1
|
Wang P, Yang B, Huang H, Liang P, Long B, Chen L, Yang L, Tang L, Huang L, Liang H. HIV gp120/Tat protein-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition promotes the progression of cervical lesions. AIDS Res Ther 2023; 20:82. [PMID: 37981694 PMCID: PMC10657494 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-023-00577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with an elevated incidence of cervical cancer, and accelerated disease progression, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between HIV infection and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cervical cancer. METHODS Tissue samples from HIV-positive and negative patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer were analyzed for EMT-related proteins. Human cervical cancer SiHa cells were treated with HIV Tat and gp120 proteins to test their effects on EMT, migration, and invasion. RESULTS HIV-positive patients had lower E-cadherin and cytokeratin, and higher N-cadherin and vimentin levels than HIV-negative patients. HIV Tat and gp120 proteins induced EMT, migration, and invasion in SiHa cells. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that, compared to the control group, the protein-treated group showed upregulation of 22 genes and downregulation of 77 genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed the involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway in EMT. Further analysis of gene expression related to this pathway revealed upregulation of DVL1, TCF7, KRT17, and VMAC, while GSK3β, SFRP2, and CDH1 were downregulated. Immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that HIVgp120 and Tat proteins treatment induced elevated β-catenin expression with nuclear accumulation in SiHa cells. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of SiHa cells with HIV Tat and gp120 proteins induces EMT and activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, suggesting that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may play a crucial role in promoting EMT progression in cervical lesion tissues of HIV-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peizhi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gynecology, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Baojun Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Peiyi Liang
- Department of Gynecology, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Bin Long
- Department of Gynecology, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Lijie Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Lianhua Tang
- Department of Gynecology, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Liping Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huichao Liang
- Department of Gynecology, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tugizov SM. Molecular Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Disease of Oropharyngeal Mucosal Epithelium. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1444. [PMID: 37239115 PMCID: PMC10216750 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The oropharyngeal mucosal epithelia have a polarized organization, which is critical for maintaining a highly efficient barrier as well as innate immune functions. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease, the barrier and innate immune functions of the oral mucosa are impaired via a number of mechanisms. The goal of this review was to discuss the molecular mechanisms of HIV/AIDS-associated changes in the oropharyngeal mucosa and their role in promoting HIV transmission and disease pathogenesis, notably the development of opportunistic infections, including human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. In addition, the significance of adult and newborn/infant oral mucosa in HIV resistance and transmission was analyzed. HIV/AIDS-associated changes in the oropharyngeal mucosal epithelium and their role in promoting human papillomavirus-positive and negative neoplastic malignancy are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharof M Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kingsley C, Kourtidis A. Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa. Tissue Barriers 2023; 11:2084320. [PMID: 35659464 PMCID: PMC10161952 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2084320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is directly exposed to a variety of environmental stimuli and contains a diverse microbiome that continuously interacts with the oral epithelium. Therefore, establishment and maintenance of the barrier function of the oral mucosa is of paramount importance for its function and for the body's overall health. The adherens junction is a cell-cell adhesion complex that is essential for epithelial barrier function. Although a considerable body of work has associated barrier disruption with oral diseases, the molecular underpinnings of these associations have not been equally investigated. This is critical, since adherens junction components also possess significant signaling roles in the cell, in addition to their architectural ones. Here, we summarize current knowledge involving adherens junction components in oral pathologies, such as cancer and oral pathogen-related diseases, while we also discuss gaps in the knowledge and opportunities for future investigation of the relationship between adherens junctions and oral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kingsley
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Antonis Kourtidis
