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Díaz FE, McGill JL. Modeling Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection: Recent Contributions and Future Directions Using the Calf Model of Bovine RSV Disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1180-1186. [PMID: 37782855 PMCID: PMC10558079 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The human orthopneumovirus (human respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]) is a leading cause of respiratory disease in children worldwide and a significant cause of infant mortality in low- and middle-income countries. The natural immune response to the virus has a preponderant role in disease progression, with a rapid neutrophil infiltration and dysbalanced T cell response in the lungs associated with severe disease in infants. The development of preventive interventions against human RSV has been difficult partly due to the need to use animal models that only partially recapitulate the immune response as well as the disease progression seen in human infants. In this brief review, we discuss the contributions of the calf model of RSV infection to understanding immunity to RSV and in developing vaccine and drug candidates, focusing on recent research areas. We propose that the bovine model of RSV infection is a valuable alternative for assessing the translational potential of interventions aimed at the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián E. Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Otten ND, Skarbye AP, Krogh MA, Michelsen AM, Nielsen LR. Monitoring bovine dairy calf health and related risk factors in the first three months of rearing. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:45. [PMID: 37828550 PMCID: PMC10571325 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rearing replacement heifers is pivotal for the dairy industry and is associated with high input costs for the preweaned calves, due to their higher susceptibility to diseases. Ensuring calf health and viability calls for systematic approaches in order to mitigate the costs induced by managing sick calves and to ensure animal welfare. The objective of this study was to develop a systematic and feasible health-monitoring tool for bovine dairy calves based on repeated clinical observations and diagnostic results of calves at three time points; the 1st (T0), the 3rd (T1) and the 12th (T3) week of age. The study included observations from 77 dairy heifer calves in nine Danish commercial dairy herds. Immunisation status was assessed by serum Brix% at T0. Clinical scoring included gastrointestinal disease (GD) and respiratory disease (RD). The average daily weight gain (ADWG) was estimated from heart-girth measurements. Pathogen detection from nasal swabs and faecal samples were analysed for 16 respiratory and enteric pathogens by means of high-throughput real time-PCR. All measures obtained in each herd were visualised in a panel to follow the health status of each calf over time. RESULTS The individual clinical observations combined with diagnostic information from immunisation and pathogen detection form each enrolled calf are presented in a herd dashboard illustrating the health status over the study period. This monitoring revealed failure of passive transfer (Brix% < 8.1) in 31% of the 77 enrolled calves, signs of severe GD peaked at T0 with 20% affected calves, while signs of severe RD peaked at T2 with 42% affected calves. ADWG over the first eight weeks was estimated to be 760 g (± 190 g). Pathogen profiles varied between herds. CONCLUSIONS The large variation in both clinical disease and pathogen occurrence across herds emphasizes the need for herd specific monitoring. Combining the results of the present study from measures of immunisation, health and growth from individual calves in one visualisation panel allowed for the detection of patterns across age groups in the specific herds, showing promising potential for early detection and interventions that can lead to enhanced calf health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dam Otten
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Alice Puk Skarbye
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mogens Agerbo Krogh
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Michelsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Liza Rosenbaum Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Nilsson AC, Pullman J, Napora P, Luz K, Gupta A, Draghi J, Guzman Romero AK, Aggarwal N, Petrova G, Ianus J, Vijgen L, Scott J, Sinha R, Rusch S, Huntjens D, Bertzos K, Stevens M. A pilot phase 2a, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to explore the antiviral activity, clinical outcomes, safety, and tolerability of rilematovir at two dose levels in non-hospitalized adults with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:1320-1327. [PMID: 37422079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the antiviral effect, clinical outcomes, and safety of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion inhibitor rilematovir in non-hospitalized RSV-infected