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Wang T, Liu Y, Guo Y, Zhang C, Cai J. Retrospective evaluation of neonates with fatal congenital lung malformation: A single center 15-year forensic autopsy experience. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024:10.1007/s12024-024-00853-0. [PMID: 38902545 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-024-00853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Congenital lung malformation (CLM) is a leading cause of infant mortality. Clinical methods for diagnosing CLM mainly rely on computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and Doppler. However, forensic identification of the cause of death in neonates is challenging. Unequivocal classification criteria for CLM are missing as its forensic identification is ambiguous. Therefore, we aimed to analyze neonatal death cases at our center to assist in identifying those with congenital lung malformation. This retrospective study identified and classified the causes of deaths of neonates autopsied between January 2008 and April 2023. All cases born alive and died within 28 days with a clear time of death were selected, and forensic experts reviewed their records. The manner, cause of death, and other characteristics were noted and discussed. This retrospective study reveals a steady increase in autopsy cases from 2008 to 2015, attributed to improved parental consent, heightened awareness of autopsy importance, and enhanced medical resources. However, a subsequent decline post-2015 is observed, potentially influenced by advancements in medical technology and prenatal examination protocols. The top causes of neonatal mortality include respiratory diseases, asphyxia, congenital dysplasia, and fetal distress. Congenital lung malformations, particularly bronchopulmonary malformations, constitute a significant portion of congenital anomalies. This study underscores the importance of standardized autopsies and histopathological examinations in diagnosing and understanding CLM. Future research should focus on expanding case collections and elucidating the genetic basis of CLM to improve forensic management and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Tongxinpo Road, Yuelu District Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yishu Liu
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Tongxinpo Road, Yuelu District Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Tongxinpo Road, Yuelu District Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Tongxinpo Road, Yuelu District Changsha City, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Jifeng Cai
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Tongxinpo Road, Yuelu District Changsha City, Hunan Province, China.
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2
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Maddaloni C, Ronci S, De Rose DU, Bersani I, Campi F, Di Nardo M, Stoppa F, Adorisio R, Amodeo A, Toscano A, Digilio MC, Novelli A, Chello G, Braguglia A, Dotta A, Calzolari F. Neonatal persistent pulmonary hypertension related to a novel TBX4 mutation: case report and review of the literature. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:41. [PMID: 38443964 PMCID: PMC10916178 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-024-01575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
TBX4 gene, located on human chromosome 17q23.2, encodes for T-Box Transcription Factor 4, a transcription factor that belongs to the T-box gene family and it is involved in the regulation of some embryonic developmental processes, with a significant impact on respiratory and skeletal illnesses. Herein, we present the case of a female neonate with persistent pulmonary hypertension (PH) who underwent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on the first day of life and then resulted to have a novel variant of the TBX4 gene identified by Next-Generation Sequencing. We review the available literature about the association between PH with neonatal onset or emerging during the first months of life and mutations of the TBX4 gene, and compare our case to previously reported cases. Of 24 cases described from 2010 to 2023 sixteen (66.7%) presented with PH soon after birth. Skeletal abnormalities have been described in 5 cases (20%). Eleven cases (46%) were due to de novo mutations. Three patients (12%) required ECMO. Identification of this variant in affected individuals has implications for perinatal and postnatal management and genetic counselling. We suggest including TBX4 in genetic studies of neonates with pulmonary hypertension, even in the absence of skeletal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maddaloni
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Ronci
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Iliana Bersani
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Campi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Nardo
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit and ECMO Team, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Stoppa
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit and ECMO Team, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Adorisio
- Heart Failure, Transplant and Mechanical Cardiocirculatory Support Unit, Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Heart Lung Transplantation, ERN GUARD HEART, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Amodeo
- Heart Failure, Transplant and Mechanical Cardiocirculatory Support Unit, Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Heart Lung Transplantation, ERN GUARD HEART, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Toscano
- Perinatal Cardiology Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Novelli
- Translational Cytogenomics Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chello
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Annabella Braguglia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Dotta
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Calzolari