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mass spectrometry analysis of gut tissue in acute SIV-infection in rhesus macaques identifies early proteome alterations preceding the interferon inflammatory response. Sci Rep 2023; 13:690. [PMID: 36639424 PMCID: PMC9839751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection damages the gut mucosa leading to chronic immune activation, increased morbidities and mortality, and antiretroviral therapies, do not completely ameliorate mucosal dysfunction. Understanding early molecular changes in acute infection may identify new biomarkers underlying gut dysfunction. Here we utilized a proteomics approach, coupled with flow cytometry, to characterize early molecular and immunological alterations during acute SIV infection in gut tissue of rhesus macaques. Gut tissue biopsies were obtained at 2 times pre-infection and 4 times post-infection from 6 macaques. The tissue proteome was analyzed by mass spectrometry, and immune cell populations in tissue and blood by flow cytometry. Significant proteome changes (p < 0.05) occurred at 3 days post-infection (dpi) (13.0%), 14 dpi (13.7%), 28 dpi (16.9%) and 63 dpi (14.8%). At 3 dpi, proteome changes included cellular structural activity, barrier integrity, and activation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) (FDR < 0.0001) prior to the antiviral response at 14 dpi (IFNa/g pathways, p < 0.001). Novel EMT proteomic biomarkers (keratins 2, 6A and 20, collagen 12A1, desmoplakin) and inflammatory biomarkers (PSMB9, FGL2) were associated with early infection and barrier dysfunction. These findings identify new biomarkers preceding inflammation in SIV infection involved with EMT activation. This warrants further investigation of the role of these biomarkers in chronic infection, mucosal inflammation, and disease pathogenesis of HIV.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lien K, Mayer W, Herrera R, Padilla NT, Cai X, Lin V, Pholcharoenchit R, Palefsky J, Tugizov SM. HIV-1 Proteins gp120 and Tat Promote Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Invasiveness of HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative Neoplastic Genital and Oral Epithelial Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0362222. [PMID: 36314970 PMCID: PMC9770004 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03622-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated anogenital and oropharyngeal cancer in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals is substantially higher than in HIV-uninfected individuals. HIV may also be a risk factor for the development of HPV-negative head and neck, liver, lung, and kidney cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV-1-associated increase of epithelial malignancies are not fully understood. Here, we showed that HPV-16-immortalized anal AKC-2 and cervical CaSki epithelial cells that undergo prolonged exposure to cell-free HIV-1 virions or HIV-1 viral proteins gp120 and tat respond with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increased invasiveness. Similar responses were observed in HPV-16-infected SCC-47 and HPV-16-negative HSC-3 oral epithelial cancer cells that were cultured with these viral proteins. EMT induced by gp120 and tat led to detachment of poorly adherent cells from the culture substratum; these cells remained capable of reattachment, upon which they coexpressed both E-cadherin and vimentin, indicative of an intermediate stage of EMT. The reattached cells also expressed stem cell markers CD133 and CD44, which may play a critical role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and MAPK signaling and vimentin expression, and restoration of E-cadherin expression reduced HIV-induced EMT and the invasive activity of HPV-16-immortalized anal and cervical epithelial cells. Collectively, our results suggest that these approaches along with HIV viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART) might be useful to limit the role of HIV-1 infection in the acceleration of HPV-associated or HPV-independent epithelial neoplasia. IMPORTANCE HPV-16-immortalized genital and oral epithelial cells and HPV-negative oral cancer cells that undergo prolonged contact with cell-free HIV-1 virions or with viral proteins gp120 and tat respond by becoming more invasive. EMT cells induced by HIV-1 in cultures of HPV-16-immortalized anal and cervical epithelial cells express the stem cell markers CD133 and CD44. These results suggest that the interaction of HIV-1 with neoplastic epithelial cells may lead to their de-differentiation into cancer stem cells that are resistant to apoptosis and anti-cancer drugs. Thus, this pathway may play a critical role in the development of invasive cancer. Inhibition of TGF-β1 and MAPK signaling and vimentin expression, and restoration of E-cadherin expression reduced HIV-induced EMT and the invasiveness of HPV-16-immortalized anal and cervical epithelial cells. Taken together, these results suggest that these approaches might be exploited to limit the role of HIV-1 infection in the acceleration of HPV-associated or HPV-independent epithelial neoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Lien
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wasima Mayer
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rossana Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicole T. Padilla
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiaodan Cai
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vicky Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Joel Palefsky
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sharof M. Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meng Z, Yang T, Liu D. Type-2 epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral mucosal nonneoplastic diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020768. [PMID: 36389753 PMCID: PMC9659919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosa is a membranous structure comprising epithelial and connective tissue that covers the oral cavity. The oral mucosa is the first immune barrier to protect the body against pathogens for systemic protection. It is frequently exposed to mechanical abrasion, chemical erosion, and pathogenic invasion, resulting in oral mucosal lesions, particularly inflammatory diseases. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial biological process in the pathogenesis of oral mucosal disorders, which are classified into three types (types 1, 2, and 3) based on their physiological consequences. Among these, type-2 EMT is crucial in wound repair, organ fibrosis, and tissue regeneration. It causes infectious and dis-infectious immunological diseases, such as oral lichen planus (OLP), oral leukoplakia, oral submucosal fibrosis, and other precancerous lesions. However, the mechanism and cognition between type-2 EMT and oral mucosal inflammatory disorders remain unknown. This review first provides a comprehensive evaluation of type-2 EMT in chronically inflammatory oral mucosal disorders. The aim is to lay a foundation for future research and suggest potential treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaosong Meng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Stomatology Hospital, Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianle Yang
