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Tomov L, Chervenkov L, Miteva DG, Batselova H, Velikova T. Applications of time series analysis in epidemiology: Literature review and our experience during COVID-19 pandemic. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:6974-6983. [PMID: 37946767 PMCID: PMC10631421 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i29.6974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Time series analysis is a valuable tool in epidemiology that complements the classical epidemiological models in two different ways: Prediction and forecast. Prediction is related to explaining past and current data based on various internal and external influences that may or may not have a causative role. Forecasting is an exploration of the possible future values based on the predictive ability of the model and hypothesized future values of the external and/or internal influences. The time series analysis approach has the advantage of being easier to use (in the cases of more straightforward and linear models such as Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average). Still, it is limited in forecasting time, unlike the classical models such as Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed. Its applicability in forecasting comes from its better accuracy for short-term prediction. In its basic form, it does not assume much theoretical knowledge of the mechanisms of spreading and mutating pathogens or the reaction of people and regulatory structures (governments, companies, etc.). Instead, it estimates from the data directly. Its predictive ability allows testing hypotheses for different factors that positively or negatively contribute to the pandemic spread; be it school closures, emerging variants, etc. It can be used in mortality or hospital risk estimation from new cases, seroprevalence studies, assessing properties of emerging variants, and estimating excess mortality and its relationship with a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latchezar Tomov
- Department of Informatics, New Bulgarian University, Sofia 1618, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubomir Chervenkov
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitrina Georgieva Miteva
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Hristiana Batselova
- Department of Epidemiology and Disaster Medicine, Medical University, University Hospital "St George", Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Tsvetelina Velikova
- Department of Medical Faculty, Sofia University, St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
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2
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Big data analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on digital game industrial sustainability in South Korea. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278467. [PMID: 36584045 PMCID: PMC9803102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly influenced the lifestyle and entertainment activities of the society that has significantly increased the growth rate of the gaming industry. While the studies on the game industry, one of the leading content industries, related to the pandemic has been done from various perspectives, little attention has been taken in regards to how the pandemic have impacted on the national digital game production and its industrial sustainability as a whole. Thus, this study was conducted to analyze the changes in the domestic game industry before and after the COVID-19 outbreak using the big data analysis of semantic network. This study aims to understand the growing trend in the gaming industry that can be helpful for the marketing and production of future games, as well as to guide the establishment of the public game policies in the game industry. The results showed that the COVID-19 pandemic positively decreased the public's worries and the government's restrictions towards gaming due to game addiction as a mental disease. However, its sudden change in the gamer's attitudes and the current gaming policies implied that for the sustainable development of the domestic game production, laws and regulations related to the game industry need to be reliable and planned on a long term basis since the industry is immensely large and is also related to several industries such as computing, programming, arts, and story contents. Accordingly, it is necessary to build an industrial ecology through which cluster complexes specializing in developing startups and small and medium-sized business can grow along with political support.
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3
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Izadi N, Taherpour N, Mokhayeri Y, Sotoodeh Ghorbani S, Rahmani K, Hashemi Nazari SS. Epidemiologic Parameters for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2022; 36:155. [PMID: 36654849 PMCID: PMC9832936 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.36.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak to be a public health emergency and international concern and recognized it as a pandemic. This study aimed to estimate the epidemiologic parameters of the COVID-19 pandemic for clinical and epidemiological help. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis study, 4 electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for the literature published from early December 2019 up to 23 March 2020. After screening, we selected 76 articles based on epidemiological parameters, including basic reproduction number, serial interval, incubation period, doubling time, growth rate, case-fatality rate, and the onset of symptom to hospitalization as eligibility criteria. For the estimation of overall pooled epidemiologic parameters, fixed and random effect models with 95% CI were used based on the value of between-study heterogeneity (I2). Results: A total of 76 observational studies were included in the analysis. The pooled estimate for R0 was 2.99 (95% CI, 2.71-3.27) for COVID-19. The overall R0 was 3.23, 1.19, 3.6, and 2.35 for China, Singapore, Iran, and Japan, respectively. The overall serial interval, doubling time, and incubation period were 4.45 (95% CI, 4.03-4.87), 4.14 (95% CI, 2.67-5.62), and 4.24 (95% CI, 3.03-5.44) days for COVID-19. In addition, the overall estimation for the growth rate and the case fatality rate for COVID-19 was 0.38% and 3.29%, respectively. Conclusion: The epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 as an emerging disease may be revealed by computing the pooled estimate of the epidemiological parameters, opening the door for health policymakers to consider additional control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Izadi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid
Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Taherpour
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Mokhayeri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Lorestan
University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sahar Sotoodeh Ghorbani
