1
|
Sun CQ, Fu YQ, Ma X, Shen JR, Hu B, Zhang Q, Wang LK, Hu R, Chen JJ. Trends in temporal and spatial changes of Japanese encephalitis in Chinese mainland, 2004-2019: A population-based surveillance study. Travel Med Infect Dis 2024; 60:102724. [PMID: 38692338 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2024.102724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious health concern in China, with approximately 80 % of global infections occurring in China. To develop effective prevention and control strategies, this study explored the epidemiological characteristics of JE in China based on spatiotemporal data, to understand the patterns and trends of JE incidence in different regions and time periods. METHOD The incidence and mortality rates of JE were extracted from the Public Health Data Center, the official website of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, and the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance System from 2004 to 2019. Joinpoint regression was applied to examine the spatiotemporal patterns and annual percentage change in incidence and mortality of the JE. RESULTS From 2004 to 2019, a total of 43,569 cases of JE were diagnosed, including 2081 deaths. The annual incidence rate of JE decreased from 0.4171/100,000 in 2004 to 0.0298/100,000 in 2019, with an annual percentage change (APC) of -13.5 % (P < 0.001). The annual mortality rate of JE showed three stages of change, with inflection points in 2006 and 2014. The incidence and mortality rates of JE have declined in all provinces of China, and more cases were reported in 0-14 years of age, accounting for nearly 80 % of all patients. CONCLUSIONS The morbidity and mortality rates of JE in China are generally on a downward trend, and emphasis should be placed on strengthening disease surveillance in special areas and populations, popularizing vaccination, and increasing publicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Sun
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Yun-Qiang Fu
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Xuan Ma
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Jun-Ru Shen
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Bo Hu
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Lian-Ke Wang
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Jia-Jun Chen
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang L, Wu W, Cai S, Wang J, Kuang G, Yang W, Wang J, Han X, Pan H, Shi M, Feng Y. Transcriptomic Investigation of the Virus Spectrum Carried by Midges in Border Areas of Yunnan Province. Viruses 2024; 16:674. [PMID: 38793556 PMCID: PMC11126116 DOI: 10.3390/v16050674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Yunnan province in China shares its borders with three neighboring countries: Myanmar, Vietnam, and Laos. The region is characterized by a diverse climate and is known to be a suitable habitat for various arthropods, including midges which are notorious for transmitting diseases which pose significant health burdens affecting both human and animal health. A total of 431,100 midges were collected from 15 different locations in the border region of Yunnan province from 2015 to 2020. These midges were divided into 37 groups according to the collection year and sampling site. These 37 groups of midges were then homogenized to extract nucleic acid. Metatranscriptomics were used to analyze their viromes. Based on the obtained cytochrome C oxidase I gene (COI) sequences, three genera were identified, including one species of Forcipomyia, one species of Dasyhelea, and twenty-five species of Culicoides. We identified a total of 3199 viruses in five orders and 12 families, including 1305 single-stranded positive-stranded RNA viruses (+ssRNA) in two orders and seven families, 175 single-stranded negative-stranded RNA viruses (-ssRNA) in two orders and one family, and 1719 double-stranded RNA viruses in five families. Six arboviruses of economic importance were identified, namely Banna virus (BAV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Akabane virus (AKV), Bluetongue virus (BTV), Tibetan circovirus (TIBOV), and Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), all of which are capable, to varying extents, of causing disease in humans and/or animals. The survey sites in this study basically covered the current distribution area of midges in Yunnan province, which helps to predict the geographic expansion of midge species. The complexity and diversity of the viral spectrum carried by midges identified in the study calls for more in-depth research, which can be utilized to monitor arthropod vectors and to predict the emergence and spread of zoonoses and animal epidemics, which is of great significance for the control of vector-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Weichen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (W.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Sa Cai
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (W.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Guopeng Kuang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Weihong Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Juan Wang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Xi Han
