and clearance of apoptotic cells, and plays an important role in the regulation of apoptotic signaling pathways. This review summarizes some recent progress in the revelation of regulatory mechanisms of these pathways and provides some potential researching hotpots of the SUMO modification regulation to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Huiru Jing
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yanzhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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Dodat F, Cotnoir-White D, Dianati E, Vallet A, Mader S, Lévesque D. Complex regulation of orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 (Nr4a1) transcriptional activity by SUMO2 and PIASγ. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118908. [PMID: 33189785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nur77 (NGFI-B) is a nuclear receptor that belongs to the Nr4a family of orphan nuclear receptors (Nr4a1). This transcription factor has been implicated in the regulation of multiple functions, such as cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, inflammation, glucose and lipid metabolism, and brain function. However, the mechanisms involved in its different regulatory properties remain unclear. In search for regulatory mechanisms of Nur77 function, we identified that Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT gamma (PIASγ), an E3 SUMO-protein ligase, potently repressed Nur77 transcriptional activity in HEK-293T cells. This PIASγ activity was sensitive to Sentrin SUMO-specific protease 1 (SENP1). Substitution of two putative phylogenetically well-conserved small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) acceptor sites, lysine 102 (K102) and 577 (K577) by arginine residues (R) modulated Nur77 transcriptional activity. In particular, Nur77-K102R and Nur77-K102R/K577R mutants strongly decreased the transcriptional activity of Nur77, whereas single K577R substitution increased transcriptional activity of Nur77. Repression of Nur77 transcriptional activity by SUMO2 and PIASγ was reduced by the K577R mutation, whereas the K102R mutant remained insensitive to SUMO2. Interestingly, the roles of these SUMO acceptor sites in Nur77 are distinct from previously observed activities on its close homolog Nurr1. Thus, the present study identified SUMO2 and PIASγ as important transcriptional co-regulators of Nur77.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatéma Dodat
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David Cotnoir-White
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal et Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elham Dianati
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal et Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Amandine Vallet
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal et Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Mader
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal et Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Lévesque
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Safe S, Karki K. The Paradoxical Roles of Orphan Nuclear Receptor 4A (NR4A) in Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:180-191. [PMID: 33106376 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The three-orphan nuclear receptor 4A genes are induced by diverse stressors and stimuli, and there is increasing evidence that NR4A1 (Nur77), NR4A2 (Nurr1), and NR4A3 (Nor1) play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and in pathophysiology. In blood-derived tumors (leukemias and lymphomas), NR4A expression is low and NR4A1-/-/NR4A3-/- double knockout mice rapidly develop acute myelocytic leukemia, suggesting that these receptors exhibit tumor suppressor activity. Treatment of leukemia and most lymphoma cells with drugs that induce expression of NR4A1and NR4A3 enhances apoptosis, and this represents a potential clinical application for treating this disease. In contrast, most solid tumor-derived cell lines express high levels of NR4A1 and NR4A2, and both receptors exhibit pro-oncogenic activities in solid tumors, whereas NR4A3 exhibits tumor-specific activities. Initial studies with retinoids and apoptosis-inducing agents demonstrated that their cytotoxic activity is NR4A1 dependent and involved drug-induced nuclear export of NR4A1 and formation of a mitochondrial proapoptotic NR4A1-bcl-2 complex. Drug-induced nuclear export of NR4A1 has been reported for many agents/biologics and involves interactions with multiple mitochondrial and extramitochondrial factors to induce apoptosis. Synthetic ligands for NR4A1, NR4A2, and NR4A3 have been identified, and among these compounds, bis-indole derived (CDIM) NR4A1 ligands primarily act on nuclear NR4A1 to inhibit NR4A1-regulated pro-oncogenic pathways/genes and similar results have been observed for CDIMs that bind NR4A2. Based on results of laboratory animal studies development of NR4A inducers (blood-derived cancers) and NR4A1/NR4A2 antagonists (solid tumors) may be promising for cancer therapy and also for enhancing immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
| | - Keshav Karki
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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