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid
Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khaled Rahmani
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health
Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Department of
Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Reema G, Vijaya Babu B, Tumuluru P, Praveen SP. COVID-19 EDA analysis and prediction using SIR and SEIR models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/20479700.2022.2130630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gunti Reema
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, KoneruLakshmaiah Education Foundation, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - B. Vijaya Babu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, KoneruLakshmaiah Education Foundation, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Praveen Tumuluru
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, KoneruLakshmaiah Education Foundation, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - S. Phani Praveen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Prasad V. Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India
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5
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Nassiri H, Mohammadpour SI, Dahaghin M. How do the smart travel ban policy and intercity travel pattern affect COVID-19 trends? Lessons learned from Iran. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276276. [PMID: 36256674 PMCID: PMC9578609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, as the most significant epidemic of the century, infected 467 million people and took the lives of more than 6 million individuals as of March 19, 2022. Due to the rapid transmission of the disease and the lack of definitive treatment, countries have employed nonpharmaceutical interventions. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the smart travel ban policy, which has been implemented for non-commercial vehicles in the intercity highways of Iran since November 21, 2020. The other goal was to suggest efficient COVID-19 forecasting tools and to examine the association of intercity travel patterns and COVID-19 trends in Iran. To this end, weekly confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 and the intercity traffic flow reported by loop detectors were aggregated at the country's level. The Box-Jenkins methodology was employed to evaluate the policy's effectiveness, using the interrupted time series analysis. The results indicated that the autoregressive integrated moving average with explanatory variable (ARIMAX) model outperformed the univariate ARIMA model in predicting the disease trends based on the MAPE criterion. The weekly intercity traffic and its lagged variables were entered as covariates in both models of the disease cases and deaths. The results indicated that the weekly intercity traffic increases the new weekly COVID-19 cases and deaths with a time lag of two and five weeks, respectively. Besides, the interrupted time series analysis indicated that the smart travel ban policy had decreased intercity travel by around 29%. Nonetheless, it had no significant direct effect on COVID-19 trends. This study suggests that the travel ban policy would not be efficient lonely unless it is coupled with active measures and adherence to health protocols by the people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibollah Nassiri
- Civil Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mohammad Dahaghin
- Civil Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Zhang W, Liu S, Osgood N, Zhu H, Qian Y, Jia P. Using simulation modelling and systems science to help contain COVID-19: A systematic review. SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2022; 40:SRES2897. [PMID: 36245570 PMCID: PMC9538520 DOI: 10.1002/sres.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically reviews applications of three simulation approaches, that is, system dynamics model (SDM), agent-based model (ABM) and discrete event simulation (DES), and their hybrids in COVID-19 research and identifies theoretical and application innovations in public health. Among the 372 eligible papers, 72 focused on COVID-19 transmission dynamics, 204 evaluated both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions, 29 focused on the prediction of the pandemic and 67 investigated the impacts of COVID-19. ABM was used in 275 papers, followed by 54 SDM papers, 32 DES papers and 11 hybrid model papers. Evaluation and design of intervention scenarios are the most widely addressed area accounting for 55% of the four main categories, that is, the transmission of COVID-19, prediction of the pandemic, evaluation and design of intervention scenarios and societal impact assessment. The complexities in impact evaluation and intervention design demand hybrid simulation models that can simultaneously capture micro and macro aspects of the socio-economic systems involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Research Institute of Economics and ManagementSouthwestern University of Finance and EconomicsChengduChina
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social SciencesBeijing Normal University at ZhuhaiZhuhaiChina
| | - Nathaniel Osgood
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonCanada
- Department of Community Health and EpidemiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonCanada
| | - Hongli Zhu
- Research Institute of Economics and ManagementSouthwestern University of Finance and EconomicsChengduChina
| | - Ying Qian
- Business SchoolUniversity of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Peng Jia
- School of Resource and Environmental SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse HealthWuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
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7
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Zhan C, Shao L, Zhang X, Yin Z, Gao Y, Tse CK, Yang D, Wu D, Zhang H. Estimating unconfirmed COVID-19 infection cases and multiple waves of pandemic progression with consideration of testing capacity and non-pharmaceutical interventions: A dynamic spreading model. Inf Sci (N Y) 2022; 607:418-439. [PMID: 35693835 PMCID: PMC9169449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2022.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has unique epidemiological characteristics that include presymptomatic and asymptomatic infections, resulting in a large proportion of infected cases being unconfirmed, including patients with clinical symptoms who have not been identified by screening. These unconfirmed infected individuals move and spread the virus freely, presenting difficult challenges to the control of the pandemic. To reveal the actual pandemic situation in a given region, a simple dynamic susceptible-unconfirmed-confirmed-removed (D-SUCR) model is developed taking into account the influence of unconfirmed cases, the testing capacity, the multiple waves of the pandemic, and the use of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Using this model, the total numbers of infected cases in 51 regions of the USA and 116 countries worldwide are estimated, and the results indicate that only about 40% of the true number of infections have been confirmed. In addition, it is found that if local authorities could enhance their testing capacities and implement a timely strict quarantine strategy after identifying the first infection case, the total number of infected cases could be reduced by more than 90%. Delay in implementing quarantine measures would drastically reduce their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choujun Zhan
