1
|
Abdelghany TM, Hedya S, Charlton A, Fan L, Fazili N, Air B, Leitch AC, Cooke M, Bronowska AK, Wright MC. Methylimidazolium ionic liquids - A new class of forever chemicals with endocrine disrupting potential. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142827. [PMID: 39019179 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
A class of chemical with a potentially important perceived future contribution to the net zero carbon goal (as "green" solvents) is the methylimidazolium ionic liquids (MILs). These solvents are used in industrial processes such as biofuel production yet little is known about their environmental stability or toxicity in man although one MIL - 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium (M8OI) - has been shown to activate the human estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). The stabilities of the chloride unsubstituted methylimidazolium (MI) and MILs possessing increasing alkyl chain lengths (2C, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI); 4C, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (BMI); 6C; 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium (HMI), 8C, M8OI; 10C, 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium (DMI)) were examined in river water and a human liver model system. The MILs were also screened for their abilities to activate the human ERα in vitro and induce uterine growth in pre-pubertal rats in vivo. Short chain MILs (EMI, BMI and HMI) underwent negligible metabolism and mineralisation in river water; were not metabolised in a model of human liver metabolism; activated the human ERα in vitro and were estrogenic in vivo in rats. A structure-based computational approach predicted short chain MIL binding to both the estrogen binding site and an additional site on the human estrogen receptor alpha. Longer chain MILs (M8OI and DMI) were metabolised in river water and partially mineralised. Based on structure-activity considerations, some of these environmentally-derived metabolites may however, remain a hazard to the population. MILs therefore have the potential to become forever chemicals with adverse effects to both man, other animals and the environment in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt; The Institute of Education in Healthcare and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresthill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Shireen Hedya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Charlton
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Lanyu Fan
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Narges Fazili
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Air
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair C Leitch
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Cooke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka K Bronowska
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leitch AC, Abdelghany TM, Charlton A, Cooke M, Wright MC. Ionic Liquid 1-Octyl-3-Methylimidazolium (M8OI) Is Mono-Oxygenated by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in Adult Human Liver. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:907-922. [PMID: 39051346 PMCID: PMC11270251 DOI: 10.3390/jox14030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental sampling around a landfill site in the UK previously identified the methylimidazolium ionic liquid, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium (M8OI), in the soil. More recently, M8OI was shown to be detectable in sera from 5/20 PBC patients and 1/10 controls and to be oxidised on the alkyl chain in the human liver. The objective of this study was to examine the metabolism of M8OI in humans in more detail. In human hepatocytes, M8OI was mono-oxygenated to 1-(8-Hydroxyoctyl)-3-methyl-imidazolium (HO8IM) then further oxidised to 1-(7-carboxyheptyl)-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium (COOH7IM). The addition of ketoconazole-in contrast to a range of other cytochrome P450 inhibitors-blocked M8OI metabolism, suggesting primarily CYP3A-dependent mono-oxygenation of M8OI. Hepatocytes from one donor produced negligible and low levels of HO8IM and COOH7IM, respectively, on incubation with M8OI, when compared to hepatocytes from other donors. This donor had undetectable levels of CYP3A4 protein and low CYP3A enzyme activity. Transcript expression levels for other adult CYP3A isoforms-CYP3A5 and CYP3A43-suggest that a lack of CYP3A4 accounted primarily for this donor's low rate of M8OI oxidation. Insect cell (supersome) expression of various human CYPs identified CYP3A4 as the most active CYP mediating M8OI mono-oxygenation, followed by CYP3A5. HO8IM and COOH7IM were not toxic to human hepatocytes, in contrast to M8OI, and using a pooled preparation of human hepatocytes from five donors, ketoconazole potentiated M8OI toxicity. These data demonstrate that CYP3A initiates the mono-oxygenation and detoxification of M8OI in adult human livers and that CYP3A4 likely plays a major role in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair C. Leitch
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Tarek M. Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt;
- Institute of Education in Healthcare and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alex Charlton