adults. METHODS This phase 2a, double-blind, multicentre study randomly assigned RSV-positive adult outpatients ≤5 days from symptom onset 1:1:1 to receive rilematovir 500 mg, 80 mg, or placebo once-daily for 7 days. Antiviral effect was assessed by RSV RNA viral load (VL), measured by quantitative RT-PCR, and Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates of time to undetectable VL. Clinical course was assessed by KM estimates of median time to resolution of key RSV symptoms assessed through patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS RSV-positive patients (n = 72) were randomly assigned; 66 had confirmed RSV infection and received rilematovir 500 mg (n = 23), 80 mg (n = 21) or placebo (n = 22). Differences versus placebo in mean RSV RNA VL area under the curve (90% CI) through days 3, 5 and 8, respectively, were 0.09 (-0.837; 1.011), -0.10 (-2.171; 1.963), and -1.03 (-4.746; 2.682) log10 copies.day/mL for rilematovir 500 mg, and 1.25 (0.291; 2.204), 2.53 (0.430; 4.634), and 3.85 (0.097; 7.599) log10 copies.day/mL for rilematovir 80 mg. KM estimates of median (90% CI) time-to-first confirmed undetectable VL were 5.9 (3.85; 6.90), 8.0 (6.86; 12.80) and 7.0 (6.62; 10.88) days and 5.7 (2.93; 7.01), 8.1 (6.74; 12.80) and 7.9 (6.62; 11.74) days in patients with symptom onset ≤3 days, for rilematovir 500 mg, 80 mg, and placebo, respectively. KM estimates of median (90% CI) time to resolution of key RSV symptoms were 7.1 (5.03; 11.43), 7.6 (5.93; 8.32), and 9.6 (5.95; 14.00) days for rilematovir 500 mg, 80 mg, and placebo, respectively; and in patients with symptom onset ≤3 days, median 8.0, 7.6, and 11.8 days, respectively. DISCUSSION Rilematovir use, initiated early, suggests a potential clinical benefit in RSV-infected adults, with data supporting development of RSV therapeutic options. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03379675).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Nilsson
- Infectious Disease Research Unit, SUS Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Kleber Luz
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário - Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Anil Gupta
- Albion Finch Medical Centre, Etobicoke, ON, Canada
| | - Jorge Draghi
- Centro de Investigacion Clinica Aplicada, Hospital Regional Español, Bahía Blanca, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Leen Vijgen
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jane Scott
- Janssen Global Services, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Rekha Sinha
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Titusville, NJ, USA.
| | - Sarah Rusch
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
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Walsh P, Chaigneau FRC, Lebedev M, Mutua V, McEligot H, Lam SHF, Hwang B, Bang H, Gershwin LJ. Lung ultrasound allows for earlier diagnosis of bronchiolitis than auscultation: an animal experiment and human case series. J Ultrasound 2022; 25:877-886. [PMID: 35179715 PMCID: PMC9705680 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-021-00648-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Early diagnosis of bronchiolitis in infants allows for risk stratification for central apnea, and, when available, the timely initiation of antiviral treatment. An animal model could demonstrate if earlier diagnosis is possible with ultrasound than with clinical exam. Even if possible, translating this to pediatrics would require observations from undifferentiated human infants. METHODS We used serial daily clinical and lung ultrasound exams in a bovine calf model (Bos taurus) of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Ultrasound and clinical examiners were blinded to each other's findings and the treatments used in 24 calves. Time to diagnosis was compared using Kaplan-Meier curves. A case series of human infants with upper respiratory tract infections, without clinical signs of bronchiolitis, and in whom lung ultrasound was performed, was extracted from hospital records. RESULTS In the bovine model, lung ultrasound findings emerged earlier and lasted later than auscultatory findings. Relying on auscultation, 5/24 (21%) of animals were diagnosed by post-inoculation day 5 whereas 24/24 (100%) were diagnosed by ultrasound. We identified seven infants in whom lung ultrasound was used to diagnose bronchiolitis before adventitial lung sounds emerged. Three of these subsequently developed typical clinical findings of bronchiolitis in the hospital. Two had alternative explanations for their abnormal lung ultrasounds (both required surgical intervention). Two were discharged and required no further medical attention. CONCLUSION Lung ultrasound allowed earlier diagnosis of bronchiolitis than clinical exam in the bovine model. In the human case series this was also true, but alternative causes of abnormal ultrasound were frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Walsh
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Sutter Medical Center Sacramento, 2825 Capitol Avenue, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA.