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Hong Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Mang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (W.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Yun Feng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng P, Wen Z, Liu Y, Wang Q. The spatiotemporal distribution and prognostic factors of Japanese encephalitis in Shanxi Province, China, 2005-2022. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1291816. [PMID: 38179427 PMCID: PMC10764619 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1291816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a naturally occurring localized disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus, which is spread by the Culex tritaeniorhynchus. China has a high rate of JE. Shanxi, located in North China, has a high prevalence of adult JE. Adult JE has more severe complications, mortality, and a higher disease burden, making it a public health issue. This retrospective study examined the dynamic epidemic changes, high-risk areas of JE, and clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of adult JE in Shanxi Province. The findings revealed that July to September was the primary epidemic season of JE and that JE cases were mainly in individuals over the age of 40. The incidence of JE from 2005 to 2022 demonstrated a positive spatial correlation with significant clustering characteristics, with high-incidence clusters in the south and southeast. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that higher cerebrospinal fluid pressure, higher white blood cell counts, higher neutrophil percentage, deep coma, and lower albumin were independent factors for poor prognosis of adult JE. The developed risk prediction model holds great promise in early prognosis assessment of patients, providing a basis for clinical decision-making and early clinical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Graduate School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhiying Wen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Graduate School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Shanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qinying Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tang Q, Deng Z, Tan S, Song G, Zhang H, Ge L. Prevalence and Genetic Characteristics of Japanese Encephalitis Virus among Mosquitoes and Pigs in Hunan Province, China from 2019 to 2021. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1120-1125. [PMID: 36116917 PMCID: PMC9628968 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2207.07068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the causative agent of Japanese encephalitis (JE), is an importantly zoonotic, vector-borne virus widely prevalent in Asia. Although JE has been well controlled in China, its prevalence remains a huge threat to the pig industry as well as human health. Herein, we report on our molecular and serological investigations of JEV among pigs from different regions in Hunan Province of China from 2019 to 2021. Collectively, 19.27% (583/3026, 95% Confidential Interval (CI) 17.86-20.68) of sampled pigs were positive for JEV IgG antibody as revealed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the seroprevalence of JEV among pigs was significantly associated with the development stage and breeding scale (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, 10.99% (42/382, 95% CI 7.86-14.13) of tissue samples of pigs with suspected clinical symptoms of JE and 23.44% (15/64, 95% CI 13.06-33.82) of mosquito batches were JEV-positive via reverse polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the complete E gene sequences of 14 JEV strains identified in this study were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all 14 JEV strains belonged to genotype I-b and displayed a distinct genetic relationship to the present JEV vaccine strain (SA14-14-2). In conclusion, our results revealed not only the severe prevalence of JEV in Hunan Province, but also that JEV I-b might be the predominant genotype in Hunan Province, suggesting therefore that effective measures for JE control are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwu Tang
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
| | - Zaofu Deng
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
| | - Shengguo Tan
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
| | - Guo Song
- Animal Husbandry and Fishery Bureau of Ningyuan, Yongzhou 425000, P.R. China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Animal Epidemic Prevention Station of Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, Xiangxi 416000, P.R. China
| | - Lingrui Ge
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410128, P.R. China,Corresponding author Fax: +0731-84637019 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Modelling Japanese encephalitis virus transmission dynamics and human exposure in a Cambodian rural multi-host system. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010572. [PMID: 35816555 PMCID: PMC9302853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne zoonosis and the leading cause of human viral encephalitis in Asia. Its transmission cycle is usually described as involving wild birds as reservoirs and pigs as amplifying hosts. JE is endemic in Cambodia, where it circulates in areas with low pig densities (<70 pigs per km2), and could be maintained in a multi-host system composed of pigs, but also poultry as competent hosts, and dogs, cattle and humans as non-competent hosts. We used a mathematical model representing Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmission in a traditional Cambodian village that we calibrated with field data collected in 3 districts of Kandal province, Cambodia. First, R0 calculations allowed us to assess the capacity of the epidemiological system to be invaded by JEV and sustain virus transmission in villages in the 3 districts, and we predicted human exposure at the epidemiological equilibrium, based on simulations. Changes in spatial density of livestock, in