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8QB, UK; (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Martin Cooke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8QB, UK; (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Matthew C. Wright
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Egorova KS, Kibardin AV, Posvyatenko AV, Ananikov VP. Mechanisms of Biological Effects of Ionic Liquids: From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4679-4733. [PMID: 38621413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The review presents a detailed discussion of the evolving field studying interactions between ionic liquids (ILs) and biological systems. Originating from molten salt electrolytes to present multiapplication substances, ILs have found usage across various fields due to their exceptional physicochemical properties, including excellent tunability. However, their interactions with biological systems and potential influence on living organisms remain largely unexplored. This review examines the cytotoxic effects of ILs on cell cultures, biomolecules, and vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Our understanding of IL toxicity, while growing in recent years, is yet nascent. The established findings include correlations between harmful effects of ILs and their ability to disturb cellular membranes, their potential to trigger oxidative stress in cells, and their ability to cause cell death via apoptosis. Future research directions proposed in the review include studying the distribution of various ILs within cellular compartments and organelles, investigating metabolic transformations of ILs in cells and organisms, detailed analysis of IL effects on proteins involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis, correlation studies between IL doses, exposure times and resulting adverse effects, and examination of effects of subtoxic concentrations of ILs on various biological objects. This review aims to serve as a critical analysis of the current body of knowledge on IL-related toxicity mechanisms. Furthermore, it can guide researchers toward the design of less toxic ILs and the informed use of ILs in drug development and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kibardin
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Posvyatenko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Uniyal P, Das S, Panwar S, Kukreti N, Nainwal P, Bhatia R. A Comprehensive Review on Imperative Role of Ionic Liquids in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:1197-1210. [PMID: 37815183 DOI: 10.2174/0115672018255191230921035859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are poorly-coordinated ionic salts that can exist as a liquid at room temperatures (or <100 °C). ILs are also referred to as "designer solvents" because so many of them have been created to solve particular synthetic issues. ILs are regarded as "green solvents" because they have several distinctive qualities, including better ionic conduction, recyclability, improved solvation ability, low volatility, and thermal stability. These have been at the forefront of the most innovative fields of science and technology during the past few years. ILs may be employed in new drug formulation development and drug design in the field of pharmacy for various functions such as improvement of solubility, targeted drug delivery, stabilizer, permeability enhancer, or improvement of bioavailability in the development of pharmaceutical or vaccine dosage formulations. Ionic liquids have become a key component in various areas such as synthetic and catalytic chemistry, extraction, analytics, biotechnology, etc., due to their superior abilities along with highly modifiable potential. This study concentrates on the usage of ILs in various pharmaceutical applications enlisting their numerous purposes from the delivery of drugs to pharmaceutical synthesis. To better comprehend cuttingedge technologies in IL-based drug delivery systems, highly focused mechanistic studies regarding the synthesis/preparation of ILs and their biocompatibility along with the ecotoxicological and biological effects need to be studied. The use of IL techniques can address key issues regarding pharmaceutical preparations such as lower solubility and bioavailability which plays a key role in the lack of effectiveness of significant commercially available drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Uniyal
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun-248002, India
| | - Shibam Das
- Department of pharmaceutical technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Surbhi Panwar
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun-248002, India
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun-248002, India
| | - Pankaj Nainwal
