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Dos Santos TAR, Pedrosa AKP, Melo JMM, Silveira JAC. Are vegetarians' diets inherently healthy? Ultra-processed food consumption is associated with overweight among vegetarians: the brazilian survey on the health, food, and nutrition of vegetarians. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39229727 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2024.2397714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigated ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and its association with overweight among Brazilian vegetarian adults (n = 925). Data were collected using a self-administered structured online questionnaire. The prevalence of overweight was 26.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 23.3-29.1). The median UPF consumption was 1.8 times/day (1.0-3.1 interquartile range [IQR]). The multivariable generalised linear model identified an increase in overweight probability as the UPF intake - categorised into quintiles - increases (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.08 [95%CI 1.01-1.17]). Additionally, age (PR 1.03 [95%CI 1.02-1.04]), eating more than three meals/day away from home (PR 1.56 [95%CI 1.08-2.23]), duration of vegetarianism (PR 0.98 [95%CI 0.97-0.99]) and living in the wealthiest regions in the country (PR 1.35 [95%CI 1.06-1.71]) were associated with overweight. Although vegetarians have a lower average UPF intake and overweight prevalence than the general population, UPF exposure can still lead to excessive weight gain or maintenance. This study endorses generalising the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines for the vegetarian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A R Dos Santos
- Faculty of Nutrition, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagaos, Brazil
| | - A K P Pedrosa
- Faculty of Nutrition, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagaos, Brazil
| | - J M M Melo
- Faculty of Nutrition, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagaos, Brazil
| | - J A C Silveira
- Faculty of Nutrition, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagaos, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Teixeira CD, Marchioni DM, Motta VWDL, Chaves VM, Gomes SM, Jacob MCM. Flexitarians in Brazil: Who are they, what do they eat, and why? Appetite 2024; 192:107093. [PMID: 37923061 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we conducted the first scientific investigation focusing on Brazilian flexitarians, aiming to characterize their socio-economic and demographic profiles, motivations for adopting flexitarianism, the frequency of animal-based meat consumption, and the primary meat substitutes they consume. To accomplish this, we distributed an online questionnaire with the assistance of university students and researchers from various regions of the country. Data were collected from 1029 individuals in Brazil who self-identified as flexitarians. Our findings reveal that the flexitarian dietary model is primarily adopted by women, constituting 76% of the sample (n = 786). Their motivations include concerns about the environmental impact of meat consumption (n = 361, 35%), personal health (n = 344, 33%), and animal welfare (n = 219, 21%). Flexitarians exhibit varying consumption patterns, which can be categorized into three groups: light flexitarians (consuming meat 36 times a week), medium flexitarians (consuming meat 7 times a week), and heavy flexitarians (consuming meat 4 times a week). The flexitarian dietary pattern is characterized by reduced beef consumption (less than 2 times per week) and higher consumption of chicken (3 times per week). It is complemented by plant-based protein sources and eggs as the primary meat substitutes. The recognition of legumes as the principal meat substitutes opens avenues for an expanded discussion on sustainable food systems and alternative meat products in Brazil. This provides opportunities to enhance the availability and accessibility of these foods and to develop nutritional interventions that prioritize plant-based proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla D Teixeira
- Graduate Program in Social Sciences, Center for Human Sciences, Letters and Arts, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, s/n, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Dirce Maria Marchioni
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo 715, 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Virginia W de L Motta
- Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, s/n, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Viviany M Chaves
- Graduate Program in Social Sciences, Center for Human Sciences, Letters and Arts, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, s/n, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Sávio M Gomes
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba, Street Tabelião Stanislau Eloy, s/n, Castelo Branco, 58050-585, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Michelle C M Jacob
- LabNutrir, Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, s/n, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Jayedi A, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Moosavi H, Mirmohammadkhani M, Emadi A, Shab-Bidar S. Association of plant-based dietary patterns in first trimester of pregnancy with gestational weight gain: results from a prospective birth cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023:10.1038/s41430-023-01275-x. [PMID: 36788355 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Plant-based dietary patterns are becoming more popular worldwide. We aimed to examine the relationship between plant-based dietary patterns and the risk of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) in Iranian pregnant women. METHODS We prospectively followed 657 pregnant women in Iran. Adherence to the plant-based diet, represented by plant-based (PDI), healthy (hPDI) and unhealthy plant-based (uPDI) dietary indexes was evaluated by applying a 90-item food frequency questionnaire during the first trimester of pregnancy. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional-hazards regression model was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) across quartiles of plant-based diet scores. RESULTS Over 25,562 person-weeks of follow-up, we documented 106 and 294 participants with inadequate and excessive GWG, respectively. We found a strong inverse association between adherence to the PDI and inadequate GWG after adjustment for demographic and confounding variables. Women in the highest quartile of the PDI had 50% lower risk of inadequate GWG than those in the lowest quartile (adjusted HR: 0.50; 95%CI 0.29, 0.89; P = 0.02). No significant association was found between hPDI and uPDI and inadequate GWG. There was no association between PDI, hPDI, and uPDI and the risk of excessive GWG. CONCLUSIONS Greater adherence to a plant-based diet during the first trimester of pregnancy may be associated with a lower risk of inadequate GWG. This finding needs to be confirmed in larger cohort studies, considering other pregnancy outcomes such as birth weight and the potential changes across the trimester in terms of food types and quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jayedi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheida Zeraattalab-Motlagh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Moosavi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Mirmohammadkhani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Alireza Emadi
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Asfura-Carrasco D, Santiago S, Zazpe I, Gómez-Donoso C, Bes-Rastrollo M, Martínez-González MÁ. Healthful and unhealthful provegetarian food patterns and micronutrient intake adequacy in the SUN cohort. Public Health Nutr 2022; 26:1-12. [PMID: 36124408 PMCID: PMC9989716 DOI: 10.1017/s136898002200204x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between different versions of a provegetarian food pattern (FP) and micronutrient inadequacy. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline through a validated 136-item FFQ. Participants were classified according to groups of different versions of a provegetarian FP: overall, healthful and unhealthful. The prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, C, A, D, E, folic acid, Zn, I, Se, Fe, Ca, K, P, Mg and Cr was evaluated using the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method and the probabilistic approach. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the probability of failing to meet EAR for either ≥ 3 or ≥ 6 micronutrients. SETTING Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort. PARTICIPANTS 17 825 Spanish adults. RESULTS Overall, subjects in the highest group of the unhealthful provegetarian FP had the highest prevalence of inadequate dietary intake for every vitamin and mineral, compared to those in the lowest group. The adjusted OR of failing to meet ≥ 3 EAR (highest v. lowest group) was 0·65 (0·54, 0·69) for the overall, 0·27 (0·24, 0·31) for the healthful and 9·04 (7·57, 10·4) for the unhealthful provegetarian FP. CONCLUSION A higher adherence to an overall and healthful provegetarian FP was inversely associated with the risk of failing to meet EAR values, whereas the unhealthful version was directly associated with micronutrient inadequacy. Provegetarian FP should be well planned, prioritising nutrient-dense plant foods and minimising ultra-processed and unhealthy ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Asfura-Carrasco
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana Santiago
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine–Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Itziar Zazpe
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine–Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Clara Gómez-Donoso
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine–Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maira Bes-Rastrollo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine–Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine–Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Romão B, Botelho RBA, Nakano EY, Raposo A, Han H, Vega-Muñoz A, Ariza-Montes A, Zandonadi RP. Are Vegan Alternatives to Meat Products Healthy? A Study on Nutrients and Main Ingredients of Products Commercialized in Brazil. Front Public Health 2022; 10:900598. [PMID: 35769773 PMCID: PMC9235150 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.900598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins are essential components in human nutrition, and animal products are usually the primary sources of human ingestion. However, the number of adherents to vegetarian and vegan diets has grown significantly, highlighting the need for alternatives to replace animal proteins. Meat substitutes aim to mimic the nutritional value and sensory characteristics of meat. However, studies suggest differences in their composition. This study is the first to evaluate Brazilian meat substitutes' nutritional quality and ingredients. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was performed in three steps: (i) Sample mapping of products commercialized nationwide; (ii) Ingredients and nutritional data collection and classification; (iii) Statistical analysis. One hundred twenty-five meat substitutes were included and described. The primary protein sources were soy, gluten, and pea protein ingredients. Vegan meat substitutes presented similar energy and protein values, with few exceptions among samples, with vegan canned fish alternatives presenting less protein than their counterparts. Overall vegan products did not differ regarding sodium levels but showed high amounts to compose a lunch or dinner meal. Vegan meat substitutes showed higher carbohydrates, dietary fiber concentrations, and few differences regarding total and saturated fat. Vegan meat substitutes may contribute to the adherence and maintenance of vegan and vegetarian diets. However, future studies about the implemented ingredients are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Romão
- Department of Nutrition, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Heesup Han
- College of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