agricultural practices, and epizootics (e.g., African swine fever), can profoundly alter the composition of host communities, which could affect JEV transmission and its impact on human health. In a second step, we then used the model to analyse how host community composition affected R0 and the predicted human exposure. Lastly, we evaluated the potential use of dog JE seroprevalence as an indicator of human exposure to JEV. In the modeled villages, the calculated R0 ranged from 1.07 to 1.38. Once the equilibrium reached, predicted annual probability of human exposure ranged from 9% to 47%, and predicted average age at infection was low, between 2 and 11 years old, highlighting the risk of severe forms of JEV infection and the need to intensify child immunization. According to the model, increasing the proportion of competent hosts induced a decrease in age at infection. The simulations also showed that JEV could invade a multi-host system with no pigs, reinforcing the assumption of poultry acting as reservoirs. Finally, the annual human exposure probability appeared linearly correlated with dog seroprevalence, suggesting that in our specific study area, dog seroprevalence would be a good proxy for human exposure. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is endemic in Cambodia and remains the most common cause of acute viral encephalitis, particularly in children and adolescents. The traditionally described cycle of JEV, involving wild birds as reservoirs, pigs as amplifying hosts and Culex mosquitoes as vectors is questioned, with increasing evidence of a more complex multi-host system involved in areas where densities of pigs are low. In Cambodia, the infection could be maintained in a multi-host system consisting of pigs and poultry as competent hosts, and dogs, cattle and humans as non-competent hosts. We defined a compartmental dynamic model of JEV transmission in a multi-host system representing a rural Cambodian village, to predict human exposure to JEV in the studied area, and to analyse how host community composition may affect human exposure and R0 value. Our theoretical approach showed that variations of the composition of the multi-host system may have an impact on human exposure to JEV, and thus on the disease burden in humans, especially in young children. Besides children vaccination in JEV endemic areas, a proper evaluation of the impact on human health is needed to target prevention actions and reduce JEV burden in Cambodia.
Collapse
|
6
|
Thant KZ, Ngwe Tun MM. Childhood encephalitis in the Greater Mekong region: critical to public health policy. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e934-e935. [DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Feng Y, Gou QY, Yang WH, Wu WC, Wang J, Holmes EC, Liang G, Shi M. A time-series meta-transcriptomic analysis reveals the seasonal, host, and gender structure of mosquito viromes. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac006. [PMID: 35242359 PMCID: PMC8887699 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although metagenomic sequencing has revealed high numbers of viruses in mosquitoes sampled globally, our understanding of how their diversity and abundance varies in time and space as well as by host species and gender remains unclear. To address this, we collected 23,109 mosquitoes over the course of 12 months from a bat-dwelling cave and a nearby village in Yunnan province, China. These samples were organized by mosquito species, mosquito gender, and sampling time for meta-transcriptomic sequencing. A total of 162 eukaryotic virus species were identified, of which 101 were novel, including representatives of seventeen RNA virus multi-family supergroups and four species of DNA virus from the families Parvoviridae, Circoviridae, and Nudiviridae. In addition, two known vector-borne viruses-Japanese encephalitis virus and Banna virus-were found. Analyses of the entire virome revealed strikingly different viral compositions and abundance levels in warmer compared to colder months, a strong host structure at the level of mosquito species, and no substantial differences between those viruses harbored by male and female mosquitoes. At the scale of individual viruses, some were found to be ubiquitous throughout the year and across four mosquito species, while most of the other viruses were season and/or host specific. Collectively, this study reveals the diversity, dynamics, and evolution of the mosquito virome at a single location and sheds new lights on the ecology of these important vector animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Feng
- Department of Viral and Rickettsial Disease Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, No. 5 Wenhua Road, Xiaguan, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Qin-yu Gou
- Shenzhen Campus of Sun-Yat Sen University, Sun-Yat Sen University Shenzhen Campus, Guangming New District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Wei-hong Yang
- Department of Viral and Rickettsial Disease Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, No. 5 Wenhua Road, Xiaguan, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Wei-chen Wu
- Shenzhen Campus of Sun-Yat Sen University, Sun-Yat Sen University Shenzhen Campus, Guangming New District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Viral and Rickettsial Disease Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, No. 5 Wenhua Road, Xiaguan, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Mang Shi
- Shenzhen Campus of Sun-Yat Sen University, Sun-Yat Sen University Shenzhen Campus, Guangming New District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| |
Collapse
|