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun-248002, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur G.T. Road MOGA-142001, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meng S, Yu Q, Li M, Liu X, Zhao X, Wu K, Wang Q, Liu Y, Wu Y, Gong Z. Unveiling the molecular interactions between alkyl imidazolium ionic liquids and human serum albumin: Implications for toxicological significance. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110762. [PMID: 37844773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) are promising for diverse industrial applications; however, their growing prevalence has raised concerns regarding human exposure and potential health implications. A critical aspect to be clarified to address the adverse health effects associated with ILs exposure is their binding mode to human serum albumin (HSA). In this study, we delved into the binding interactions between three alkyl imidazolium ILs (1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium (C6[MIM]), 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (C8[MIM]) and 1-decyl-3-methyl-imidazolium (C10[MIM]) and human serum albumins (HSAs) using a comprehensive approach encompassing molecular docking and multi-spectroscopy (UV-visible, Fluorescence, Circular Dichroism, FTIR). Furthermore, for the first time, we developed an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) approach time to quantify plasma protein binding rates. Our results revealed that the ILs primarily bind to the hydrophobic cavity of HSA through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, forming stable complexes via static quenching. This affected HSA's secondary structure, reducing α-helical content, particularly around specific residues. Equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration coupled with UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed modest plasma protein binding rates (17.84%-31.85%) for the three ILs, with no significant influence from alkyl chain effects or concentration relationship. Lower plasma protein binding rates can affect bioavailability and distribution of ILs, potentially influencing their toxicity. These findings provide critical insights into the potential toxicological implications at the molecular level, thereby contributing to continuous efforts to evaluate the risk profiles and ensure the safe utilization of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Qingqing Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Xiaole Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Kejia Wu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhiyong Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li M, Xia Z, Chen S, Liu X, Wang Q, Liu Y, Wu Y, Wen S, Gong Z. Insight into the negative effect and lipid profile alterations in liver of mice exposed to methylimidazolium ionic liquids, a novel "green" solvent. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:884-894. [PMID: 37915492 PMCID: PMC10615802 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ionic liquids (ILs) have been recognized as potential environmentally friendly solvents; however, their potential toxicity to living organisms warrants thorough investigation, particularly for novel-generation ILs in mammalian models. Methods In this study, we examined the hepatic effects and disruption of lipid metabolism in mice exposed to 1-heptyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C7[MIM]Cl), a novel ILs. After four weeks of oral administration at different dosages (2.38, 5.95, and 11.9 mg/kg b.w.), we conducted clinical chemistry analysis and histopathological examination of the liver to assess biochemical and structural changes. Results The low-dose C7[MIM]Cl group exhibited a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, while aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were elevated in both low-dose and high-dose groups without statistical significance. Histopathological examination showed inflammatory cell infiltration and red blood cell aggregation in the livers of mice exposed to C7[MIM]Cl, particularly in the high-dose group. Oxidative stress levels showed moderate changes in response to C7[MIM]Cl exposure. Notably, hepatic biochemical parameters revealed a dose-dependent increase in triglycerides (TG) levels with statistically significant differences compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.01). Targeted lipidomic analysis revealed notable alterations in liver lipids of mice exposed to C7[MIM]Cl, with lysophosphatidylethanolamine (18:0), phosphatidylcholines (18:0), and phosphatidylcholines (19:0) identified as critical lipids associated with C7[MIM]Cl exposure. Furthermore, metabolic pathway analyses demonstrated significant disturbances in the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway. Conclusion These findings provide valuable insights into the hepatic effects of C7[MIM]Cl exposure and novel perspectives on the disruption of lipid metabolism underlying ILs toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Zhunan Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), No. 37, Guangqu Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Sheng Wen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 35 Zhuodaoquan North Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Zhiyong Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ibarra-Mendoza B, Gomez-Gil B, Betancourt-Lozano M, Raggi L, Yáñez-Rivera B. Microbial gut dysbiosis induced by xenobiotics in model organisms and the relevance of experimental criteria: a minireview. GUT MICROBIOME (CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND) 2023; 4:e7. [PMID: 39295907 PMCID: PMC11406412 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a dynamic ecosystem involved in multiple physiological processes that affect host health. Several factors affect intestinal microbial communities including dietary exposure to xenobiotics, which is highly concerning due to their widespread distribution. Current knowledge of this topic comes from culture-dependent methods, 16S