| | - Francisco R Carvallo Chaigneau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino branch, 105 W Central Ave, San Bernardino, CA, 92408, USA
- Division of Veterinary Pathology. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Maxim Lebedev
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Victoria Mutua
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Heather McEligot
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Samuel H F Lam
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Sutter Medical Center Sacramento, 2825 Capitol Avenue, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Benjamin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Heejung Bang
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Laurel J Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Walsh P, Chaigneau FRC, Lebedev M, Mutua V, McEligot H, Lam SHF, Hwang B, Bang H, Gershwin LJ. Validating a bovine model for lung ultrasound of bronchiolitis. J Ultrasound 2022; 25:611-624. [PMID: 35067896 PMCID: PMC8784226 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-021-00635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Walsh
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Sutter Medical Center Sacramento, 2825 Capitol Avenue, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA.
| | - Francisco R Carvallo Chaigneau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, 105 W Central Ave, San Bernardino, CA, 92408, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Maxim Lebedev
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Victoria Mutua
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Heather McEligot
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Samuel H F Lam
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Sutter Medical Center Sacramento, 2825 Capitol Avenue, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Benjamin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Heejung Bang
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Laurel J Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Lui G, Wong CK, Chan M, Chong KC, Wong R, Chu I, Zhang M, Li T, Hui D, Lee N, Chan P. Host inflammatory response is the major marker of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in older adults. J Infect 2021; 83:686-692. [PMID: 34614399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aim to study the viral kinetics and host inflammatory response of RSV infection in older adults, and their correlation with disease severity. METHODS We performed a prospective observational study in adults with RSV infection. We serially collected nasal-throat swabs for quantification of RSV-A and RSV-B viral load, and peripheral blood samples for measurement of cytokine/chemokine concentrations. The study endpoints were (i) requiring supplemental oxygen therapy, and (ii) non-invasive ventilation, intensive care, or died within 30 days of admission. We performed multivariable logistic regression models to identify independent variables for severe disease. RESULTS We enrolled 71 hospitalized patients and 10 outpatients treated for RSV infection (median age 75 years, 51% male, and 74% with comorbidities). Among hospitalized patients, 61% required supplemental oxygen therapy, and 18% had severe disease requiring non-invasive ventilation or intensive care, or died within 30 days. Inflammatory cytokine/chemokines IL-6, CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/IP-10 increased significantly during the acute phase of illness. IL-6 concentration was independently associated with severe disease after adjusting for confounding factors. RSV viral load was not associated with disease severity throughout the course of illness. CONCLUSION Host inflammatory response is a major marker of severe disease in older adults with RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - C K Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - M Chan
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - K C Chong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Centre for Health System and Policy Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - R Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - I Chu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - M Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - T Li
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Dsc Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - N Lee
- Institute for Pandemics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Pks Chan
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Mutua V, Cavallo F, Gershwin LJ. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in a randomized controlled trial of a combination of antiviral and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment in a bovine model of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 241:110323. [PMID: 34543829 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The function of neutrophils in viral infections has long been established and studies have been done to examine the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Further study and analysis of NETs in viral infections may reveal a new therapeutic target. Administration of ibuprofen and GS-561937, a fusion protein inhibitor (FPI), have been experimentally shown to decrease the severity of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection. Our aims were to determine the effect of ibuprofen and FPI on NETs after BRSV infection as a monotherapy or combined therapy. METHODS We conducted a randomized placebo-controlled trial of ibuprofen, FPI, or as a dual therapy initiated at 3 or 5 days after experimental infection with BRSV in 36 five to six-week-old Holstein calves (Bos Taurus). Lung tissue samples were collected and stained with antibodies conjugated with fluorescence dyes to visualize and quantify the NETs in situ. We estimated the average NETs in the sample lung tissue slides and compared the areas occupied by NETS within and between the treatment groups. RESULTS There were significantly fewer NETs in the lung tissue from calves that were given ibuprofen and both ibuprofen and fusion protein inhibitor from day 3 post infection compared to the placebo group. Calves administered with ibuprofen, fusion protein inhibitor or both from day five had visually fewer NETs than the placebo but the difference was not significant. CONCLUSION BRSV can induce NET formation in vitro and in vivo. A combination of both drugs (Ibuprofen and FPI) resulted in less NETs observed in lung tissue of BRSV infected calves compared to the placebo or monotherapy groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Mutua