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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3
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Doughty ES, Norvik C, Levin A, Bodmer J, Tran-Lundmark K, Abman SH, Galambos C. Long-Term Effect of TBX4 Germline Mutation on Pulmonary Clinico-Histopathologic Phenotype. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2024; 27:83-89. [PMID: 37801629 DOI: 10.1177/10935266231199933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Tbx4 protein, expressed in mesenchyme of the developing lung, contributes to airway branching and distal lung growth. An association between pediatric onset of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and genetic variations coding for the T-box transcription factor 4 gene (TBX4) has been increasingly recognized. Tbx4-related PAH onset has a bimodal age distribution, including severe to lethal PAH in newborns and later onset PAH. We present an autopsy study of a 24-year-old male with a heterozygous TBX4 variant, who developed pulmonary arterial hypertension at age 12 years. This unique case highlights the complex pulmonary histopathology leading to lethal cardiopulmonary failure in the setting of TBX4 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Doughty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christian Norvik
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alice Levin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jenna Bodmer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Karin Tran-Lundmark
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Steven H Abman
- Pediatric Heart Lung Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Csaba Galambos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Pediatric Heart Lung Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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4
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Piccari L, Allwood B, Antoniou K, Chung JH, Hassoun PM, Nikkho SM, Saggar R, Shlobin OA, Vitulo P, Nathan SD, Wort SJ. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and phenotypes of pulmonary hypertension associated with interstitial lung disease: A consensus statement from the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute's Innovative Drug Development Initiative - Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension. Pulm Circ 2023; 13:e12213. [PMID: 37025209 PMCID: PMC10071306 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a frequent complication of interstitial lung disease (ILD). Although PH has mostly been described in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, it can manifest in association with many other forms of ILD. Associated pathogenetic mechanisms are complex and incompletely understood but there is evidence of disruption of molecular and genetic pathways, with panvascular histopathologic changes, multiple pathophysiologic sequelae, and profound clinical ramifications. While there are some recognized clinical phenotypes such as combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema and some possible phenotypes such as connective tissue disease associated with ILD and PH, the identification of further phenotypes of PH in ILD has thus far proven elusive. This statement reviews the current evidence on the pathogenesis, recognized patterns, and useful diagnostic tools to detect phenotypes of PH in ILD. Distinct phenotypes warrant recognition if they are characterized through either a distinct presentation, clinical course, or treatment response. Furthermore, we propose a set of recommendations for future studies that might enable the recognition of new phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Piccari
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Hospital del Mar Barcelona Spain
| | - Brian Allwood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology Stellenbosch University & Tygerberg Hospital Cape Town South Africa
| | - Katerina Antoniou
- Department of Thoracic Medicine University of Crete School of Medicine Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - Jonathan H Chung
- Department of Radiology The University of Chicago Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Paul M Hassoun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
| | | | - Rajan Saggar
- Lung & Heart-Lung Transplant and Pulmonary Hypertension Programs University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine Los Angeles California USA
| | - Oksana A Shlobin
- Advanced Lung Disease and Transplant Program, Inova Health System Falls Church Virginia USA
| | - Patrizio Vitulo
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine IRCCS Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies Palermo Sicilia Italy
| | - Steven D Nathan
- Advanced Lung Disease and Transplant Program, Inova Health System Falls Church Virginia USA
| | - Stephen John Wort
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Service at the Royal Brompton Hospital London UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London UK
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5
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Karolak JA, Welch CL, Mosimann C, Bzdęga K, West JD, Montani D, Eyries M, Mullen MP, Abman SH, Prapa M, Gräf S, Morrell NW, Hemnes AR, Perros F, Hamid R, Logan MPO, Whitsett J, Galambos C, Stankiewicz P, Chung WK, Austin ED. Molecular Function and Contribution of TBX4 in Development and Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:855-864. [PMID: 36367783 PMCID: PMC10111992 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202206-1039tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, recognition of the profound impact of the TBX4 (T-box 4) gene, which encodes a member of the evolutionarily conserved family of T-box-containing transcription factors, on respiratory diseases has emerged. The developmental importance of TBX4 is emphasized by the association of TBX4 variants with congenital disorders involving respiratory and skeletal structures; however, the exact role of TBX4 in human development remains incompletely understood. Here, we discuss the developmental, tissue-specific, and pathological TBX4 functions identified through human and animal studies and review the published TBX4 variants resulting in variable disease phenotypes. We also outline future research directions to fill the gaps in our understanding of TBX4 function and of how TBX4 disruption affects development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna A. Karolak