- School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dayong Liu
- Department of Endodontics & Laboratory for Dental Stem Cells and Endocrine Immunology, Tianjin Medical University School of Stomatology, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Dayong Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mulherkar TH, Gómez DJ, Sandel G, Jain P. Co-Infection and Cancer: Host–Pathogen Interaction between Dendritic Cells and HIV-1, HTLV-1, and Other Oncogenic Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092037. [PMID: 36146843 PMCID: PMC9503663 DOI: 10.3390/v14092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) function as a link between innate and adaptive immune responses. Retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1 modulate DCs to their advantage and utilize them to propagate infection. Coinfection of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 has implications for cancer malignancies. Both viruses initially infect DCs and propagate the infection to CD4+ T cells through cell-to-cell transmission using mechanisms including the formation of virologic synapses, viral biofilms, and conduits. These retroviruses are both neurotrophic with neurovirulence determinants. The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 results in neurodegenerative diseases such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Infected DCs are known to traffic to the brain (CNS) and periphery (PNS, lymphatics) to induce neurodegeneration in HAND and HAM/TSP patients. Elevated levels of neuroinflammation have been correlated with cognitive decline and impairment of motor control performance. Current vaccinations and therapeutics for HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are assessed and can be applied to patients with HIV-1-associated cancers and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). These diseases caused by co-infections can result in both neurodegeneration and cancer. There are associations with cancer malignancies and HIV-1 and HTLV-1 as well as other human oncogenic viruses (EBV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HPV). This review contains current knowledge on DC sensing of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 including DC-SIGN, Tat, Tax, and current viral therapies. An overview of DC interaction with oncogenic viruses including EBV, Hepatitis viruses, and HPV is also provided. Vaccines and therapeutics targeting host–pathogen interactions can provide a solution to co-infections, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania H. Mulherkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Daniel Joseph Gómez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
| | - Grace Sandel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pandrea I, Brooks K, Desai RP, Tare M, Brenchley JM, Apetrei C. I've looked at gut from both sides now: Gastrointestinal tract involvement in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV/SIV infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899559. [PMID: 36032119 PMCID: PMC9411647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lumen of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains an incredibly diverse and extensive collection of microorganisms that can directly stimulate the immune system. There are significant data to demonstrate that the spatial localization of the microbiome can impact viral disease pathogenesis. Here we discuss recent studies that have investigated causes and consequences of GI tract pathologies in HIV, SIV, and SARS-CoV-2 infections with HIV and SIV initiating GI pathology from the basal side and SARS-CoV-2 from the luminal side. Both these infections result in alterations of the intestinal barrier, leading to microbial translocation, persistent inflammation, and T-cell immune activation. GI tract damage is one of the major contributors to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and to the incomplete immune restoration in HIV-infected subjects, even in those with robust viral control with antiretroviral therapy. While the causes of GI tract pathologies differ between these virus families, therapeutic interventions to reduce microbial translocation-induced inflammation and improve the integrity of the GI tract may improve the prognoses of infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kelsie Brooks
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rahul P. Desai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Minali Tare
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Johnstone KF, Herzberg MC. Antimicrobial peptides: Defending the mucosal epithelial barrier. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:958480. [PMID: 35979535 PMCID: PMC9376388 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.958480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent epidemic caused by aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 virus illustrates the importance and vulnerability of the mucosal epithelial barrier against infection. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are key to the epithelial barrier, providing immunity against microbes. In primitive life forms, AMPs protect the integument and the gut against pathogenic microbes. AMPs have also evolved in humans and other mammals to enhance newer, complex innate and adaptive immunity to favor the persistence of commensals over pathogenic microbes. The canonical AMPs are helictical peptides that form lethal pores in microbial membranes. In higher life forms, this type of AMP is exemplified by the defensin family of AMPs. In epithelial tissues, defensins, and calprotectin (complex of S100A8 and S100A9) have evolved to work cooperatively. The mechanisms of action differ. Unlike defensins, calprotectin sequesters essential trace metals from microbes, which inhibits growth. This review focuses on defensins and calprotectin as AMPs that appear to work cooperatively to fortify the epithelial barrier against infection. The antimicrobial spectrum is broad with overlap between the two AMPs. In mice, experimental models highlight the contribution of both AMPs to candidiasis as a fungal infection and periodontitis resulting from bacterial dysbiosis. These AMPs appear to contribute to innate immunity in humans, protecting the commensal microflora and restricting the emergence of pathobionts and pathogens. A striking example in human innate immunity is that elevated serum calprotectin protects against neonatal sepsis. Calprotectin is also remarkable because of functional differences when localized in epithelial and neutrophil cytoplasm or released into the extracellular environment. In the cytoplasm, calprotectin appears to protect against invasive pathogens. Extracellularly, calprotectin can engage pathogen-recognition receptors to activate innate immune and proinflammatory mechanisms. In inflamed epithelial and other tissue spaces, calprotectin, DNA, and histones are released from degranulated neutrophils to form insoluble antimicrobial barriers termed neutrophil extracellular traps. Hence, calprotectin and other AMPs use several strategies to provide microbial control and stimulate innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mendez Valdez MJ, Lu VM, Kim E, Rivas SR, Govindarajan V, Ivan M, Komotar R, Nath A, Heiss JD, Shah AH. Glioblastoma multiforme in patients with human immunodeficiency virus: an integrated review and analysis. J Neurooncol 2022; 159:571-579. [PMID: 35857248 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-022-04095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As lifespans for persons living with HIV (PLWH) have improved over the last decade, there has been a simultaneous increase in non-AIDS-related cancer in that group. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the incidence of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in PLWH. Better understanding of the oncogenesis, natural history, and treatment outcomes of GBM in PLWH should lead to improved treatment strategies. METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature search of six electronic databases to identify eligible cases of GBM among PLWH. Kaplan-Meier estimates, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression were used to interrogate the data. Epidemiologic data on global HIV prevalence was obtained from the 2016 UNAIDS incidence report, and CNS cancer incidence was obtained from the GDB 2016 Brain and Other CNS Cancer Collaborators. RESULTS There is an inverse relationship between the incidence of HIV and CNS cancer globally. Median overall survival (OS) from GBM diagnosis was 8 months. Estimates for survival at 1 and 2 years were 28 and 5%, respectively. There were no statistically significant predictors of OS in this setting. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) in OS in PLWH and GBM when compared to TCGA age matched cohorts. CONCLUSION The diagnosis of GBM in PLWH is severely underreported in the literature. Despite maximal treatment, OS in this patient population is significantly less than in HIV-negative people. There was a poor prognosis of GBM in PLWH, which is inconsistent with previous reports. Further investigation is required for PLWH and concomitant GBM. Analyses must consider if HAART is maintained in PLWH during GBM treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor M Lu
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Enoch Kim
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, USA
| | - Sarah R Rivas
- National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Michael Ivan
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | | | - Avindra Nath
- National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John D Heiss
- National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashish H Shah
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mowla S, Ahmed R. HIV infection and the risk of cancer: tumorigenicity of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins. Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2022-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Mowla
- Department of Pathology, Division of Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7925, South Africa
| | - Riyaadh Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Division of Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7925, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alfaro-García JP, Granados-Alzate MC, Vicente-Manzanares M, Gallego-Gómez JC. An Integrated View of Virus-Triggered Cellular Plasticity Using Boolean Networks. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112863. [PMID: 34831086 PMCID: PMC8616224 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-related mortality and morbidity are due to cell/tissue damage caused by replicative pressure and resource exhaustion, e.g., HBV or HIV; exaggerated immune responses, e.g., SARS-CoV-2; and cancer, e.g., EBV or HPV. In this context, oncogenic and other types of viruses drive genetic and epigenetic changes that expand the tumorigenic program, including modifications to the ability of cancer cells to migrate. The best-characterized group of changes is collectively known as the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, or EMT. This is a complex phenomenon classically described using biochemistry, cell biology and genetics. However, these methods require enormous, often slow, efforts to identify and validate novel therapeutic targets. Systems biology can complement and accelerate discoveries in this field. One example of such an approach is Boolean networks, which make complex biological problems tractable by modeling data (“nodes”) connected by logical operators. Here, we focus on virus-induced cellular plasticity and cell reprogramming in mammals, and how Boolean networks could provide novel insights into the ability of some viruses to trigger uncontrolled cell proliferation and EMT, two key hallmarks of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Paola Alfaro-García
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (J.P.A.-G.); (M.C.G.-A.)
| | - María Camila Granados-Alzate
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (J.P.A.-G.); (M.C.G.-A.)