- School of Computing, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lujiao Shao
- Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ziliang Yin
- Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Chi K. Tse
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Management of Complex Systems, Ernest and Julio Gallo Management Program, School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of ICT and Natural Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China,Corresponding author
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8
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Mendoza DE, Ochoa-Sánchez A, Samaniego EP. Forecasting of a complex phenomenon using stochastic data-based techniques under non-conventional schemes: The SARS-CoV-2 virus spread case. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2022; 158:112097. [PMID: 35411129 PMCID: PMC8986496 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Epidemics are complex dynamical processes that are difficult to model. As revealed by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the social behavior and policy decisions contribute to the rapidly changing behavior of the virus' spread during outbreaks and recessions. In practice, reliable forecasting estimations are needed, especially during early contagion stages when knowledge and data are insipient. When stochastic models are used to address the problem, it is necessary to consider new modeling strategies. Such strategies should aim to predict the different contagious phases and fast changes between recessions and outbreaks. At the same time, it is desirable to take advantage of existing modeling frameworks, knowledge and tools. In that line, we take Autoregressive models with exogenous variables (ARX) and Vector autoregressive (VAR) techniques as a basis. We then consider analogies with epidemic's differential equations to define the structure of the models. To predict recessions and outbreaks, the possibility of updating the model's parameters and stochastic structures is considered, providing non-stationarity properties and flexibility for accommodating the incoming data to the models. The Generalized-Random-Walk (GRW) and the State-Dependent-Parameter (SDP) techniques shape the parameters' variability. The stochastic structures are identified following the Akaike (AIC) criterion. The models use the daily rates of infected, death, and healed individuals, which are the most common and accurate data retrieved in the early stages. Additionally, different experiments aim to explore the individual and complementary role of these variables. The results show that although both the ARX-based and VAR-based techniques have good statistical accuracy for seven-day ahead predictions, some ARX models can anticipate outbreaks and recessions. We argue that short-time predictions for complex problems could be attained through stochastic models that mimic the fundamentals of dynamic equations, updating their parameters and structures according to incoming data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Mendoza
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cuenca, Av. 12 de Abril sn, CP: 010112 Cuenca, Ecuador
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Cuenca, Av.12 de Abril sn, CP: 010112 Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Ana Ochoa-Sánchez
- School of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
- TRACES, University of Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Esteban P Samaniego
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Cuenca, Av.12 de Abril sn, CP: 010112 Cuenca, Ecuador
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Cuenca, Av. 12 de Abril sn, CP: 010151 Cuenca, Ecuador
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Abolmaali S, Shirzaei S. A comparative study of SIR Model, Linear Regression, Logistic Function and ARIMA Model for forecasting COVID-19 cases. AIMS Public Health 2021; 8:598-613. [PMID: 34786422 PMCID: PMC8568588 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2021048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting February 2020, COVID-19 was confirmed in 11,946 people worldwide, with a mortality rate of almost 2%. A significant number of epidemic diseases consisting of human Coronavirus display patterns. In this study, with the benefit of data analytic, we develop regression models and a Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model for the contagion to compare the performance of models to predict the number of cases. First, we implement a good understanding of data and perform Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA). Then, we derive parameters of the model from the available data corresponding to the top 4 regions based on the history of infections and the most infected people as of the end of August 2020. Then models are compared, and we recommend further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saina Abolmaali
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, 345 W Magnolia Ave, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Samira Shirzaei
- Department of Computer Information System & Analytics , University of Central Arkansas, 201 Donaghey Ave, Conway, AR 72035, USA
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10
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Zhan C, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Wen Q. Random-Forest-Bagging Broad Learning System With Applications for COVID-19 Pandemic. IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2021; 8:15906-15918. [PMID: 35582242 PMCID: PMC9014474 DOI: 10.1109/jiot.2021.3066575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapid geographic spread of COVID-19, to which various factors may have contributed, has caused a global health crisis. Recently, the analysis and forecast of the COVID-19 pandemic have attracted worldwide attention. In this work, a large COVID-19 data set consisting of COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 testing capacity, economic level, demographic information, and geographic location data in 184 countries and 1241 areas from December 18, 2019, to September 30, 2020, were developed from public reports released by national health authorities and bureau of statistics. We proposed a machine learning model for COVID-19 prediction based on the broad learning system (BLS). Here, we leveraged random forest (RF) to screen out the key features. Then, we combine the bagging strategy and BLS to develop a random-forest-bagging BLS (RF-Bagging-BLS) approach to forecast the trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, we compared the forecasting results with linear regression (LR) model, [Formula: see text]-nearest neighbors (KNN), decision tree (DT), adaptive boosting (Ada), RF, gradient boosting DT (GBDT), support vector regression (SVR), extra trees (ETs) regressor, CatBoost (CAT), LightGBM (LGB), XGBoost (XGB), and BLS.The RF-Bagging BLS model showed better forecasting performance in terms of relative mean-square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination ([Formula: see text]), adjusted coefficient of determination ([Formula: see text]), median absolute error (MAD), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) than other models. Hence, the proposed model demonstrates superior predictive power over other benchmark models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choujun Zhan
- School of Electronical and Computer EngineeringNanfang College of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou510970China
- School of ComputingSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510641China
| | - Yufan Zheng
- School of Electronical and Computer EngineeringNanfang College of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou510970China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Shenzhen Graduate SchoolHarbin Institute of TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Quansi Wen
- School of Computer Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641China
- Jiangmen City Road Traffic Accident Social Relief Fund Management CenterJiangmengChina
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11
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Feroze N, Abbas K, Noor F, Ali A. Analysis and forecasts for trends of COVID-19 in Pakistan using Bayesian models. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11537. [PMID: 34277145 PMCID: PMC8272466 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is currently on full flow in Pakistan. Given the health facilities in the country, there are serious threats in the upcoming months which could be very testing for all the stakeholders. Therefore, there is a need to analyze and forecast the trends of COVID-19 in Pakistan. METHODS We have analyzed and forecasted the patterns of this pandemic in the country, for next 30 days, using Bayesian structural time series models. The causal impacts of lifting lockdown have also been investigated using intervention analysis under Bayesian structural time series models. The forecasting accuracy of the proposed models has been compared with frequently used autoregressive integrated moving average models. The validity of the proposed model has been investigated using similar datasets from neighboring countries including Iran and India. RESULTS We observed the improved forecasting accuracy of Bayesian structural time series models as compared to frequently used autoregressive integrated moving average models. As far as the forecasts are concerned, on August 10, 2020, the country is expected to have 333,308 positive cases with 95% prediction interval [275,034-391,077]. Similarly, the number of deaths in the country is expected to reach 7,187 [5,978-8,390] and recoveries may grow to 279,602 [208,420-295,740]. The lifting of lockdown has caused an absolute increase of 98,768 confirmed cases with 95% interval [85,544-111,018], during the post-lockdown period. The positive aspect of the forecasts is that the number of active cases is expected to decrease to 63,706 [18,614-95,337], on August 10, 2020. This is the time for the concerned authorities to further restrict the active cases so that the recession of the outbreak continues in the next month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Feroze
- Department of Statistics, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Abbas
- Department of Statistics, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Farzana Noor
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Statistics, Islamia College, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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12
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Zhou M, Huang Y, Li G. Changes in the concentration of air pollutants before and after the COVID-19 blockade period and their correlation with vegetation coverage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:23405-23419. [PMID: 33447974 PMCID: PMC7808704 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to control the spread of COVID-19, China had implemented strict lockdown measures. The closure of cities had had a huge impact on human production and consumption activities, which had greatly reduced population mobility. This article used air pollutant data from 341 cities in mainland China and divided these cities into seven major regions based on geographic conditions and climatic environment. The impact of urban blockade on air quality during COVID-19 was studied from the perspectives of time, space, and season. In addition, this article used Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to systematically analyze the characteristics of air pollution in the country and used the Pearson correlation coefficient to explore the relationship between NDVI and the air pollutant concentrations during the COVID-19 period. Then, linear regression was used to find the quantitative relationship between NDVI and AQI, and the fitting effect of the model was found to be significant through t test. Finally, some countermeasures were proposed based on the analysis results, and suggestions were provided for improving air quality. This paper has drawn the following conclusions: (1) the concentration of pollutants varied greatly in different regions, and the causes of their pollution sources were also different. The region with the largest decline in AQI was the Northeast China (60.01%), while the AQI in the southwest China had the smallest change range, and its value had increased by 1.72%. In addition, after the implementation of the city blockade, the concentration of NO2 in different regions dropped the most, but the increase in O3 was more obvious. (2) Higher vegetation coverage would have a beneficial impact on the atmospheric environment. Areas with higher NDVI values have relatively low AQI. There is a negative correlation between NDVI and AQI, and an average increase of 0.1 in NDVI will reduce AQI by 3.75 (95% confidence interval). In the case of less human intervention, the higher the vegetation coverage, the lower the local pollutant concentration will be. Therefore, the degree of vegetation coverage would have a direct or indirect impact on air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manguo Zhou
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yanguo Huang
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Ganzhou, China.
