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Sollmann N, Fuderer M, Crameri F, Weingärtner S, Baeßler B, Gulani V, Keenan KE, Mandija S, Golay X, deSouza NM. Color Maps: Facilitating the Clinical Impact of Quantitative MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024. [PMID: 39180202 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Presenting quantitative data using non-standardized color maps potentially results in unrecognized misinterpretation of data. Clinically meaningful color maps should intuitively and inclusively represent data without misleading interpretation. Uniformity of the color gradient for color maps is critically important. Maximal color and lightness contrast, readability for color vision-impaired individuals, and recognizability of the color scheme are highly desirable features. This article describes the use of color maps in five key quantitative MRI techniques: relaxometry, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI, MR elastography (MRE), and water-fat MRI. Current display practice of color maps is reviewed and shortcomings against desirable features are highlighted. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Sollmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Miha Fuderer
- Radiotherapy, Division Imaging and Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sebastian Weingärtner
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bettina Baeßler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Vikas Gulani
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathryn E Keenan
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Stefano Mandija
- Radiotherapy, Division Imaging and Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Golay
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Gold Standard Phantoms, Sheffield, UK
- Bioxydyn, Manchester, UK
| | - Nandita M deSouza
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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2
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Jadzic J, Milovanovic P, Tomanovic N, Zivkovic V, Djukic D, Nikolic S, Djuric M, Djonic D. Micro-scale vertebral features in postmenopausal women with alcohol-associated and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: ex vivo bone quality analyses. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:131-140. [PMID: 37296370 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although epidemiological studies indicate increased fracture risk in women with alcohol-associated liver disease (AALD) and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), data about their micro-scale bone features are still limited. We aimed to characterize bone quality changes in the anterior mid-transverse part of the first lumbar vertebral body collected from 32 adult postmenopausal females. Based on pathohistological assessment of the liver tissue, individuals were divided into AALD (n = 13), MAFLD (n = 9), and control group (n = 10). METHODS We analyzed trabecular and cortical micro-architecture (using micro-computed tomography), bone mechanical properties (using Vickers microhardness tester), osteocyte lacunar network and bone marrow adiposity morphology (using optic microscopy). Data were adjusted to elude the covariant effects of advanced age and body mass index on our results. RESULTS Our data indicated a minor trend toward deteriorated bone quality in MAFLD women, presented in impaired trabecular and cortical micro-architectural integrity, which could be associated with bone marrow adiposity alterations noted in these women. Additionally, we observed a significant decline in micro-architectural, mechanical, and osteocyte lacunar features in lumbar vertebrae collected from the AALD group. Lastly, our data indicated that vertebral bone deterioration was more prominent in the AALD group than in the MAFLD group. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that MAFLD and AALD are factors that could play a part in compromised vertebral strength of postmenopausal women. Also, our data contribute to understanding the multifactorial nature of bone fragility in these patients and highlight the necessity for developing more effective patient-specific diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jadzic
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Bone Biology, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4/2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - P Milovanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Bone Biology, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4/2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Tomanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Zivkovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Bone Biology, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4/2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Belgrade, Deligradska 31a, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Djukic
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Bone Biology, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4/2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Belgrade, Deligradska 31a, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Nikolic
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Bone Biology, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4/2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Belgrade, Deligradska 31a, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Djuric
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Bone Biology, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4/2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Djonic
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Bone Biology, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4/2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Stefanaki C, Paltoglou G, Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP. Chronic Stress and Steatosis of Muscles, Bones, Liver, and Pancreas: A Review. Horm Res Paediatr 2023; 96:66-73. [PMID: 35144259 DOI: 10.1159/000522540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress is a recognized risk factor for poor health, body composition disequilibrium, impaired mental health, and deterioration of quality of life. Chronic stress-related cortisol oversecretion and circadian dysregulation and associated systemic low grade, injurious inflammation ("para-inflammation") contribute to steatosis in various metabolically active solid organs, affecting both their structure and function. The aim of this review was to summarize current knowledge on the impact of chronic stress and associated para-inflammation on skeletal muscle, bone, liver, and pancreas, leading to their steatosis. Current management of these maladaptive conditions is also included and underscored in this review. SUMMARY Steatosis of metabolically active solid organs is involved in various metabolic processes and considered a risk factor for chronic noncommunicable diseases, yet its role in chronic stress physiology and pathophysiology has been overlooked. KEY MESSAGES Chronic stress-associated steatosis of several solid organs is generally disregarded in current clinical practice. Physicians should be alert for these steatoses and should address them adequately so as to provide appropriate medical care. New guidelines generated by learned societies are needed, along with large observational studies, to offer novel solutions to this old problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charikleia Stefanaki