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.V.-M.); (J.C.G.-G.)
| | - Juan Carlos Gallego-Gómez
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (J.P.A.-G.); (M.C.G.-A.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.-M.); (J.C.G.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tugizov S. Virus-associated disruption of mucosal epithelial tight junctions and its role in viral transmission and spread. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1943274. [PMID: 34241579 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.19432749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal, airway, intestinal, and genital mucosal epithelia are the main portals of entry for the majority of human pathogenic viruses. To initiate systemic infection, viruses must first be transmitted across the mucosal epithelium and then spread across the body. However, mucosal epithelia have well-developed tight junctions, which have a strong barrier function that plays a critical role in preventing the spread and dissemination of viral pathogens. Viruses can overcome these barriers by disrupting the tight junctions of mucosal epithelia, which facilitate paracellular viral penetration and initiate systemic disease. Disruption of tight and adherens junctions may also release the sequestered viral receptors within the junctional areas, and liberation of hidden receptors may facilitate viral infection of mucosal epithelia. This review focuses on possible molecular mechanisms of virus-associated disruption of mucosal epithelial junctions and its role in transmucosal viral transmission and spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharof Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tugizov S. Virus-associated disruption of mucosal epithelial tight junctions and its role in viral transmission and spread. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1943274. [PMID: 34241579 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1943274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal, airway, intestinal, and genital mucosal epithelia are the main portals of entry for the majority of human pathogenic viruses. To initiate systemic infection, viruses must first be transmitted across the mucosal epithelium and then spread across the body. However, mucosal epithelia have well-developed tight junctions, which have a strong barrier function that plays a critical role in preventing the spread and dissemination of viral pathogens. Viruses can overcome these barriers by disrupting the tight junctions of mucosal epithelia, which facilitate paracellular viral penetration and initiate systemic disease. Disruption of tight and adherens junctions may also release the sequestered viral receptors within the junctional areas, and liberation of hidden receptors may facilitate viral infection of mucosal epithelia. This review focuses on possible molecular mechanisms of virus-associated disruption of mucosal epithelial junctions and its role in transmucosal viral transmission and spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharof Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Coinfection of Infant Tonsil Epithelium May Synergistically Promote both HIV-1 and HCMV Spread and Infection. J Virol 2021; 95:e0092121. [PMID: 34232730 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00921-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) may occur during pregnancy, labor, or breastfeeding. These viruses from amniotic fluid, cervicovaginal secretions, and breast milk may simultaneously interact with oropharyngeal and tonsil epithelia; however, the molecular mechanism of HIV-1 and HCMV cotransmission through the oral mucosa and its role in MTCT are poorly understood. To study the molecular mechanism of HIV-1 and HCMV MTCT via oral epithelium, we established polarized infant tonsil epithelial cells and polarized-oriented ex vivo tonsil tissue explants. Using these models, we showed that cell-free HIV-1 and its proteins gp120 and tat induce the disruption of tonsil epithelial tight junctions and increase paracellular permeability, which facilitates HCMV spread within the tonsil mucosa. Inhibition of HIV-1 gp120-induced upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB signaling in tonsil epithelial cells, reduces HCMV infection, indicating that HIV-1-activated MAPK and NF-κB signaling may play a critical role in HCMV infection of tonsil epithelium. HCMV infection of tonsil epithelial cells also leads to the disruption of tight junctions and increases paracellular permeability, facilitating HIV-1 paracellular spread into tonsil mucosa. HCMV-promoted paracellular spread of HIV-1 increases its accessibility to tonsil CD4 T lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV-1-enhanced HCMV paracellular spread and infection of epithelial cells subsequently leads to the spread of HCMV to tonsil macrophages and dendritic cells. Our findings revealed that HIV-1- and HCMV-induced disruption of infant tonsil epithelial tight junctions promotes MTCT of these viruses through tonsil mucosal epithelium, and therapeutic intervention for both HIV-1 and HCMV infection may substantially reduce their MTCT. IMPORTANCE Most HIV-1 and HCMV MTCT occurs in infancy, and the cotransmission of these viruses may occur via infant oropharyngeal and tonsil epithelia, which are the first biological barriers for viral pathogens. We have shown that HIV-1 and HCMV disrupt epithelial junctions, reducing the barrier functions of epithelia and thus allowing paracellular penetration of both viruses via mucosal epithelia. Subsequently, HCMV infects epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, and HIV-1 infects CD4+ lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Infection of these cells in HCMV- and HIV-1-coinfected tonsil tissues is much higher than that by HCMV or HIV-1 infection alone, promoting their MTCT at its initial stages via infant oropharyngeal and tonsil epithelia.