| | - Guilan Li
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Ganzhou, China
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13
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Browning R, Sulem D, Mengersen K, Rivoirard V, Rousseau J. Simple discrete-time self-exciting models can describe complex dynamic processes: A case study of COVID-19. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250015. [PMID: 33836020 PMCID: PMC8034752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hawkes processes are a form of self-exciting process that has been used in numerous applications, including neuroscience, seismology, and terrorism. While these self-exciting processes have a simple formulation, they can model incredibly complex phenomena. Traditionally Hawkes processes are a continuous-time process, however we enable these models to be applied to a wider range of problems by considering a discrete-time variant of Hawkes processes. We illustrate this through the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as a substantive case study. While alternative models, such as compartmental and growth curve models, have been widely applied to the COVID-19 epidemic, the use of discrete-time Hawkes processes allows us to gain alternative insights. This paper evaluates the capability of discrete-time Hawkes processes by modelling daily mortality counts as distinct phases in the COVID-19 outbreak. We first consider the initial stage of exponential growth and the subsequent decline as preventative measures become effective. We then explore subsequent phases with more recent data. Various countries that have been adversely affected by the epidemic are considered, namely, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. These countries are all unique concerning the spread of the virus and their corresponding response measures. However, we find that this simple model is useful in accurately capturing the dynamics of the process, despite hidden interactions that are not directly modelled due to their complexity, and differences both within and between countries. The utility of this model is not confined to the current COVID-19 epidemic, rather this model could explain many other complex phenomena. It is of interest to have simple models that adequately describe these complex processes with unknown dynamics. As models become more complex, a simpler representation of the process can be desirable for the sake of parsimony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiha Browning
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Deborah Sulem
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerrie Mengersen
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Judith Rousseau
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Ceremade, Université Paris-Dauphine, Paris, France
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14
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Bhowmik T, Tirtha SD, Iraganaboina NC, Eluru N. A comprehensive analysis of COVID-19 transmission and mortality rates at the county level in the United States considering socio-demographics, health indicators, mobility trends and health care infrastructure attributes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249133. [PMID: 33793611 PMCID: PMC8016225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several research efforts have evaluated the impact of various factors including a) socio-demographics, (b) health indicators, (c) mobility trends, and (d) health care infrastructure attributes on COVID-19 transmission and mortality rate. However, earlier research focused only on a subset of variable groups (predominantly one or two) that can contribute to the COVID-19 transmission/mortality rate. The current study effort is designed to remedy this by analyzing COVID-19 transmission/mortality rates considering a comprehensive set of factors in a unified framework. METHODS AND FINDINGS We study two per capita dependent variables: (1) daily COVID-19 transmission rates and (2) total COVID-19 mortality rates. The first variable is modeled using a linear mixed model while the later dimension is analyzed using a linear regression approach. The model results are augmented with a sensitivity analysis to predict the impact of mobility restrictions at a county level. Several county level factors including proportion of African-Americans, income inequality, health indicators associated with Asthma, Cancer, HIV and heart disease, percentage of stay at home individuals, testing infrastructure and Intensive Care Unit capacity impact transmission and/or mortality rates. From the policy analysis, we find that enforcing a stay at home order that can ensure a 50% stay at home rate can result in a potential reduction of about 33% in daily cases. CONCLUSIONS The model framework developed can be employed by government agencies to evaluate the influence of reduced mobility on transmission rates at a county level while accommodating for various county specific factors. Based on our policy analysis, the study findings support a county level stay at home order for regions currently experiencing a surge in transmission. The model framework can also be employed to identify vulnerable counties that need to be prioritized based on health indicators for current support and/or preferential vaccination plans (when available).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Bhowmik
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sudipta Dey Tirtha
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Naveen Chandra Iraganaboina
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Naveen Eluru
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
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15
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Pourmalek F, Rezaei Hemami M, Janani L, Moradi-Lakeh M. Rapid review of COVID-19 epidemic estimation studies for Iran. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:257. [PMID: 33522928 PMCID: PMC7848865 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To inform researchers about the methodology and results of epidemic estimation studies performed for COVID-19 epidemic in Iran, we aimed to perform a rapid review. METHODS We searched for and included published articles, preprint manuscripts and reports that estimated numbers of cumulative or daily deaths or cases of COVID-19 in Iran. We found 131 studies and included 29 of them. RESULTS The included studies provided outputs for a total of 84 study-model/scenario combinations. Sixteen studies used 3-4 compartmental disease models. At the end of month two of the epidemic (2020-04-19), the lowest (and highest) values of predictions were 1,777 (388,951) for cumulative deaths, 20,588 (2,310,161) for cumulative cases, and at the end of month four (2020-06-20), were 3,590 (1,819,392) for cumulative deaths, and 144,305 (4,266,964) for cumulative cases. Highest estimates of cumulative deaths (and cases) for latest date available in 2020 were 418,834 on 2020-12-19 (and 41,475,792 on 2020-12-31). Model estimates predict an ominous course of epidemic progress in Iran. Increase in percent population using masks from the current situation to 95% might prevent 26,790 additional deaths (95% confidence interval 19,925-35,208) by the end of year 2020. CONCLUSIONS Meticulousness and degree of details reported for disease modeling and statistical methods used in the included studies varied widely. Greater heterogeneity was observed regarding the results of predicted outcomes. Consideration of minimum and preferred reporting items in epidemic estimation studies might better inform future revisions of the available models and new models to be developed. Not accounting for under-reporting drives the models' results misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leila Janani