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Francisco Cavallo
- Division of Veterinary Pathology. Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, United States
| | - Laurel J Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, United States
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De Koster J, Tena JK, Stegemann MR. Treatment of bovine respiratory disease with a single administration of tulathromycin and ketoprofen. Vet Rec 2021; 190:e834. [PMID: 34476817 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic strategy of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) often involves a combination of an antibiotic with an anti-inflammatory agent. Aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of a new combination product containing tulathromycin and ketoprofen for the treatment of naturally occurring BRD. METHODS Two hundred and eighty animals were randomized upon diagnosis of BRD. One hundred forty animals each were treated once subcutaneously with tulathromycin-ketoprofen or tulathromycin. Rectal temperature of each animal was measured at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h post-treatment. Individual respiration and depression scores were determined at 6 h post-treatment. Daily rectal temperature, respiration and depression scores were recorded from day 2 to 14 and on day 21. RESULTS The tulathromycin-ketoprofen and tulathromycin treatment group demonstrated a treatment success rate of 94.2% and 95.0%, respectively and a relapse rate of 3.8% and 4.0%, respectively. Tulathromycin-ketoprofen demonstrated superior pyrexia control compared to tulathromycin within the first 24 h following treatment. Tulathromycin-ketoprofen-treated animals demonstrated faster improvement of their clinical symptoms (respiration and depression score). CONCLUSION Efficacy of tulathromycin-ketoprofen for the treatment of BRD was non-inferior to tulathromycin. The combination product clearly exhibited more pronounced fever control than tulathromycin which is considered beneficial for animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenne De Koster
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Jezaniah-Kira Tena
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
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Makoschey B, Berge AC. Review on bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza - usual suspects in bovine respiratory disease - a narrative review. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:261. [PMID: 34332574 PMCID: PMC8325295 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV) and Bovine Parainfluenza 3 virus (BPIV3) are closely related viruses involved in and both important pathogens within bovine respiratory disease (BRD), a major cause of morbidity with economic losses in cattle populations around the world. The two viruses share characteristics such as morphology and replication strategy with each other and with their counterparts in humans, HRSV and HPIV3. Therefore, BRSV and BPIV3 infections in cattle are considered useful animal models for HRSV and HPIV3 infections in humans. The interaction between the viruses and the different branches of the host’s immune system is rather complex. Neutralizing antibodies seem to be a correlate of protection against severe disease, and cell-mediated immunity is thought to be essential for virus clearance following acute infection. On the other hand, the host’s immune response considerably contributes to the tissue damage in the upper respiratory tract. BRSV and BPIV3 also have similar pathobiological and epidemiological features. Therefore, combination vaccines against both viruses are very common and a variety of traditional live attenuated and inactivated BRSV and BPIV3 vaccines are commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Makoschey
- Intervet International BV/MSD-Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat, 5831AN, Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Catharina Berge
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Carvallo Chaigneau FR, Walsh P, Lebedev M, Mutua V, McEligot H, Bang H, Gershwin LJ. A randomized controlled trial comparing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and fusion protein inhibitors singly and in combination on the histopathology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252455. [PMID: 34111152 PMCID: PMC8191941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has substantial morbidity in young calves, and closely parallels human RSV in infants. We performed a randomized controlled trial in five to six-week-old Holstein calves (Bos taurus). comparing fusion protein inhibitor (FPI) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) singly and in combination at three and five days after experimental BRSV infection. Thirty-six calves received one of six treatments; Ibuprofen started on day 3, Ibuprofen started on day 5, FPI started on day 5, FPI and Ibuprofen started on day 3, FPI and Ibuprofen started on day 5, or placebo. We have previously reported significant clinical benefits when combined FPI and NSAID treatment was started at three and five days after bovine RSV infection. Necropsy was performed on Day 10 following infection and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed on sections from each lobe. Histology was described using a four-point scale. We performed canonical discrimination analysis (CDA) to determine the structural level where differences between treatments occurred and mixed effects regression to estimate effect sizes. Separation from placebo was maximal for dual therapy at the levels of the alveolus, septum, and bronchus in CDA. We found that the clinical benefits of combined FPI and NSAID treatment of BRSV extend at least partially from histopathological changes in the lung when treatment was started three days after infection. We found decreased lung injury when ibuprofen was started as monotherapy on day 3, but not day 5 following infection. Combined therapy with both an FPI and ibuprofen was always better than ibuprofen alone. We did not prove that the clinical benefits seen starting FPI and ibuprofen five days after infection can be solely explained by histopathological differences as identified on H&E staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco R. Carvallo Chaigneau