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | - Katarzyna Bzdęga
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - James D. West
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - David Montani
- Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital de Bicêtre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Inserm UMR_S999, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Mélanie Eyries
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Mary P. Mullen
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Matina Prapa
- St. George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Gräf
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Heart and Lung Research Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W. Morrell
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Heart and Lung Research Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna R. Hemnes
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Frédéric Perros
- Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital de Bicêtre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Inserm UMR_S999, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Rizwan Hamid
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Malcolm P. O. Logan
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Whitsett
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Csaba Galambos
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paweł Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Wendy K. Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Eric D. Austin
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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6
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Mullen MP. Understanding Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Patients with TBX4 Mutations: New Views Inside and Outside the Box. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:1448-1449. [PMID: 35925028 PMCID: PMC9757100 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202208-1461ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mary P. Mullen
- Department of CardiologyBoston Children’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
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7
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Prapa M, Lago-Docampo M, Swietlik EM, Montani D, Eyries M, Humbert M, Welch CL, Chung WK, Berger RMF, Bogaard HJ, Danhaive O, Escribano-Subías P, Gall H, Girerd B, Hernandez-Gonzalez I, Holden S, Hunt D, Jansen SMA, Kerstjens-Frederikse W, Kiely DG, Lapunzina P, McDermott J, Moledina S, Pepke-Zaba J, Polwarth GJ, Schotte G, Tenorio-Castaño J, Thompson AAR, Wharton J, Wort SJ, Megy K, Mapeta R, Treacy CM, Martin JM, Li W, Swift AJ, Upton PD, Morrell NW, Gräf S, Valverde D. First Genotype-Phenotype Study in TBX4 Syndrome: Gain-of-Function Mutations Causative for Lung Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:1522-1533. [PMID: 35852389 PMCID: PMC9757087 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202203-0485oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Despite the increased recognition of TBX4 (T-BOX transcription factor 4)-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), genotype-phenotype associations are lacking and may provide important insights. Objectives: To compile and functionally characterize all TBX4 variants reported to date and undertake a comprehensive genotype-phenotype analysis. Methods: We assembled a multicenter cohort of 137 patients harboring monoallelic TBX4 variants and assessed the pathogenicity of missense variation (n = 42) using a novel luciferase reporter assay containing T-BOX binding motifs. We sought genotype-phenotype correlations and undertook a comparative analysis with patients with PAH with BMPR2 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor type 2) causal variants (n = 162) or no identified variants in PAH-associated genes (n = 741) genotyped via the National Institute for Health Research BioResource-Rare Diseases. Measurements and Main Results: Functional assessment of TBX4 missense variants led to the novel finding of gain-of-function effects associated with older age at diagnosis of lung disease compared with loss-of-function effects (P = 0.038). Variants located in the T-BOX and nuclear localization domains were associated with earlier presentation (P = 0.005) and increased incidence of interstitial lung disease (P = 0.003). Event-free survival (death or transplantation) was shorter in the T-BOX group (P = 0.022), although age had a significant effect in the hazard model (P = 0.0461). Carriers of TBX4 variants were diagnosed at a younger age (P < 0.001) and had worse baseline lung function (FEV1, FVC) (P = 0.009) than the BMPR2 and no identified causal variant groups. Conclusions: We demonstrated that TBX4 syndrome is not strictly the result of haploinsufficiency but can also be caused by gain of function. The pleiotropic effects of TBX4 in lung disease may be in part explained by the differential effect of pathogenic mutations located in critical protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matina Prapa
- Department of Medicine and
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Lago-Docampo
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Rare Diseases and Pediatric Medicine, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Emilia M. Swietlik
- Department of Medicine and
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Montani