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Community and Family Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Feroze N. Assessing the future progression of COVID-19 in Iran and its neighbors using Bayesian models. Infect Dis Model 2021; 6:343-350. [PMID: 33521407 PMCID: PMC7826158 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The short term forecasts regarding different parameters of the COVID-19 are very important to make informed decisions. However, majority of the earlier contributions have used classical time series models, such as auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, to obtain the said forecasts for Iran and its neighbors. In addition, the impacts of lifting the lockdowns in the said countries have not been studied. The aim of this paper is to propose more flexible Bayesian structural time series (BSTS) models for forecasting the future trends of the COVID-19 in Iran and its neighbors, and to compare the predictive power of the BSTS models with frequently used ARIMA models. The paper also aims to investigate the casual impacts of lifting the lockdown in the targeted countries using proposed models. METHODS We have proposed BSTS models to forecast the patterns of this pandemic in Iran and its neighbors. The predictive power of the proposed models has been compared with ARIMA models using different forecast accuracy criteria. We have also studied the causal impacts of resuming commercial/social activities in these countries using intervention analysis under BSTS models. The forecasts for next thirty days were obtained by using the data from March 16 to July 22, 2020. These data have been obtained from Our World in Data and Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX). All the numerical results have been obtained using R software. RESULTS Different measures of forecast accuracy advocated that forecasts under BSTS models were better than those under ARIMA models. Our forecasts suggested that the active numbers of cases are expected to decrease in Iran and its neighbors, except Afghanistan. However, the death toll is expected to increase at more pace in majority of these countries. The resuming of commercial/social activities in these countries has accelerated the surges in number of positive cases. CONCLUSIONS The serious efforts would be needed to make sure that these expected figures regarding active number of cases come true. Iran and its neighbors need to improve their extensive healthcare infrastructure to cut down the higher expected death toll. Finally, these countries should develop and implement the strict SOPs for the commercial activities in order to prevent the expected second wave of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Feroze
- Department of Statistics, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzffarabad, Pakistan
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17
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Figueiro-Filho EA, Yudin M, Farine D. COVID-19 during pregnancy: an overview of maternal characteristics, clinical symptoms, maternal and neonatal outcomes of 10,996 cases described in 15 countries. J Perinat Med 2020; 48:900-911. [PMID: 33001856 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2020-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to identify the most significant studies reporting on COVID-19 during pregnancy and to provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women and perinatal outcomes. Eligibility criteria included all reports, reviews; case series with more than 100 individuals and that reported at least three of the following: maternal characteristics, maternal COVID-19 clinical presentation, pregnancy outcomes, maternal outcomes and/or neonatal/perinatal outcomes. We included eight studies that met the inclusion criteria, representing 10,966 cases distributed in 15 countries around the world until July 20, 2020. The results of our review demonstrate that the maternal characteristics, clinical symptoms, maternal and neonatal outcomes almost 11,000 cases of COVID-19 and pregnancy described in 15 different countries are not worse or different from the general population. We suggest that pregnant women are not more affected by the respiratory complications of COVID-19, when compared to the outcomes described in the general population. We also suggest that the important gestational shift Th1-Th2 immune response, known as a potential contributor to the severity in cases of viral infections during pregnancy, are counter-regulated by the enhanced-pregnancy-induced ACE2-Ang-(1-7) axis. Moreover, the relatively small number of reported cases during pregnancy does not allow us to affirm that COVID-19 is more aggressive during pregnancy. Conversely, we also suggest, that down-regulation of ACE2 receptors induced by SARS-CoV-2 cell entry might have been detrimental in subjects with pre-existing ACE2 deficiency associated with pregnancy. This association might explain the worse perinatal outcomes described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Antonio Figueiro-Filho
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Yudin
- Saint Michael's Hospital, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dan Farine
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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MOFTAKHAR L, SEIF M, SAFE MS. Exponentially Increasing Trend of Infected Patients with COVID-19 in Iran: A Comparison of Neural Network and ARIMA Forecasting Models. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 49:92-100. [PMID: 34268211 PMCID: PMC8266002 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v49is1.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outbreak of COVID-19 is rapidly spreading around the world and became a pandemic disease. For help to better planning of interventions, this study was conducted to forecast the number of daily new infected cases with COVID-19 for next thirty days in Iran. METHODS The information of observed Iranian new cases from 19th Feb to 30th Mar 2020 was used to predict the number of patients until 29th Apr. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models were applied for prediction. The data was prepared from daily reports of Iran Ministry of Health and open datasets provided by the JOHN Hopkins. To compare models, dataset was separated into train and test sets. Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) was the comparison criteria. RESULTS Both algorithms forecasted an exponential increase in number of newly infected patients. If the spreading pattern continues the same as before, the number of daily new cases would be 7872 and 9558 by 29th Apr, respectively by ANN and ARIMA. While Model comparison confirmed that ARIMA prediction was more accurate than ANN. CONCLUSION COVID-19 is contagious disease, and has infected many people in Iran. Our results are an alarm for health policy planners and decision-makers, to make timely decisions, control the disease and provide the equipment needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila MOFTAKHAR
