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Harwood OE, Balgeman AJ, Weaver AJ, Ellis-Connell AL, Weiler AM, Erickson KN, Matschke LM, Golfinos AE, Vezys V, Skinner PJ, Safrit JT, Edlefsen PT, Reynolds MR, Friedrich TC, O’Connor SL. Transient T Cell Expansion, Activation, and Proliferation in Therapeutically Vaccinated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Macaques Treated with N-803. J Virol 2022; 96:e0142422. [PMID: 36377872 PMCID: PMC9749465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01424-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine strategies aimed at eliciting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8+ T cells are one major target of interest in HIV functional cure strategies. We hypothesized that CD8+ T cells elicited by therapeutic vaccination during antiretroviral therapy (ART) would be recalled and boosted by treatment with the interleukin 15 (IL-15) superagonist N-803 after ART discontinuation. We intravenously immunized four simian immunodeficiency virus-positive (SIV+) Mauritian cynomolgus macaques receiving ART with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), modified vaccinia virus Ankara strain (MVA), and recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd-5) vectors all expressing SIVmac239 Gag. Immediately after ART cessation, these animals received three doses of N-803. Four control animals received no vaccines or N-803. The vaccine regimen generated a high-magnitude response involving Gag-specific CD8+ T cells that were proliferative and biased toward an effector memory phenotype. We then compared cells elicited by vaccination (Gag specific) to cells elicited by SIV infection and unaffected by vaccination (Nef specific). We found that N-803 treatment enhanced the frequencies of both bulk and proliferating antigen-specific CD8+ T cells elicited by vaccination and the antigen-specific CD8+ T cells elicited by SIV infection. In sum, we demonstrate that a therapeutic heterologous prime-boost-boost (HPBB) vaccine can elicit antigen-specific effector memory CD8+ T cells that are boosted by N-803. IMPORTANCE While antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress HIV replication, it is not a cure. It is therefore essential to develop therapeutic strategies to enhance the immune system to better become activated and recognize virus-infected cells. Here, we evaluated a novel therapeutic vaccination strategy delivered to SIV+ Mauritian cynomolgus macaques receiving ART. ART was then discontinued and we delivered an immunotherapeutic agent (N-803) after ART withdrawal with the goal of eliciting and boosting anti-SIV cellular immunity. Immunologic and virologic analysis of peripheral blood and lymph nodes collected from these animals revealed transient boosts in the frequency, activation, proliferation, and memory phenotype of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following each intervention. Overall, these results are important in educating the field of the transient nature of the immunological responses to this particular therapeutic regimen and the similar effects of N-803 on boosting T cells elicited by vaccination or elicited naturally by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia E. Harwood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexis J. Balgeman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Abigail J. Weaver
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy L. Ellis-Connell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrea M. Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Lea M. Matschke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Athena E. Golfinos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pamela J. Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew R. Reynolds
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Nakamura-Hoshi M, Takahara Y, Matsuoka S, Ishii H, Seki S, Nomura T, Yamamoto H, Sakawaki H, Miura T, Tokusumi T, Shu T, Matano T. Therapeutic vaccine-mediated Gag-specific CD8 + T-cell induction under anti-retroviral therapy augments anti-virus efficacy of CD8 + cells in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11394. [PMID: 32647227 PMCID: PMC7347614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) can inhibit HIV proliferation but not achieve virus eradication from HIV-infected individuals. Under ART-based HIV control, virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses are often reduced. Here, we investigated the impact of therapeutic vaccination inducing virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses under ART on viral control in a macaque AIDS model. Twelve rhesus macaques received ART from week 12 to 32 after simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Six of them were vaccinated with Sendai virus vectors expressing SIV Gag and Vif at weeks 26 and 32, and Gag/Vif-specific CD8+ T-cell responses were enhanced and became predominant. All macaques controlled viremia during ART but showed viremia rebound after ART cessation. Analysis of in vitro CD8+ cell ability to suppress replication of autologous lymphocytes-derived SIVs found augmentation of anti-SIV efficacy of CD8+ cells after vaccination. In the vaccinated animals, the anti-SIV efficacy of CD8+ cells at week 34 was correlated positively with Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell frequencies and inversely with rebound viral loads at week 34. These results indicate that Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell induction by therapeutic vaccination can augment anti-virus efficacy of CD8+ cells, which may be insufficient for functional cure but contribute to more stable viral control under ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Nakamura-Hoshi
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahara
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Saori Matsuoka
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Sayuri Seki
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takushi Nomura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakawaki
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | | | - Tsugumine Shu
- ID Pharma Co., Ltd., 6 Ohkubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan. .,The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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