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Nichele S, Phillips SM, Boaventura BC. Plant-based food patterns to stimulate muscle protein synthesis and support muscle mass in humans: a narrative review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:700-710. [PMID: 35508011 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The interest in a diet with a higher proportion of plant-based foods to animal-based foods is a global food pattern trend. However, there are concerns regarding adopting plants as the main dietary protein source to support muscle protein synthesis and muscle mass. These concerns are centred on three issues: lower protein bioavailability due to antinutritional compounds in plants, lower per-serve scores of protein at similar energy intake, and amino acid scores of plants being lower than optimal. We aimed here to synthesize and discuss evidence around plant protein in human nutrition focusing on the capacity of these proteins to stimulate muscle protein synthesis as a key part of gaining or maintaining muscle mass. In this review, we address the issues of plant protein quality and provide evidence for how plant proteins can be made more effective to stimulate muscle protein synthesis and support muscle mass in partial or total replacement of consumption of products of animal origin. Novelty: ● Plant proteins are known, in general, to have lower protein quality scores than animal proteins, and this may have important implications, especially for those aiming to increase their skeletal muscle mass through exercise. ● A plant-based diet has been postulated to have lower protein quality limiting MPS responses and potentially compromising exercise-induced gains in muscle mass. ● Current evidence shows that plant proteins can stimulate MPS, as can whole foods, especially when combining food groups, increasing portion sizes, and optimizing amino acid bioavailability through processing or common preparation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nichele
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, 28117, Nutrition, Florianopolis, Brazil;
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OUP accepted manuscript. Nutr Rev 2022; 80:2017-2028. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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de Queiroz FLN, Nakano EY, Botelho RBA, Ginani VC, Raposo A, Zandonadi RP. Eating Competence among Brazilian Adults: A Comparison between before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Foods 2021; 10:2001. [PMID: 34574111 PMCID: PMC8468240 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic started a worldwide emergency, and tight preventive actions were necessary to protect the population, changing individuals' daily habits. Dwelling and working at home can change dietary habits, affect food choice and access, as well as the practice of physical activity. In this regard, this study's goal was to compare eating competence (EC) among Brazilian adults before and during the coronavirus pandemic, using the Brazilian version of the eating competence Satter inventory (ecSI2.0™BR) with the "retrospective post-then-pre" design. This cross-sectional study was performed from 30 April to 31 May 2021 among a convenience sample of the Brazilian adult population using an online platform (Google® Forms). In the studied sample (n = 302 in which 76.82% were females), EC total score lowered during the pandemic (31.69 ± 8.26 vs. 29.99 ± 9.72; p < 0.005), and the decrease was worst after the beginning of the pandemic among those who reported weight gain, decreased the consumption of fruit and vegetables, and increased the consumption of sugary beverages. The contextual skill component seems relevant in this scenario, where our life and routines were changed entirely, demonstrating that the ability to manage the food context is essential, especially when sanitary and economic situations represent a new challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Lopes Nalon de Queiroz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (R.B.A.B.); (V.C.G.); (R.P.Z.)
| | | | - Raquel Braz Assunção Botelho
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (R.B.A.B.); (V.C.G.); (R.P.Z.)
| | - Verônica Cortez Ginani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (R.B.A.B.); (V.C.G.); (R.P.Z.)
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Renata Puppin Zandonadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (R.B.A.B.); (V.C.G.); (R.P.Z.)
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Quality of Life of Vegetarians during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082651. [PMID: 34444808 PMCID: PMC8398275 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic can negatively impact quality of life (QoL) due to higher levels of stress, social isolation, and uncertainties. In this scenario, distinct population groups might react differently. Vegetarians, who follow a non-conventional dietary pattern, could be more vulnerable to the abrupt changes in normal life routine and economic instability. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating if the current pandemic situation somehow affected vegetarians' QoL. A cross-sectional study was carried out in Brazil between 28 July and 14 September 2020 to evaluate the QoL in vegetarians during the pandemic period. Vegetarian adults replied to an online survey that included the VEGQOL and WHOQOL-BREF instruments to evaluate QoL and questions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 1282 individuals participated. Only 3.8% had tested positive for COVID-19, but 39.9% affirmed having a family member who tested positive for the disease. Almost half (46.3%) of the sample had an income drop due to the pandemic. Results of QoL scores in the different subcategories of vegetarians were similar to previously published data. Individuals who had already tested positive for COVID-19 had lower QoL scores than those who did not test positive, but only in the VEGQOL. QoL was lower for the participants who declared that Sars-Cov-2 had already infected a family member for almost all the parameters evaluated. On the other hand, an income drop affected QoL only partially. Studying how vegetarians are influenced by such conditions contributes to the generation of relevant data that can be used to support healthcare and public policies in the future.