Collapse
|
16
|
Prabhu VM, Padwal V, Velhal S, Salwe S, Nagar V, Patil P, Bandivdekar AH, Patel V. Vaginal Epithelium Transiently Harbours HIV-1 Facilitating Transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:634647. [PMID: 33816339 PMCID: PMC8011497 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.634647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaginal transmission accounts for majority of newly acquired HIV infections worldwide. Initial events that transpire post-viral binding to vaginal epithelium leading to productive infection in the female reproductive tract are not well elucidated. Here, we examined the interaction of HIV-1 with vaginal epithelial cells (VEC) using Vk2/E6E7, an established cell line exhibiting an HIV-binding receptor phenotype (CD4-CCR5-CD206+) similar to primary cells. We observed rapid viral sequestration, as a metabolically active process that was dose-dependent. Sequestered virus demonstrated monophasic decay after 6 hours with a half-life of 22.435 hours, though residual virus was detectable 48 hours' post-exposure. Viral uptake was not followed by successful reverse transcription and thus productive infection in VEC unlike activated PBMCs. Intraepithelial virus was infectious as evidenced by infection in trans of PHA-p stimulated PBMCs on co-culture. Trans-infection efficiency, however, deteriorated with time, concordant with viral retention kinetics, as peak levels of sequestered virus coincided with maximum viral output of co-cultivated PBMCs. Further, blocking lymphocyte receptor function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) expressed on PBMCs significantly inhibited trans-infection suggesting that cell-to-cell spread of HIV from epithelium to target cells was LFA-1 mediated. In addition to stimulated PBMCs, we also demonstrated infection in trans of FACS sorted CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets expressing co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4. These included, for the first time, potentially gut homing CD4+ T cell subsets co-expressing integrin α4β7 and CCR5. Our study thus delineates a hitherto unexplored role for the vaginal epithelium as a transient viral reservoir enabling infection of susceptible cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha M Prabhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Varsha Padwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Shilpa Velhal
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sukeshani Salwe
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Vidya Nagar
- Department of Medicine, The Grant Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Priya Patil
- Department of Medicine, The Grant Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Atmaram H Bandivdekar
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bruxelle JF, Trattnig N, Mureithi MW, Landais E, Pantophlet R. HIV-1 Entry and Prospects for Protecting against Infection. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020228. [PMID: 33499233 PMCID: PMC7911371 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) establishes a latent viral reservoir soon after infection, which poses a major challenge for drug treatment and curative strategies. Many efforts are therefore focused on blocking infection. To this end, both viral and host factors relevant to the onset of infection need to be considered. Given that HIV-1 is most often transmitted mucosally, strategies designed to protect against infection need to be effective at mucosal portals of entry. These strategies need to contend also with cell-free and cell-associated transmitted/founder (T/F) virus forms; both can initiate and establish infection. This review will discuss how insight from the current model of HIV-1 mucosal transmission and cell entry has highlighted challenges in developing effective strategies to prevent infection. First, we examine key viral and host factors that play a role in transmission and infection. We then discuss preventive strategies based on antibody-mediated protection, with emphasis on targeting T/F viruses and mucosal immunity. Lastly, we review treatment strategies targeting viral entry, with focus on the most clinically advanced entry inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Bruxelle
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.-F.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Nino Trattnig
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Marianne W. Mureithi
- KAVI—Institute of Clinical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box, Nairobi 19676–00202, Kenya;
| | - Elise Landais
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ralph Pantophlet
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.-F.B.); (R.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Isaguliants M, Bayurova E, Avdoshina D, Kondrashova A, Chiodi F, Palefsky JM. Oncogenic Effects of HIV-1 Proteins, Mechanisms Behind. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:305. [PMID: 33467638 PMCID: PMC7830613 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) are at increased risk of developing cancer, such as Kaposi sarcoma (KS), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), cervical cancer, and other cancers associated with chronic viral infections. Traditionally, this is linked to HIV-1-induced immune suppression with depletion of CD4+ T-helper cells, exhaustion of lymphopoiesis and lymphocyte dysfunction. However, the long-term successful implementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with an early start did not preclude the oncological complications, implying that HIV-1 and its antigens are directly involved in carcinogenesis and may exert their effects on the background of restored immune system even when present at extremely low levels. Experimental data indicate that HIV-1 virions and single viral antigens can enter a wide variety of cells, including epithelial. This review is focused on the effects of five viral proteins: envelope protein gp120, accessory protein negative factor Nef, matrix protein p17, transactivator of transcription Tat and reverse transcriptase RT. Gp120, Nef, p17, Tat, and RT cause oxidative stress, can be released from HIV-1-infected cells and are oncogenic. All five are in a position to affect "innocent" bystander cells, specifically, to cause the propagation of (pre)existing malignant and malignant transformation of normal epithelial cells, giving grounds to the direct carcinogenic effects of HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isaguliants
- Gamaleya Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.)