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de référence de l’hypertension pulmonaire, INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Eyries
- Département de génétique, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and UMR_S 1166-ICAN, INSERM, UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de référence de l’hypertension pulmonaire, INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | | | - Wendy K. Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Rolf M. F. Berger
- Centre for Congenital Heart Diseases, Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, and
| | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, the Netherlands
| | - Olivier Danhaive
- Division of Neonatology, St.-Luc University Hospital, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pilar Escribano-Subías
- Unidad Multidisciplinar de Hipertensión Pulmonar, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERCV, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Henning Gall
- Centre for Congenital Heart Diseases, Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, and
| | - Barbara Girerd
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de référence de l’hypertension pulmonaire, INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | | | - Simon Holden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Hunt
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Samara M. A. Jansen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, the Netherlands
| | | | - David G. Kiely
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA, European Reference Network on Rare Congenital Malformations and Rare Intellectual Disability, Brussels, Belgium
| | - John McDermott
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joanna Pepke-Zaba
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gary J. Polwarth
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gwen Schotte
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, the Netherlands
| | - Jair Tenorio-Castaño
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA, European Reference Network on Rare Congenital Malformations and Rare Intellectual Disability, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. A. Roger Thompson
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - John Wharton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Wort
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karyn Megy
- Department of Medicine and
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rutendo Mapeta
- Department of Medicine and
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicine and
| | - Andrew J. Swift
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas W. Morrell
- Department of Medicine and
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) BioResource for Translational Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Gräf
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) BioResource for Translational Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Valverde
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Rare Diseases and Pediatric Medicine, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
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8
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Cruz-Utrilla A, Gallego-Zazo N, Tenorio-Castaño JA, Guillén I, Torrent-Vernetta A, Moya-Bonora A, Labrandero C, Rodríguez-Monte MEGL, Rodríguez-Ogando A, Rey MDMRVD, Espín J, Plata-Izquierdo B, Álvarez-Fuente M, Moreno-Galdó A, Escribano-Subias P, Marín MJDC. Clinical Implications of the Genetic Background in Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Data from the Spanish REHIPED Registry. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810433. [PMID: 36142358 PMCID: PMC9499494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe and rare disease with an important genetic background. The influence of genetic testing in the clinical classification of pediatric PAH is not well known and genetics could influence management and prognosis. Objectives: The aim of this work was to identify the molecular fingerprint of PH children in the REgistro de pacientes con HIpertensión Pulmonar PEDiátrica (REHIPED), and to investigate if genetics could have an impact in clinical reclassification and prognosis. Methods: We included pediatric patients with a genetic analysis from REHIPED. From 2011 onward, successive genetic techniques have been carried out. Before genetic diagnosis, patients were classified according to their clinical and hemodynamic data in five groups. After genetic analysis, the patients were reclassified. The impact of genetics in survival free of lung transplantation was estimated by Kaplan–Meier curves. Results: Ninety-eight patients were included for the analysis. Before the genetic diagnoses, there were idiopathic PAH forms in 53.1%, PAH associated with congenital heart disease in 30.6%, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease—PVOD—in 6.1%, familial PAH in 5.1%, and associated forms with multisystemic disorders—MSD—in 5.1% of the patients. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were found in 44 patients (44.9%). After a genetic analysis, 28.6% of the cohort was “reclassified”, with the groups of heritable PAH, heritable PVOD, TBX4, and MSD increasing up to 18.4%, 8.2%, 4.1%, and 12.2%, respectively. The MSD forms had the worst survival rates, followed by PVOD. Conclusions: Genetic testing changed the clinical classification of a significant proportion of patients. This reclassification showed relevant prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cruz-Utrilla
- Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, ERN-Lung, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Gallego-Zazo
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA, European Reference Network on Rare Congenital Malformations and Rare Intellectual Disability, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jair Antonio Tenorio-Castaño