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Paul Walsh
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, The Sutter Medical Center Sacramento, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Maxim Lebedev
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Victoria Mutua
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Heather McEligot
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Heejung Bang
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Laurel J. Gershwin
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
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Walsh P, Lebedev M, McEligot H, Mutua V, Bang H, Gershwin LJ. Correction: A randomized controlled trial of a combination of antiviral and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment in a bovine model of respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249783. [PMID: 33793678 PMCID: PMC8016218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Lebedev M, McEligot HA, Mutua VN, Walsh P, Carvallo Chaigneau FR, Gershwin LJ. Analysis of lung transcriptome in calves infected with Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus and treated with antiviral and/or cyclooxygenase inhibitor. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246695. [PMID: 33600498 PMCID: PMC7891793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the major infectious agents in the etiology of the bovine respiratory disease complex. BRSV causes a respiratory syndrome in calves, which is associated with severe bronchiolitis. In this study we describe the effect of treatment with antiviral fusion protein inhibitor (FPI) and ibuprofen, on gene expression in lung tissue of calves infected with BRSV. Calves infected with BRSV are an excellent model of human RSV in infants: we hypothesized that FPI in combination with ibuprofen would provide the best therapeutic intervention for both species. The following experimental treatment groups of BRSV infected calves were used: 1) ibuprofen day 3-10, 2) ibuprofen day 5-10, 3) placebo, 4) FPI day 5-10, 5) FPI and ibuprofen day 5-10, 6) FPI and ibuprofen day 3-10. All calves were infected with BRSV on day 0. Daily clinical evaluation with monitoring of virus shedding by qRT-PCR was conducted. On day10 lung tissue with lesions (LL) and non-lesional (LN) was collected at necropsy, total RNA extracted, and RNA sequencing performed. Differential gene expression analysis was conducted with Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. The most significant differential gene expression in BRSV infected lung tissues was observed in the comparison of LL with LN; oxidative stress and cell damage was especially noticeable. Innate and adaptive immune functions were reduced in LL. As expected, combined treatment with FPI and Ibuprofen, when started early, made the most difference in gene expression patterns in comparison with placebo, especially in pathways related to the innate and adaptive immune response in both LL and LN. Ibuprofen, when used alone, negatively affected the antiviral response and caused higher virus loads as shown by increased viral shedding. In contrast, when used with FPI Ibuprofen enhanced the specific antiviral effect of FPI, due to its ability to reduce the damaging effect of prostanoids and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Lebedev
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Heather A. McEligot
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Victoria N. Mutua
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Walsh
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Sutter Medical Center Sacramento, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Francisco R. Carvallo Chaigneau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Laurel J. Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Sowers LC, Blanton LS, Weaver SC, Urban RJ, Mouton CP. Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of COVID-19 patients. JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:394. [PMID: 33042589 PMCID: PMC7543691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges to the world community. No effective therapies or vaccines have yet been established. Upon the basis of homologies to similar coronaviruses, several potential drug targets have been identified and are the focus of both laboratory and clinical investigation. The rationale for several of these drug candidates is presented in this review. Emerging clinical data has revealed that severe COVID-19 disease is associated with heightened inflammatory responses and a procoagulant state, suggesting that patient treatment strategies must extend beyond antiviral agents. Effective approaches to the treatment of vulnerable patients with comorbidities will render COVID-19 substantially more manageable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C Sowers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Lucas S Blanton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses
| | - Randall J Urban
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Charles P Mouton
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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