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Hargreaves SM, Raposo A, Saraiva A, Zandonadi RP. Vegetarian Diet: An Overview through the Perspective of Quality of Life Domains. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4067. [PMID: 33921521 PMCID: PMC8069426 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vegetarianism has gained more visibility in recent years. Despite the well-described effects of a vegetarian diet on health, its influence on the quality of life of the individuals who follow it still needs to be properly investigated. Quality of life relates to a subjective perception of well-being and functionality, and encompasses four main life domains: physical, psychological, social, and environmental. The adoption of a vegetarian diet, despite being a dietary pattern, could potentially influence and be influenced by all of these domains, either positively or negatively. This review aims to present an overview of the background, conceptualization, features, and potential effects of vegetarianism in all quality of life domains. The choice of adopting a vegetarian diet could have positive outcomes, such as better physical health, positive feelings related to the adoption of a morally correct attitude, an increased sense of belonging (to a vegetarian community), and lower environmental impact. Other factors, however, could have a negative impact on the quality of life of those choosing to abstain from meats or other animal products, especially when they go beyond one's control. These include the environment, the social/cultural group in which a person is inserted, gender-based differences, economic aspects, and a limited access to a wide variety of plant-based foods. It is important to understand all the effects of adopting a vegetarian diet-beyond its nutritional aspects. Not only do studies in this area provide more consistent data, but they may also contribute to mitigating all factors that might prevent individuals from adopting a vegetarian diet, or that may have a negative impact on the quality of life of those who already follow it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shila Minari Hargreaves
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ariana Saraiva
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain;
| | - Renata Puppin Zandonadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil;
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de Queiroz FLN, Nakano EY, Botelho RBA, Ginani VC, Cançado ALF, Zandonadi RP. Eating Competence Associated with Food Consumption and Health Outcomes among Brazilian Adult Population. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103218. [PMID: 33096760 PMCID: PMC7589896 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to associate Eating Competence (EC) with food consumption and health outcomes in the Brazilian adult population. Researchers developed a questionnaire to associate EC with sociodemographic information, health outcomes, and food consumption. Data on body weight and height was referred to by participants in the questionnaire, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated and classified. A question to evaluate the perception of body size was included. After constructing the questionnaire items, content validation and semantic evaluation were performed following the Delphi method with a group of judges composed of 26 health professionals. The judges evaluated the sociodemographic information, health outcomes, and food consumption items associated with the eating competence instrument (previously validated in Brazilian-Portuguese). The final version of the questionnaire was composed of 33 items. Our results confirmed good reliability, responsiveness, and internal consistency. A total of 1810 Brazilians answered the questionnaire. Most of the participants were female, up to 40 years old, with a high education level and high income. Most of the participants did not report diabetes or hypertension. The EC total score did not differ among males and females. Individuals up to 40 years old presented a lower total score. The increase in educational level and income also increased EC total score. Excess weight individuals showed lower EC compared to the normal weight/underweight. Individuals who consumed fruits and/or vegetables five or more days/week presented the best scores for total EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Lopes Nalon de Queiroz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Distrito Federal 70910-900, Brazil; (R.B.A.B.); (V.C.G.)
- Correspondence: (F.L.N.d.Q.); (R.P.Z.)
| | - Eduardo Yoshio Nakano
- Department of Statistics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil; (E.Y.N.); (A.L.F.C.)
| | - Raquel Braz Assunção Botelho
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Distrito Federal 70910-900, Brazil; (R.B.A.B.); (V.C.G.)
| | - Verônica Cortez Ginani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Distrito Federal 70910-900, Brazil; (R.B.A.B.); (V.C.G.)
| | | | - Renata Puppin Zandonadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Distrito Federal 70910-900, Brazil; (R.B.A.B.); (V.C.G.)
- Correspondence: (F.L.N.d.Q.); (R.P.Z.)