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA, European Reference Network on Rare Congenital Malformations and Rare Intellectual Disability, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inmaculada Guillén
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alba Torrent-Vernetta
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Moya-Bonora
- Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Labrandero
- Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Elvira Garrido-Lestache Rodríguez-Monte
- Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez-Ogando
- Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juana Espín
- Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Plata-Izquierdo
- Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Álvarez-Fuente
- Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Moreno-Galdó
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Escribano-Subias
- Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, ERN-Lung, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Del Cerro Marín
- Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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9
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Taha F, Southgate L. Molecular genetics of pulmonary hypertension in children. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 75:101936. [PMID: 35772304 PMCID: PMC9763127 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the molecular aetiology of paediatric pulmonary hypertension (PH) was relatively poorly understood. While the TGF-β/BMP pathway was recognised as central to disease progression, genetic analyses in children were largely confined to targeted screening of risk genes in small cohorts, with clinical management extrapolated from adult data. In recent years, next-generation sequencing has highlighted notable differences in the genetic architecture underlying childhood-onset cases, with a higher genetic burden in children partly explained by comorbidities such as congenital heart disease. Here, we review recent genetic advances in paediatric PH and highlight important risk factors such as dysregulation of the transcription factors SOX17 and TBX4. Given the poorer prognosis in paediatric cases, molecular diagnosis offers a vital tool to enhance clinical care of children with PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Taha
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Laura Southgate
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK.
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10
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Genetic and functional analyses of TBX4 reveal novel mechanisms underlying pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 171:105-116. [PMID: 35914404 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease, with approximately 10% of cases associated with genetic variants. Recent genetic studies have reported pathogenic variants in the TBX4 gene in patients with PAH, especially in patients with childhood-onset of the disease, but the pathogenesis of PAH caused by TBX4 variant has not been fully uncovered. METHODS We analysed the TBX4 gene in 75 Japanese patients with sporadic or familial PAH using a PCR-based bidirectional sequencing method. Detected variants were evaluated using in silico analyses as well as in vitro analyses including luciferase assay, immunocytochemistry and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) whether they have altered function. We also analysed the function of TBX4 using mouse embryonic lung explants with inhibition of Tbx4 expression. RESULTS Putative pathogenic variants were detected in three cases (4.0%). Our in vitro functional analyses revealed that TBX4 directly regulates the transcriptional activity of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), whereas the identified TBX4 variant proteins failed to activate the FGF10 gene because of disruption of nuclear localisation signal or poor DNA-binding affinity. Furthermore, ex vivo inhibition of Tbx4 resulted in insufficiency of lung morphogenesis along with specific downregulation of Tie2 and Kruppel-like factor 4 expression. CONCLUSION Our results implicate variants in TBX4 as a genetic cause of PAH in a subset of the Japanese population. Variants in TBX4 may lead to PAH through insufficient lung morphogenesis by disrupting the TBX4-mediated direct regulation of FGF10 signalling and pulmonary vascular endothelial dysfunction involving PAH-related molecules.
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11
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Expanding the Evidence of a Semi-Dominant Inheritance in GDF2 Associated with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113178. [PMID: 34831401 PMCID: PMC8624726 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) sometimes co-exists with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Despite being clinically diagnosable according to Curaçao criteria, HHT can be difficult to diagnose due to its clinically heterogenicity and highly overlapping with PAH. Genetic analysis of the associated genes ACVRL1, ENG, SMAD4 and GDF2 can help to confirm or discard the presumptive diagnosis. As part of the clinical routine and to establish a genetic diagnosis, we have analyzed a cohort of patients with PAH and overlapping HHT features through a customized Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) panel of 21 genes, designed and validated in-house. We detected a homozygous missense variant in GDF2 in a pediatric patient diagnosed with PAH associated with HHT and a missense variant along with a heterozygous deletion in another idiopathic PAH patient (compound heterozygous inheritance). In order to establish variant segregation, we analyzed all available family members. In both cases, parents were carriers for the variants, but neither was affected. Our results expand the clinical spectrum and the inheritance pattern associated with GDF2 pathogenic variants suggesting incomplete penetrance and/or variability of expressivity with a semi-dominant pattern of inheritance.