- Student Research Committee, Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mozhgan SEIF
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Biostatistics, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Sadat SAFE
- Seyed-al-Shohada Hospital, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
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19
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Sharif AF, Mattout SK, Mitwally NA. Coronavirus disease-19 spread in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, updates and prediction of disease progression in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Pakistan. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2020; 14:32-42. [PMID: 32952503 PMCID: PMC7475206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study is considered the first study that aims to estimate the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and to predict the pattern of spread among Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in comparison to Iran and Pakistan. METHODS Data during the period from January 29, 2020, till April 14, 2020, were extracted from 76 WHO situational reports and from the Worldometer website. Numbers of populations in each country were considered during data analysis. Susceptible, infectious, recovered, and deaths (SIRD) model and smoothing spline regression model were used to predict the number of cases in each country. RESULTS SIRD model in KSA yielded β = 2e-0.6, γ = 0.006, and μ = 0.00038 and R0= 0.00029. It is expected that by the 1st of May 2020, that number of cumulative infected cases would rise to 16848 in KSA and to 11,825 in Pakistan while in Iran, it is expected that the number mostly will be 100485. Moreover, the basic reproduction number R0 is expected to decrease by time progression. CONCLUSION The cumulative infected cases are expected to grow exponentially. Although R0 is expected to be decreased, the quarantine measures should be maintained or even enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Fady Sharif
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Kamal Mattout
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Zagazig Infectious Diseases Hospital, Ministry of Health and Population, Egypt; Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha Adel Mitwally
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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20
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Takele R. Stochastic modelling for predicting COVID-19 prevalence in East Africa Countries. Infect Dis Model 2020; 5:598-607. [PMID: 32838091 PMCID: PMC7434383 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus (COVID-19) has continued to be a global threat to public health. As the matter of fact, it needs unreserved effort to monitor the prevalence of the virus. However, applying an effective prediction of the prevalence is thought to be the fundamental requirement to effectively control the spreading rate. Time series models have extensively been considered as the convenient methods to predict the prevalence or spreading rate of the disease. This study, therefore, aimed to apply the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) modeling approach for projecting coronavirus (COVID-19) prevalence patterns in East Africa Countries, mainly Ethiopia, Djibouti, Sudan and Somalia. The data for the study were obtained from the reports of confirmed COVID-19 cases by the official website of Johns Hopkins University from 13th March, 2020 to 30th June, 2020.The results of the study, then, showed that in the coming four month, the number of COVID-19 positive people in Ethiopia may reach up to 56,610 from 5,846 on June 30, 2020 in average-rate scenario. However, in worst case scenario forecast, the model showed that the cases will be around 84,497. The analysis further depicted that with average interventions and control scenario, cumulative number of infected persons in Djibouti, Somalia and Sudan will increase from 4,656, 2,904 and 9,258 respectively at the end of June to 8,336, 3,961 and 21,388, which is by the end of October, 2020, after four-months. But, with insufficient intervention, the number of infected persons may grow quickly and reach up to 14,072, 10,037 and 38,174 in Djibouti, Somalia and Sudan respectively. Generally, the extent of the coronavirus spreading was increased from time to time in the past four month, until 30 th June, 2020, and it is expected to continue quicker than before for the coming 4-month, until the end of October, 2020, in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, and Sudan and more rapidly than before in Sudan and Ethiopia, while the peak will remain unknown yet. Therefore, an effective implementation of the preventive measures and a rigorous compliance by avoiding negligence with the rules such as prohibiting public gatherings, travel restrictions, personal protection measures, and social distancing may alleviate the spreading rates of the virus, particularly, Sudan and Ethiopia. Moreover, more efforts should be exerted on Ethiopian side to control the population movement across all the border areas and to strengthen border quarantining. Further, through updating more new data with continuous reconsideration of predictive model, provide useful and more precise prediction. Applying, ARIMAX-Transfer Function model in region-wise by take in to consideration of climatic data like temperature and humidity in each countries looking spatial pattern for reliable measure of COVID-19 prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rediat Takele
- Assistant Professor in Bio-Statistics, Jigjiga University, Department of Statistics, Ethiopia
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21