rRNA amplicon fingerprinting, and metagenomics, but a standardised procedures framework remains lacking. This minireview integrates 45 studies from a systematic search using terms related to gut microbiota and its disruption. Only publications encompassing dietary-oral exposure and experimental gut microbiota assessments were included. The results were divided and described according to the biological model used and the disruption observed in the gut microbiota. An overall dysbiotic effect was unclear due to the variety of contaminants and hosts evaluated and the experimental gaps between publications. More standardised experimental designs, including WGS and physiological tests, are needed to establish how a particular xenobiotic can alter the gut microbiota and how the results can be extrapolated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Gomez-Gil
- CIAD, A.C. Mazatlán Unit for Aquaculture and Environmental Management, Mazatlán, Mexico
| | | | - Luciana Raggi
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo - CONACYT, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Yáñez-Rivera
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlán, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hedya S, Charlton A, Leitch AC, Aljehani FA, Pinker B, Wright MC, Abdelghany TM. The methylimidazolium ionic liquid M8OI is a substrate for OCT1 and p-glycoprotein-1 in rat. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105550. [PMID: 36603777 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The methylimidazolium ionic liquid M8OI was recently found to be present in both the environment and man. In this study, M8OI disposition and toxicity were examined in an established rat progenitor-hepatocyte model. The progenitor B-13 cell was approx. 13 fold more sensitive to the toxic effects of M8OI than the hepatocyte B-13/H cell. However, this difference in sensitivity was not associated with a difference in metabolic capacities. M8OI toxicity was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner by co-addition of the OCT1 (SLC22A1) inhibitor clonidine, but not by OCT2 or OCT3 inhibitors in B-13 cells. M8OI toxicity was also dose-dependently increased by the co-addition of p-glycoprotein-1 (ABCB1B, multi drug resistant protein 1 (MDR1)) substrates/inhibitors. Excretion of B-13-loaded fluorophore Hoechst 33342 was also inhibited by the p-glycoproteins substrate cyclosporin A and by M8OI in a dose-dependent manner. Comparing levels of OCT and p-glycoprotein transcripts and proteins in B-13 and B-13/H cells suggest that the lower sensitivity to M8OI in B-13/H cells is predominantly associated with their higher expression of p-glycoprotein-1. These data together therefore suggest that a determinant in M8OI toxicity in rats is the expression and activity of the p-glycoprotein-1 transporter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Hedya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt; Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Charlton
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair C Leitch
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Fahad A Aljehani
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benjamin Pinker
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom.
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt; Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abdelghany TM, Hedya SA, De Santis C, Abd El-Rahman SS, Gill JH, Abdelkader NF, Wright MC. Potential for cardiac toxicity with methylimidazolium ionic liquids. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114439. [PMID: 37272551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Methylimidazolium ionic liquids (MILs) are solvent chemicals used in industry. Recent work suggests that MILs are beginning to contaminate the environment and lead to exposure in the general population. In this study, the potential for MILs to cause cardiac toxicity has been examined. The effects of 5 chloride MIL salts possessing increasing alkyl chain lengths (2 C, EMI; 4 C, BMI; 6 C; HMI, 8 C, M8OI; 10 C, DMI) on rat neonatal cardiomyocyte beat rate, beat amplitude and cell survival were initially examined. Increasing alkyl chain length resulted in increasing adverse effects, with effects seen at 10-5 M at all endpoints with M8OI and DMI, the lowest concentration tested. A limited sub-acute toxicity study in rats identified potential cardiotoxic effects with longer chain MILs (HMI, M8OI and DMI) based on clinical chemistry. A 5 month oral/drinking water study with these MILs confirmed cardiotoxicity based on histopathology and clinical chemistry endpoints. Since previous studies in mice did not identify the heart as a target organ, the likely cause of the species difference was investigated. qRT-PCR and Western blotting identified a marked higher expression of p-glycoprotein-3 (also known as ABCB4 or MDR2) and the breast cancer related protein transporter BCRP (also known as ABCG2) in mouse, compared to rat heart. Addition of the BCRP inhibitor Ko143 - but not the p-glycoproteins inhibitor cyclosporin A - increased mouse cardiomyocyte HL-1 cell sensitivity to longer chain MILs to a limited extent. MILs therefore have a potential for cardiotoxicity in rats. Mice may be less sensitive to cardiotoxicity from MILs due in part, to increased excretion via higher levels of cardiac BCRP expression and/or function. MILs alone, therefore may represent a hazard in man in the future, particularly if use levels increase. The impact that MILs exposure has on sensitivity to cardiotoxic drugs, heart disease and other chronic diseases is unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Abdelghany
- Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt; School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, United Kingdom
| | - Shireen A Hedya
- Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Carol De Santis
- School of Pharmacy, King George VI Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jason H Gill
- School of Pharmacy, King George VI Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Noha F Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang X, Ye P, Fang L, Ge S, Huang F, Polverini PJ, Heng W, Zheng L, Hu Q, Yan F, Wang W. Active Smoking Induces Aberrations in Digestive Tract Microbiota of Rats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:737204. [PMID: 34917518 PMCID: PMC8668415 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.737204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking could have certain effects on gut microbiota. Some pioneering studies have investigated effects of active smoking on the microbiome in local segments of the digestive tract, while active smoking-induced microbiome alterations in the whole digestive tract have not been fully investigated. Here, we developed a rat model of active smoking and characterized the effects of active smoking on the microbiota within multiple regions along the digestive tract. Blood glucose and some metabolic factors levels, the microbial diversity and composition, relative abundances of taxa, bacterial network correlations and predictive functional profiles were compared between the control group and active smoking group. We found that active smoking induced hyperglycemia and significant reductions in serum insulin and leptin levels. Active smoking induced region-specific shifts in microbiota structure, composition, network correlation and metabolism function along the digestive tract. Our results demonstrated that active smoking resulted in a reduced abundance of some potentially beneficial genera (i.e. Clostridium, Turicibacter) and increased abundance of potentially harmful genera (i.e. Desulfovibrio, Bilophila). Functional prediction suggested that amino acid, lipid, propanoate metabolism function could be impaired and antioxidant activity may be triggered. Active smoking may be an overlooked risk to health through its potential effects on the digestive tract microbiota, which is involved in the cause and severity of an array of chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Pei Ye
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Fang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Ge
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peter J Polverini
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Weiwei Heng
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lichun Zheng
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingang Hu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenmei Wang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wei P, Pan X, Chen CY, Li HY, Yan X, Li C, Chu YH, Yan B. Emerging impacts of ionic liquids on eco-environmental safety and human health. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13609-13627. [PMID: 34812453 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00946j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their unique physicochemical properties, ionic liquids (ILs) have been rapidly applied in diverse areas, such as organic synthesis, electrochemistry, analytical chemistry, functional materials, pharmaceutics, and biomedicine. The increase in the production and application of ILs has resulted in their release into aquatic and terrestrial environments. Because of their low vapor pressure, ILs cause very little pollution in the atmosphere compared to organic solvents. However, ILs are highly persistent in aquatic and terrestrial environments due to their stability, and therefore, potentially threaten the safety of eco-environments and human health. Specifically, the environmental translocation and retention of ILs, or their accumulation in organisms, are all related to their physiochemical properties, such as hydrophobicity. Based on results of ecotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and toxicity in mammalian models, the mechanisms involved in IL-induced toxicity include damage of cell membranes and induction of oxidative stress. Recently, artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques have been used in mining and modeling toxicity data to make meaningful predictions. Major future challenges are also discussed. This review will accelerate our understanding of the safety issues of ILs and serve as a guideline for the design of the next generation of ILs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penghao Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Xiujiao Pan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chien-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Hsin-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Xiliang Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yen-Ho Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China. .,Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Frawley RP, Germolec DR, Johnson VJ, Gulledge T, Manheng W, White K, Shockley KR, Harris SF, Hooth M, Ryan K. Evaluation of skin sensitization induced by four ionic liquids. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:392-408. [PMID: 34453447 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are synthetic solvents used as replacements for volatile organic solvents. Human exposure occurs through dermal or oral routes. In rodents, several ILs were reported to induce dermal toxicity, irritation, and sensitization. Due to the potential for occupational exposure, and industrial use as nonvolatile solvents, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIM, 6.25% to 50% v/v), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM, 3.12% to 12.5% v/v), 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride (BMPY, 0.825% to 6.25% v/v), and N-butylpyridinium chloride (NBuPY, 0.825% to 12.5% v/v) were nominated to the National Toxicology Program and evaluated for skin sensitization. The test compound was applied to the ears of female BALB/c mice daily for 3 days in a primary irritancy (IRR)/local lymph node assay (LLNA). Sensitization was assessed in vitro in the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), KeratinoSens™ assay, and human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). In the LLNA, the butylated ILs, BMIM, and BMPY were more potent than NBuPY (butylated) or EMIM (ethylated), which was neither an irritant nor a sensitizer. NBuPY induced skin irritation in vivo at ≥3.12% (p ≤ 0.01), and sensitization in vitro in the KeratinoSens™ assay and h-CLAT, but was negative for sensitization in vivo and in the DPRA. Although SI3 was not achieved, dermal treatment with 12.5% BMIM or 6.25% BMPY increased (p ≤ 0.01) lymph node cell proliferation in the LLNA. In vitro, BMIM was positive for sensitization in the h-CLAT, and BMPY was positive in the h-CLAT and KeratinoSens™ assay; both were negative in the DPRA. Integrated data analyses, weighted toward in vivo data, suggested that BMIM and BMPY may induce weak to mild sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Frawley
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victor J Johnson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Travis Gulledge
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA.,StrideBio, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wimolnut Manheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kimber White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Michelle Hooth
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Khan MI, Mubashir M, Zaini D, Mahnashi MH, Alyami BA, Alqarni AO, Show PL. Cumulative impact assessment of hazardous ionic liquids towards aquatic species using risk assessment methods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125364. [PMID: 33740721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present research work, a comprehensive tool for cumulative ecotoxicological impact assessment of ionic liquids (ILs) to aquatic life has been constructed. Using the probabilistic tool, impact of individual ILs to a group of aquatic species is assessed by chemical toxicity distributions (CTDs). The impact of group of ILs to individual aquatic species is assessed by species sensitivity distributions (SSDs). Acute toxicity data of imidazolium ILs with chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), tetrafluoroborate (BF4-), and hexafluorophosphate (PF6-) anions are used in CTD and SSD. Allowable concentrations for a group of Imidazolium ILs with the same mode of action (SMOA) to five aquatic species; Daphnia magna, Vibrio fischeri, Algae, Zebrafish, and Escherichia coli are estimated by CTDs. It has been concluded that 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) possess the lowest risk at an acceptable risk value of 750 × 10-5 mmol/L which is 12% less than that of OMIMCl. Furthermore, the sensitivities towards the aquatic species reveal that from the studied ILs, BMIMBF4 with an acceptable risk value of 3200 × 10-5 mmol/L is the most suitable IL towards the selected aquatic species. Hence, current work provides cumulative allowable concentrations and acceptable risk values for ILs which release to aquatic compartment of ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishaq Khan
- Centre of Advanced Process Safety (CAPS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dzulkarnain Zaini
- Centre of Advanced Process Safety (CAPS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mater H Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar A Alyami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali O Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leitch AC, Ibrahim I, Abdelghany TM, Charlton A, Roper C, Vidler D, Palmer JM, Wilson C, Jones DE, Blain PG, Wright MC. The methylimidazolium ionic liquid M8OI is detectable in human sera and is subject to biliary excretion in perfused human liver. Toxicology 2021; 459:152854. [PMID: 34271081 PMCID: PMC8366605 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
M8OI was recently found to be contaminating the environment. M8OI was detected in the sera from 5/20 PBC patients and 1/10 controls. M8OI is taken up by human liver hepatocytes. M8OI is sequentially metabolised by CYPs followed by oxidation by dehydrogenases. The final carboxylic acid metabolite COOH7IM is, in part, excreted into human bile.