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12
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Bajolle F, Malekzadeh-Milani S, Lévy M, Bonnet D. Multifactorial origin of pulmonary hypertension in a child with congenital heart disease, Down syndrome, and BMPR-2 mutation. Pulm Circ 2021; 11:20458940211027433. [PMID: 34285797 PMCID: PMC8264736 DOI: 10.1177/20458940211027433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A late preterm infant had pulmonary hypertension caused by a variety of mechanisms leading to complex management. This child had complete atrioventricular septal defect associated with mild left ventricular hypoplasia and Down syndrome diagnosed prenatally. The mother had been treated by antiretroviral HIV treatment during pregnancy. Aortic coarctation was diagnosed and rapidly repaired. After surgery, he required noninvasive ventilation for persisting elevated PCO2. Pulmonary CT scan showed normal bronchial tree, lung parenchymal abnormalities with mosaic aspect and hyperlucent zones, and indirect signs of lung hypoplasia with peripheral microbubbles. During follow-up, severe pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed on echocardiography without recoarctation, significant intracardiac shunting or diastolic dysfunction. The patient died after four months unable to be weaned from noninvasive ventilation. Post mortem lung biopsy showed abnormally muscularized arterioles with intimal fibrosis and pulmonary immaturity. Gentetic screening identified a BMPR-2 mutation. This patient illustrates the multifactorial origin of pulmonary hypertension in the neonatal period. The respective contribution of left-to-right shunt, post-capillary obstruction, and abnormally elevated pulmonary vascular resistances led to perform right heart catheterization to exclude excessive shunting and restrictive physiology of the left heart. Subjects with Down syndrome are also highly susceptible to decreased lung vascular and alveolar growth, which may increase the risk for pulmonary hypertension and lung hypoplasia. This case highlights two issues. The first one is that right heart catheterization should be discussed in neonates with unexplained pulmonary hypertension and the second is to extend indications of genetic testing for pulmonary hypertension genes in neonates who have unusual course of neonatal pulmonary hypertension, particularly in the setting of associated congenital heart disease (CHD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Bajolle
- M3C-Necker, Centre de Référence Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - S Malekzadeh-Milani
- M3C-Necker, Centre de Référence Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M Lévy
- M3C-Necker, Centre de Référence Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - D Bonnet
- M3C-Necker, Centre de Référence Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
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13
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Novel Genetic and Molecular Pathways in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with Connective Tissue Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061488. [PMID: 34199176 PMCID: PMC8231632 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a severe complication of Connective Tissue Disease (CTD), with remarkable morbidity and mortality. However, the molecular and genetic basis of CTD-PAH remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to screen for genetic defects in a cohort of patients with CTD-PAH, using a PAH-specific panel of 35 genes. During recruitment, 79 patients were studied, including 59 Systemic Sclerosis patients (SSc) and 69 females. Disease-associated variants were observed in nine patients: 4 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in 4 different genes (TBX4, ABCC8, KCNA5 and GDF2/BMP9) and 5 Variants of Unknown Significance (VUS) in 4 genes (ABCC8, NOTCH3, TOPBP1 and CTCFL). One patient with mixed CTD had a frameshift pathogenic variant in TBX4. Two patients with SSc-PAH carried variants in ABCC8. A patient diagnosed with Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) presented a pathogenic nonsense variant in GDF2/BMP9. Another patient with SSc-PAH presented a pathogenic variant in KCNA5. Four patients with SSc-PAH carried a VUS in NOTCH1, CTCFL, CTCFL and TOPBP1, respectively. These findings suggest that genetic factors may contribute to Pulmonary Vascular Disease (PVD) in CTD patients.