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Gamaleya Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.)
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Darya Avdoshina
- Gamaleya Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.)
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alla Kondrashova
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Joel M. Palefsky
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Amponsah-Dacosta E, Tchuem CT, Anderson M. Chronic hepatitis B-associated liver disease in the context of human immunodeficiency virus co-infection and underlying metabolic syndrome. World J Virol 2020; 9:54-66. [PMID: 33362998 PMCID: PMC7747023 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v9.i5.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, a shift in the epidemiology of chronic liver disease has been observed. This has been mainly driven by a marked decline in the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB), with the greatest burden restricted to the Western Pacific and sub-Saharan African regions. Amidst this is a growing burden of metabolic syndrome (MetS) worldwide. A disproportionate co-burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is also reported in sub-Saharan Africa, which poses a further risk of liver-related morbidity and mortality in the region. We reviewed the existing evidence base to improve current understanding of the effect of underlying MetS on the development and progression of chronic liver disease during CHB and HIV co-infection. While the mechanistic association between CHB and MetS remains poorly resolved, the evidence suggests that MetS may have an additive effect on the liver damage caused by CHB. Among HIV infected individuals, MetS-associated liver disease is emerging as an important cause of non-AIDS related morbidity and mortality despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). It is plausible that underlying MetS may lead to adverse outcomes among those with concomitant CHB and HIV co-infection. However, this remains to be explored through rigorous longitudinal studies, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Ultimately, there is a need for a comprehensive package of care that integrates ART programs with routine screening for MetS and promotion of lifestyle modification to ensure an improved quality of life among CHB and HIV co-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edina Amponsah-Dacosta
- Vaccines for Africa Initiative, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Cynthia Tamandjou Tchuem
- Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Relaño-Rodríguez I, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Emergence of Nanotechnology to Fight HIV Sexual Transmission: The Trip of G2-S16 Polyanionic Carbosilane Dendrimer to Possible Pre-Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249403. [PMID: 33321835 PMCID: PMC7764023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of new, safe, and effective microbicides to prevent human immunodeficiency virus HIV sexual transmission is needed. Unfortunately, most microbicides proved ineffective to prevent the risk of HIV-infection in clinical trials. We are working with G2-S16 polyanionic carbosilane dendrimer (PCD) as a new possible vaginal topical microbicide, based on its short reaction times, wide availability, high reproducibility, and quantitative yields of reaction. G2-S16 PCD exerts anti-HIV activity at an early stage of viral replication, by blocking gp120/CD4/CCR5 interaction, and providing a barrier against infection for long periods of time. G2-S16 PCD was stable at different pH values, as well as in the presence of seminal fluids. It maintained the anti-HIV activity against R5/X4 HIV over time, did not generate any type of drug resistance, and retained the anti-HIV effect when exposed to semen-enhanced viral infection. Importantly, G2-S16 PCD did not modify vaginal microbiota neither in vitro or in vivo. Histopathological examination did not show vaginal irritation, inflammation, lesions, or damage in the vaginal mucosa, after administration of G2-S16 PCD at different concentrations and times in female mice and rabbit animal models. Based on these promising data, G2-S16 PCD could become a good, safe, and readily available candidate to use as a topical vaginal microbicide against HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Relaño-Rodríguez
- Head Section of Immunology, Molecular Immunology Laboratory, General Universitary Hospital Gregorio Marañón, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Maria Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Head Section of Immunology, Molecular Immunology Laboratory, General Universitary Hospital Gregorio Marañón, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain;
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañon (IiSGM), C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +34-91-586-8565
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tugizov SM. Human immunodeficiency virus interaction with oral and genital mucosal epithelia may lead to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and sequestration of virions in the endosomal compartments. Oral Dis 2020; 26 Suppl 1:40-46. [PMID: 32862547 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral and genital mucosal epithelia are multistratified epithelial barriers with well-developed tight and adherens junctions. These barriers serve as the first line of defense against many pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV interaction with the surface of mucosal epithelial cells, however, may activate transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. When activated, these pathways may lead to the disruption of epithelial junctions and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). HIV-induced impairment of the mucosal barrier may