A methylimidizolium ionic liquid (M8OI) was recently found to be contaminating the environment and to be related to and/or potentially a component of an environmental trigger for the autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). The aims of this study were to investigate human exposure to M8OI, hepatic metabolism and excretion. PBC patient and control sera were screened for the presence of M8OI. Human livers were perfused with 50μM M8OI in a closed circuit and its hepatic disposition examined. Metabolism was examined in cultured human hepatocytes and differentiated HepaRG cells by the addition of M8OI and metabolites in the range 10–100 μM. M8OI was detected in the sera from 5/20 PBC patients and 1/10 controls. In perfused livers, M8OI was cleared from the plasma with its appearance – primarily in the form of its hydroxylated (HO8IM) and carboxylated (COOH7IM) products – in the bile. Metabolism was reflected in cultured hepatocytes with HO8IM production inhibited by the cytochrome P450 inhibitor ketoconazole. Further oxidation of HO8IM to COOH7IM was sequentially inhibited by the alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors 4-methyl pyrazole and disulfiram respectively. Hepatocytes from 1 donor failed to metabolise M8OI to COOH7IM over a 24 h period. These results demonstrate exposure to M8OI in the human population, monooxygenation by cytochromes P450 followed by alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase oxidation to a carboxylic acid that are excreted, in part, via the bile in human liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair C Leitch
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Ibrahim
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Alex Charlton
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Clair Roper
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Vidler
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M Palmer
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Wilson
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - David E Jones
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Blain
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Translation and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leitch AC, Abdelghany TM, Charlton A, Grigalyte J, Oakley F, Borthwick LA, Reed L, Knox A, Reilly WJ, Agius L, Blain PG, Wright MC. Renal injury and hepatic effects from the methylimidazolium ionic liquid M8OI in mouse. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110902. [PMID: 32634706 PMCID: PMC7447983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium (M8OI) has been found in the environment and identified as a hazard for triggering the liver disease primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Given limited toxicity data for M8OI and other structurally-related ionic liquids, target organs for M8OI toxicity were examined. Adult male C57Bl6 mice were acutely exposed to 0-10 mg/kg body weight M8OI via 2 intraperitoneal injections (time zero and 18 h) and effects examined at 24 h. At termination, tissue histopathology, serum and urinary endpoints were examined. No overt pathological changes were observed in the heart and brain. In contrast, focal and mild to multifocal and moderate degeneration with a general trend for an increase in severity with increased dose was observed in the kidney. These changes were accompanied by a dose-dependent increased expression of Kim1 in kidney tissue, marked elevations in urinary Kim1 protein and a dose-dependent increase in serum creatinine. Hepatic changes were limited to a significant dose-dependent loss of hepatic glycogen and a mild but significant increase in portal tract inflammatory recruitment and/or fibroblastic proliferation accompanied by a focal fibrotic change. Cultured mouse tissue slices reflected these in vivo effects in that dose-dependent injury was observed in kidney slices but not in the liver. Kidney slices accumulated higher levels of M8OI than liver slices (e.g. at 10 μM, greater than 4 fold) and liver slices where markedly more active in the metabolism of M8OI. These data indicate that the kidney is a target organ for the toxic effects of M8OI accompanied by mild cholangiopathic changes in the liver after intraperitoneal administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair C Leitch
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Alex Charlton
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Justina Grigalyte
- Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Lee A Borthwick
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Reed
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Amber Knox
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - William J Reilly
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Loranne Agius
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Blain
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kumari P, Pillai VVS, Benedetto A. Mechanisms of action of ionic liquids on living cells: the state of the art. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:1187-1215. [PMID: 32936423 PMCID: PMC7575683 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00754-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a relatively new class of organic electrolytes composed of an organic cation and either an organic or inorganic anion, whose melting temperature falls around room-temperature. In the last 20 years, the toxicity of ILs towards cells and micro-organisms has been heavily investigated with the main aim to assess the risks associated with their potential use in (industrial) applications, and to develop strategies to design greener ILs. Toxicity, however, is synonym with affinity, and this has stimulated, in turn, a series of biophysical and chemical-physical investigations as well as few biochemical studies focused on the mechanisms of action (MoAs) of ILs, key step in the development of applications in bio-nanomedicine and bio-nanotechnology. This review has the intent to present an overview of the state of the art of the MoAs of ILs, which have been the focus of a limited number of studies but still sufficient enough to provide a first glimpse on the subject. The overall picture that emerges is quite intriguing and shows that ILs interact with cells in a variety of different mechanisms, including alteration of lipid distribution and cell membrane viscoelasticity, disruption of cell and nuclear membranes, mitochondrial permeabilization and dysfunction, generation of reactive oxygen species, chloroplast damage (in plants), alteration of transmembrane and cytoplasmatic proteins/enzyme functions, alteration of signaling pathways, and DNA fragmentation. Together with our earlier review work on the biophysics and chemical-physics of IL-cell membrane interactions (Biophys. Rev. 9:309, 2017), we hope that the present review, focused instead on the biochemical aspects, will stimulate a series of new investigations and discoveries in the still new and interdisciplinary field of "ILs, biomolecules, and cells."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kumari
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Visakh V S Pillai
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Antonio Benedetto
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy.
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|