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14
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Swietlik EM, Prapa M, Martin JM, Pandya D, Auckland K, Morrell NW, Gräf S. 'There and Back Again'-Forward Genetics and Reverse Phenotyping in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1408. [PMID: 33256119 PMCID: PMC7760524 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the invention of right heart catheterisation in the 1950s enabled accurate clinical diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), it was not until 2000 when the landmark discovery of the causative role of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) mutations shed new light on the pathogenesis of PAH. Since then several genes have been discovered, which now account for around 25% of cases with the clinical diagnosis of idiopathic PAH. Despite the ongoing efforts, in the majority of patients the cause of the disease remains elusive, a phenomenon often referred to as "missing heritability". In this review, we discuss research approaches to uncover the genetic architecture of PAH starting with forward phenotyping, which in a research setting should focus on stable intermediate phenotypes, forward and reverse genetics, and finally reverse phenotyping. We then discuss potential sources of "missing heritability" and how functional genomics and multi-omics methods are employed to tackle this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia M. Swietlik
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matina Prapa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jennifer M. Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
| | - Divya Pandya
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
| | - Kathryn Auckland
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
| | - Nicholas W. Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- NIHR BioResource for Translational Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefan Gräf
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
- NIHR BioResource for Translational Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
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15
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van den Heuvel LM, Jansen SMA, Alsters SIM, Post MC, van der Smagt JJ, Handoko-De Man FS, van Tintelen JP, Gille H, Christiaans I, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Bogaard H, Houweling AC. Genetic Evaluation in a Cohort of 126 Dutch Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Patients. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101191. [PMID: 33066286 PMCID: PMC7602048 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe, life-threatening disease, and in some cases is caused by genetic defects. This study sought to assess the diagnostic yield of genetic testing in a Dutch cohort of 126 PAH patients. Historically, genetic testing in the Netherlands consisted of the analysis of BMPR2 and SMAD9. These genes were analyzed in 70 of the 126 patients. A (likely) pathogenic (LP/P) variant was detected in 22 (31%) of them. After the identification of additional PAH associated genes, a next generation sequencing (NGS) panel consisting of 19 genes was developed in 2018. Additional genetic testing was offered to the 48 BMPR2 and SMAD9 negative patients, out of which 28 opted for NGS analysis. In addition, this gene panel was analyzed in 56 newly identified idiopathic (IPAH) or pulmonary veno occlusive disease (PVOD) patients. In these 84 patients, NGS panel testing revealed LP/P variants in BMPR2 (N = 4), GDF2 (N = 2), EIF2AK4 (N = 1), and TBX4 (N = 3). Furthermore, 134 relatives of 32 probands with a LP/P variant were tested, yielding 41 carriers. NGS panel screening offered to IPAH/PVOD patients led to the identification of LP/P variants in GDF2, EIF2AK4, and TBX4 in six additional patients. The identification of LP/P variants in patients allows for screening of at-risk relatives, enabling the early identification of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke M. van den Heuvel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.M.v.d.H.); (S.I.M.A.); (J.P.v.T.); (H.G.)
- Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511EP Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Samara M. A. Jansen
- Department of Lung Disease, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.M.A.J.); (F.S.H.-D.M.); (A.V.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Suzanne I. M. Alsters
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.M.v.d.H.); (S.I.M.A.); (J.P.v.T.); (H.G.)
| | - Marco C. Post
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius hospital, 3435CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands;
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J. van der Smagt
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Frances S. Handoko-De Man
- Department of Lung Disease, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.M.A.J.); (F.S.H.-D.M.); (A.V.N.); (H.B.)
| | - J. Peter van Tintelen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.M.v.d.H.); (S.I.M.A.); (J.P.v.T.); (H.G.)