facilitate the spread of pathogenic viral, bacterial, fungal, and other infectious agents. HIV-induced EMT promotes highly motile/migratory cells. In oral and genital mucosa, if EMT occurs within a human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected premalignant or malignant cell environment, the HPV-associated neoplastic process could be accelerated by promoting viral invasion of malignant cells. HIV also internalizes into oral and genital mucosal epithelial cells. The majority (90%) of internalized virions do not cross the epithelium, but are retained in endosomal compartments for several days. These sequestered virions are infectious. Upon interaction with activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes, epithelial cells containing the virus can be transferred. The induction of HIV-1 release and the cell-to-cell spread of virus from epithelial cells to lymphocytes is mediated by interaction of lymphocyte receptor function-associated antigen-1 with the epithelial cell receptor intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Thus, mucosal epithelial cells may serve as a transient reservoir for HIV, which could play a critical role in viral transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharof M Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Weinberg A, Tugizov S, Pandiyan P, Jin G, Rakshit S, Vyakarnam A, Naglik JR. Innate immune mechanisms to oral pathogens in oral mucosa of HIV-infected individuals. Oral Dis 2020; 26 Suppl 1:69-79. [PMID: 32862519 PMCID: PMC7570967 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A crucial aspect of mucosal HIV transmission is the interaction between HIV, the local environmental milieu and immune cells. The oral mucosa comprises many host cell types including epithelial cells, CD4 + T cells, dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages, as well as a diverse microbiome predominantly comprising bacterial species. While the oral epithelium is one of the first sites exposed to HIV through oral-genital contact and nursing infants, it is largely thought to be resistant to HIV transmission via mechanisms that are still unclear. HIV-1 infection is also associated with predisposition to secondary infections, such as tuberculosis, and other diseases including cancer. This review addresses the following questions that were discussed at the 8th World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS held in Bali, Indonesia, 13 September –15 September 2019: (a) How does HIV infection affect epithelial cell signalling? (b) How does HIV infection affect the production of cytokines and other innate antimicrobial factors, (c) How is the mucosal distribution and function of immune cells altered in HIV infection? (d) How do T cells affect HIV (oral) pathogenesis and cancer? (e) How does HIV infection lead to susceptibility to TB infections?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sharof Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pushpa Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Srabanti Rakshit
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Edfeldt G, Lajoie J, Röhl M, Oyugi J, Åhlberg A, Khalilzadeh-Binicy B, Bradley F, Mack M, Kimani J, Omollo K, Wählby C, Fowke KR, Broliden K, Tjernlund A. Regular use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate causes thinning of the superficial lining and apical distribution of HIV target cells in the human ectocervix. J Infect Dis 2020; 225:1151-1161. [PMID: 32780807 PMCID: PMC8974825 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hormonal contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) may be associated with an increased risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We hypothesize that DMPA use influences the ectocervical tissue architecture and HIV target cell localization. METHODS Quantitative image analysis workflows were developed to assess ectocervical tissue samples collected from DMPA users and control subjects not using hormonal contraception. RESULTS Compared to controls, the DMPA group exhibited a significantly thinner apical ectocervical epithelial layer and a higher proportion of CD4+CCR5+ cells with a more superficial location. This localization corresponded to an area with a non-intact E-cadherin net structure. CD4+Langerin+ cells were also more superficially located in the DMPA group, while fewer in number compared to the controls. Natural plasma progesterone levels did not correlate with any of these parameters, whereas estradiol levels were positively correlated with E-cadherin expression and a more basal location for HIV target cells of the control group. CONCLUSIONS DMPA users have a less robust epithelial layer and a more apical distribution of HIV target cells in the human ectocervix, which could confer a higher risk of HIV infection. Our results highlight the importance of assessing intact genital tissue samples to gain insights into HIV susceptibility factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Edfeldt
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julie Lajoie
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maria Röhl
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julius Oyugi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alexandra Åhlberg
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Behnaz Khalilzadeh-Binicy
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frideborg Bradley
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine - Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kenneth Omollo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Carolina Wählby
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,SciLifeLab BioImage Informatics Facility, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kristina Broliden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Tjernlund
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|