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Lee H, Park SJ, Lee GR, Kim JE, Lee JH, Jung Y, Nam EW. The relationship between trends in COVID-19 prevalence and traffic levels in South Korea. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 96:399-407. [PMID: 32417247 PMCID: PMC7224658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a COVID-19 pandemic on March 12, 2020. Several studies have indicated that densely populated urban environments and the heavy dependence on traffic could increase the potential spread of COVID-19. This study investigated the association between changes in traffic volume and the spread of COVID-19 in South Korea. METHODS This study analyzed the daily national traffic and traffic trend for 3 months from January 1, 2020. Traffic data were measured using 6307 vehicle detection system (VDS). This study analyzed the difference in traffic levels between 2019 and 2020. Non-linear regression was performed to analyze the change in traffic trend in 2020. The relationship between traffic and confirmed COVID-19 cases was analyzed using single linear regression. RESULTS The mean daily nationwide level of traffic for the first 3 months of 2020 was 143 655 563 vehicles, which was 9.7% lower than the same period in 2019 (159 044 566 vehicles). All regions showed a decreasing trend in traffic in February, which shifted to an increasing trend from March. In Incheon there was a positive, but insignificant, linear relationship between increasing numbers of newly confirmed cases and increasing traffic (β = 43 146; p = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS Numbers of newly confirmed COVID-19 patients have been decreasing since March, while the traffic has been increasing. The fact that traffic is increasing indicates greater contact between people, which in turn increases the risk of further COVID-19 spread. Therefore, the government will need to devise suitable policies, such as total social distancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hocheol Lee
- Department of Health Administration, Yonsei University Graduate School, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Park
- Department of Applied Statistics, Yonsei University Graduate School, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Ram Lee
- Yonsei Global Health Center, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Kim
- Yonsei Global Health Center, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ho Lee
- Department of Health Administration, Yonsei University Graduate School, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Jung
- Department of Health Administration, Yonsei University Graduate School, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Woo Nam
- Department of Health Administration, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Faranda D, Castillo IP, Hulme O, Jezequel A, Lamb JSW, Sato Y, Thompson EL. Asymptotic estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection counts and their sensitivity to stochastic perturbation. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2020; 30:051107. [PMID: 32491888 PMCID: PMC7241685 DOI: 10.1063/5.0008834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of having robust estimates of the time-asymptotic total number of infections, early estimates of COVID-19 show enormous fluctuations. Using COVID-19 data from different countries, we show that predictions are extremely sensitive to the reporting protocol and crucially depend on the last available data point before the maximum number of daily infections is reached. We propose a physical explanation for this sensitivity, using a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered model, where the parameters are stochastically perturbed to simulate the difficulty in detecting patients, different confinement measures taken by different countries, as well as changes in the virus characteristics. Our results suggest that there are physical and statistical reasons to assign low confidence to statistical and dynamical fits, despite their apparently good statistical scores. These considerations are general and can be applied to other epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Faranda
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA Saclay l'Orme des Merisiers, UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay and IPSL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isaac Pérez Castillo
- London Mathematical Laboratory, 8 Margravine Gardens, London W6 8RH, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Hulme
- London Mathematical Laboratory, 8 Margravine Gardens, London W6 8RH, United Kingdom
| | - Aglaé Jezequel
- LMD/IPSL, ENS, PSL Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jeroen S W Lamb
- London Mathematical Laboratory, 8 Margravine Gardens, London W6 8RH, United Kingdom
| | - Yuzuru Sato
- London Mathematical Laboratory, 8 Margravine Gardens, London W6 8RH, United Kingdom
| | - Erica L Thompson
- London Mathematical Laboratory, 8 Margravine Gardens, London W6 8RH, United Kingdom
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23
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Faranda D, Castillo IP, Hulme O, Jezequel A, Lamb JSW, Sato Y, Thompson EL. Asymptotic estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection counts and their sensitivity to stochastic perturbation. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2020; 30:051107. [PMID: 32491888 DOI: 10.1063/50008834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of having robust estimates of the time-asymptotic total number of infections, early estimates of COVID-19 show enormous fluctuations. Using COVID-19 data from different countries, we show that predictions are extremely sensitive to the reporting protocol and crucially depend on the last available data point before the maximum number of daily infections is reached. We propose a physical explanation for this sensitivity, using a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered model, where the parameters are stochastically perturbed to simulate the difficulty in detecting patients, different confinement measures taken by different countries, as well as changes in the virus characteristics. Our results suggest that there are physical and statistical reasons to assign low confidence to statistical and dynamical fits, despite their apparently good statistical scores. These considerations are general and can be applied to other epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Faranda
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA Saclay l'Orme des Merisiers, UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay and IPSL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isaac Pérez Castillo
- London Mathematical Laboratory, 8 Margravine Gardens, London W6 8RH, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Hulme
- London Mathematical Laboratory, 8 Margravine Gardens, London W6 8RH, United Kingdom
| | - Aglaé Jezequel
- LMD/IPSL, ENS, PSL Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jeroen S W Lamb
- London Mathematical Laboratory, 8 Margravine Gardens, London W6 8RH, United Kingdom
| | - Yuzuru Sato
- London Mathematical Laboratory, 8 Margravine Gardens, London W6 8RH, United Kingdom
| | - Erica L Thompson
- London Mathematical Laboratory, 8 Margravine Gardens, London W6 8RH, United Kingdom
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