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Hans Gille
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.M.v.d.H.); (S.I.M.A.); (J.P.v.T.); (H.G.)
| | - Imke Christiaans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Anton Vonk Noordegraaf
- Department of Lung Disease, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.M.A.J.); (F.S.H.-D.M.); (A.V.N.); (H.B.)
| | - HarmJan Bogaard
- Department of Lung Disease, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.M.A.J.); (F.S.H.-D.M.); (A.V.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Arjan C. Houweling
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.M.v.d.H.); (S.I.M.A.); (J.P.v.T.); (H.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-20-444-0150
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16
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Customized Massive Parallel Sequencing Panel for Diagnosis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101158. [PMID: 33007923 PMCID: PMC7650688 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a very infrequent disease, with a variable etiology and clinical expressivity, making sometimes the clinical diagnosis a challenge. Current classification based on clinical features does not reflect the underlying molecular profiling of these groups. The advance in massive parallel sequencing in PAH has allowed for the describing of several new causative and susceptibility genes related to PAH, improving overall patient diagnosis. In order to address the molecular diagnosis of patients with PAH we designed, validated, and routinely applied a custom panel including 21 genes. Three hundred patients from the National Spanish PAH Registry (REHAP) were included in the analysis. A custom script was developed to annotate and filter the variants. Variant classification was performed according to the ACMG guidelines. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants have been found in 15% of the patients with 12% of variants of unknown significance (VUS). We have found variants in patients with connective tissue disease (CTD) and congenital heart disease (CHD). In addition, in a small proportion of patients (1.75%), we observed a possible digenic mode of inheritance. These results stand out the importance of the genetic testing of patients with associated forms of PAH (i.e., CHD and CTD) additionally to the classical IPAH and HPAH forms. Molecular confirmation of the clinical presumptive diagnosis is required in cases with a high clinical overlapping to carry out proper management and follow up of the individuals with the disease.
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17
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Lago-Docampo M, Tenorio J, Hernández-González I, Pérez-Olivares C, Escribano-Subías P, Pousada G, Baloira A, Arenas M, Lapunzina P, Valverde D. Characterization of rare ABCC8 variants identified in Spanish pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15135. [PMID: 32934261 PMCID: PMC7492224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a rare and fatal disease where knowledge about its genetic basis continues to increase. In this study, we used targeted panel sequencing in a cohort of 624 adult and pediatric patients from the Spanish PAH registry. We identified 11 rare variants in the ATP-binding Cassette subfamily C member 8 (ABCC8) gene, most of them with splicing alteration predictions. One patient also carried another variant in SMAD1 gene (c.27delinsGTAAAG). We performed an ABCC8 in vitro biochemical analyses using hybrid minigenes to confirm the correct mRNA processing of 3 missense variants (c.211C > T p.His71Tyr, c.298G > A p.Glu100Lys and c.1429G > A p.Val477Met) and the skipping of exon 27 in the novel splicing variant c.3394G > A. Finally, we used structural protein information to further assess the pathogenicity of the variants. The results showed 11 novel changes in ABCC8 and 1 in SMAD1 present in PAH patients. After in silico and in vitro biochemical analyses, we classified 2 as pathogenic (c.3288_3289del and c.3394G > A), 6 as likely pathogenic (c.211C > T, c.1429G > A, c.1643C > T, c.2422C > A, c.2694 + 1G > A, c.3976G > A and SMAD1 c.27delinsGTAAAG) and 3 as Variants of Uncertain Significance (c.298G > A, c.2176G > A and c.3238G > A). In all, we show that coupling in silico tools with in vitro biochemical studies can improve the classification of genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Lago-Docampo
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jair Tenorio
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA, European Reference Network on Rare Congenital Malformations and Rare Intellectual Disability, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ignacio Hernández-González
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Multidisciplinar de Hipertensión Pulmonar, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-Olivares
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Multidisciplinar de Hipertensión Pulmonar, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Escribano-Subías
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Multidisciplinar de Hipertensión Pulmonar, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Pousada
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - Adolfo Baloira
- Servicio de Neumología, Complejo Hospitalario de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Miguel Arenas
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA, European Reference Network on Rare Congenital Malformations and Rare Intellectual Disability, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Diana Valverde
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain.
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