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12
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Mendes GF, Reis CEG, Nakano EY, da Costa THM, Saunders B, Zandonadi RP. Translation and Validation of the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil (CaffEQ-BR). Nutrients 2020; 12:E2248. [PMID: 32731330 PMCID: PMC7468745 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is the world's most commonly used stimulant of the central nervous system. Caffeine is present in coffee and other beverages such as tea, soft drinks, and cocoa-based foods. The caffeine expectancy questionnaire was developed to investigate the effects of caffeine expectations and thus contribute to knowledge about its usage and subjective effects (response expectancies). This study aimed to evaluate caffeine expectation psychometrically in a sample of the Brazilian population. The original version of the "Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire (CaffEQ)" was translated and validated into Brazilian-Portuguese and adapted to Brazilian culture to be used in the Brazilian adult (19-59 y) population. After the translation and back-translation processes of the original CaffEQ questionnaire, the content and semantic validation were performed by a group of experts. The Brazilian-Portuguese version of the questionnaire consists of 47 items, in seven factors, which assess subjective perceptions about the effects of caffeine. Interobserver reproducibility and internal consistency of the questionnaire were tested with a convenience sample (n = 50) of Brazilian adult consumers of caffeine sources, who completed the Brazilian CaffEQ (CaffEQ-BR) on two occasions separated by 24 h. All of the 47 questions were adequate regarding reliability, clarity, and comprehension. Psychometric properties could be replicated consistently. Appropriate internal consistency and validation were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (α) 0.948, and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.976 was observed. The CaffEQ-BR was applied using a web-based platform to a convenience sample of Brazilian adults from all 27 Brazilian states (n = 4202 participants), along with measures of sociodemographic and caffeine consumption data. Factor validity was verified by confirmatory factor analysis. The seven factors presented a good fit for Root Mean Square Error of Approximation-RMSEA = 0.0332 (95% CI: 0.0290-0.0375). By confirming the validity and reliability of CaffEQ-BR, a useful tool is now available to assess caffeine expectations in the Brazilian adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Falcão Mendes
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia DF 70910-900, Brazil; (C.E.G.R.); (T.H.M.d.C.)
| | - Caio Eduardo Gonçalves Reis
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia DF 70910-900, Brazil; (C.E.G.R.); (T.H.M.d.C.)
| | - Eduardo Yoshio Nakano
- Department of Statistics, Central Institute of Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia DF 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia DF 70910-900, Brazil; (C.E.G.R.); (T.H.M.d.C.)
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil;
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Renata Puppin Zandonadi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia DF 70910-900, Brazil; (C.E.G.R.); (T.H.M.d.C.)
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Hargreaves SM, Araújo WMC, Nakano EY, Zandonadi RP. Correction: Brazilian vegetarians diet quality markers and comparison with the general population: A nationwide cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235991. [PMID: 32628730 PMCID: PMC7337350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Instrument to Identify Food Neophobia in Brazilian Children by Their Caregivers. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071943. [PMID: 32629847 PMCID: PMC7400101 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a specific instrument to evaluate food neophobia focused on Brazilian children and to perform the content validation and internal semantic consistency and reproducibility evaluation of the instrument. Three steps were necessary to conduct the study: (i) development of the instrument, (ii) internal validation (content validation and semantic evaluation) of the food neophobia instrument using 22 experts in the first round and 20 of them in the second round, (iii) evaluation of the internal consistency and reproducibility of the instrument with the children’s caregivers, using the test–retest (where the same caregiver—n = 22—answered twice, with 24 h interval) and comparing responses between two caregivers (n = 44) of the same children (n = 22). We developed an instrument in Brazilian–Portuguese to evaluate children’s food neophobia based on the caregivers’ perceptions with 25 items divided into three domains (neophobia in general, neophobia for fruits and neophobia for vegetables). Our results indicated that the instrument has excellent internal consistency (>0.9) and reproducibility (>0.9) when answered by the caregiver who knows the child’s eating habits, indicating reliability to be applied in Brazil. In addition, when the two caregivers answered the instrument, we found a good reproducibility (>0.6), confirming the possibility to be answered by one of the caregivers. Further studies are necessary to complete external validation with a representative sample of the target group in Brazil, showing nationwide the profile of the population. The potential of a neophobia study would contribute to the implementation of effective strategies and guidelines to support parents and health professionals, especially those involved in health and nutrition, to identify traces of food neophobia or neophobic behavior. By accurately measuring food neophobia in children, families can prevent nutritional deficiencies throughout adolescence and adulthood, improving eating habits. Children usually have neophobias similar to the ones presented by their parents—and when early detected, these neophobias can be addressed.
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