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Paltoglou
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Jadzic J, Milovanovic PD, Cvetkovic D, Zivkovic V, Nikolic S, Tomanovic N, Djuric MP, Djonic D. The altered osteocytic expression of connexin 43 and sclerostin in human cadaveric donors with alcoholic liver cirrhosis: Potential treatment targets. J Anat 2022; 240:1162-1173. [PMID: 34978341 PMCID: PMC9119608 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that osteocyte lacunar network disruption could play a role in the complex pathophysiology of bone changes in aging and disease. Considering that particular research interest is lacking, we aimed to assess alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC)-induced changes in osteocyte lacunar network and bone marrow adiposity. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to assess changes in the micro-morphology of osteocyte lacunar network and bone marrow adiposity, and expression of connexin 43 and sclerostin in vertebral and femoral samples collected from 40 cadaveric men (age range between 44 and 70 years) divided into ALC group (n = 20) and control group (n = 20). Furthermore, the assessment of the potential association between bone changes and the severity of the hepatic disorder (given by Knodell's pathohistologic scoring) was conducted. Our data revealed fewer connexin 43-positive osteocytes per vertebral and femoral bone area (p < 0.01), suggesting defective signal transduction among osteocytes in ALC individuals. Moreover, we found an ALC-induced increase in the number of adipocytes in the vertebral bone marrow (p = 0.038). Considering significant associations between the severity of liver tissue disturbances and impaired functionality of osteocyte lacunar network (Pearson's correlation analyses, p < 0.05), we may assume that timely treatment of the liver disease may delay bone impairment. ALC induced an increase in osteocytic sclerostin expression (p < 0.001), suggesting its role in mediating low bone formation among ALC individuals. Hence, medicaments targeting low bone formation may be beneficial to attenuate the bone changes among ALC patients. However, future clinical studies are required to verify the therapeutic utility of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Jadzic
- Laboratory of Bone Biology and BioanthropologyFaculty of MedicineInstitute of AnatomyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Petar D. Milovanovic
- Laboratory of Bone Biology and BioanthropologyFaculty of MedicineInstitute of AnatomyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Danica Cvetkovic
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Slobodan Nikolic
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Nada Tomanovic
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of PathologyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Marija P. Djuric
- Laboratory of Bone Biology and BioanthropologyFaculty of MedicineInstitute of AnatomyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Danijela Djonic
- Laboratory of Bone Biology and BioanthropologyFaculty of MedicineInstitute of AnatomyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
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Wyst KBV, Hu HH, Peña A, Olson ML, Bailey SS, Shaibi GQ. Bone marrow adipose tissue content in Latino adolescents with prediabetes and obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:2100-2107. [PMID: 34582099 PMCID: PMC8612952 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine whether total, regional, and organ fat predicts bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) fat content and to explore whether BMAT fat content differs by sex among Latino youth. METHODS Latino youth (n = 86; age 13.6 [1.4] years, 62% male) with obesity (BMI percentile = 98.5% [1.2%]) underwent a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan to assess body composition and a magnetic resonance imaging scan to determine abdominal adiposity, liver fat, and vertebral BMAT fat content in the thoracic (average of T8-T12) and lumbar (average of L1-L5) spine. RESULTS Male youth exhibited significantly greater thoracic (male youth = 30.8% [1.4%] vs. female youth = 24.5% [2.1%], p = 0.027) and lumbar (male youth = 36.3% [1.5%] vs. female youth = 30.2% [2.2%], p = 0.038) BMAT fat content compared with female youth. Visceral adipose tissue was a significant predictor of thoracic (β = 0.434, t[86] = 3.016, p = 0.003) and lumbar (β = 0.389, t[86] = 2.677, p = 0.009) BMAT fat content, explaining 8.9% and 6.9% of the variance, respectively. Liver fat was a significant predictor of both thoracic (β = 0.487, t[86] = 4.334, p < 0.001) and lumbar (β = 0.436, t[86] = 3.793, p < 0.001) BMAT fat content, explaining 17.6% and 13.8% of the variance, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Male youth had significantly greater thoracic and lumbar BMAT fat content than female youth. Greater BMAT fat content is associated with greater liver fat and visceral adipose tissue among youth with obesity. Further investigation of the mechanistic underpinnings of BMAT may help to differentiate its metabolic and bone-related functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiley B. Vander Wyst
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Houchun H. Hu
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
- Clinical Science, Hyperfine, Inc., Guilford, CT
| | - Armando Peña
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Micah L. Olson
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Smita S. Bailey
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Radiology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Gabriel Q. Shaibi
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
- Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
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