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Rungruangsaphakun J, Ayimbila F, Nakphaichit M, Keawsompong S. Simulated Swine Digestion and Gut Microbiota Fermentation of Hydrolyzed Copra Meal. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1677. [PMID: 38891724 PMCID: PMC11171118 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of hydrolyzed copra meal (HCM) inclusion at 1% on its in vitro digestibility and the microbiota and cecum fermentation using the gut microbiota of weaned swine, targeting microbial community and short-chain fatty acids (SCF). For this reason, three treatments were considered: control (no copra meal), 1% non-hydrolyzed copra meal (CM), and 1% HCM. Non-defatted copra meal was hydrolyzed and analyzed (reducing sugars and total carbohydrates) in our laboratory. For digestion, microbiota identification, and fermentation assays, fresh fecal samples from two weaned pigs (1 month old) were used. Three replicates of each treatment were employed. HCM was more digestible, with approximately 0.68 g of hydrolysate recovered after simulated digestion compared to 0.82 g of hydrolysate recovered from CM. This was shown by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images. Also, the three swine shared the majority of microbial species identified at the phylum and family levels. There were no differences (p > 0.05) between treatments in the microbial community and SCFA during fermentation. However, higher Chao-1 and Shannon indexes were observed in CM and HCM treatments. HCM was also found to be capable of preserving Actinobacterota and Proteobacteria at the phylum level, while at the family level, both treatments may help Lactobacillaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae survive in the long term. Also, there was a potential trend of increasing acetic acid and butyric acid in the CM and HCM treatments. While HCM shows promise in potentially modulating the gut microbiota of weaned swine, additional research is required to investigate the effects of higher doses of HCM on swine performance parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurairat Rungruangsaphakun
- Specialized Research Unit: Prebiotics and Probiotics for Health, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University (CASAF, NRU-KU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (J.R.); (F.A.); (M.N.)
| | - Francis Ayimbila
- Specialized Research Unit: Prebiotics and Probiotics for Health, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University (CASAF, NRU-KU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (J.R.); (F.A.); (M.N.)
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, KU Institute of Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University (CASAF, NRU-KU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Massalin Nakphaichit
- Specialized Research Unit: Prebiotics and Probiotics for Health, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University (CASAF, NRU-KU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (J.R.); (F.A.); (M.N.)
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, KU Institute of Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University (CASAF, NRU-KU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Suttipun Keawsompong
- Specialized Research Unit: Prebiotics and Probiotics for Health, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University (CASAF, NRU-KU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (J.R.); (F.A.); (M.N.)
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, KU Institute of Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University (CASAF, NRU-KU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Choi H, Duarte YG, Pasquali GAM, Kim SW. Investigation of the nutritional and functional roles of a combinational use of xylanase and β-glucanase on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:63. [PMID: 38704593 PMCID: PMC11070102 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylanase and β-glucanase combination (XG) hydrolyzes soluble non-starch polysaccharides that are anti-nutritional compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of XG on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs. METHODS Forty pigs (6.5 ± 0.4 kg) were assigned to 5 dietary treatments and fed for 35 d in 3 phases (11, 9, and 15 d, respectively). Basal diets mainly included corn, soybean meal, and corn distiller's dried grains with solubles, contained phytase (750 FTU/kg), and were supplemented with 5 levels of XG at (1) 0, (2) 280 TXU/kg xylanase and 125 TGU/kg β-glucanase, (3) 560 and 250, (4) 840 and 375, or (5) 1,120 and 500, respectively. Growth performance was measured. On d 35, all pigs were euthanized and jejunal mucosa, jejunal digesta, jejunal tissues, and ileal digesta were collected to determine the effects of increasing XG levels and XG intake on intestinal health. RESULTS Increasing XG intake tended to quadratically decrease (P = 0.059) viscosity of jejunal digesta (min: 1.74 mPa·s at 751/335 (TXU/TGU)/kg). Increasing levels of XG quadratically decreased (P < 0.05) Prevotellaceae (min: 0.6% at 630/281 (TXU/TGU)/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing XG intake quadratically increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacillaceae (max: 40.3% at 608/271 (TXU/TGU)/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing XG intake quadratically decreased (P < 0.05) Helicobacteraceae (min: 1.6% at 560/250 (TXU/TGU)/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing levels of XG tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.073) jejunal IgG and tended to quadratically increase (P = 0.085) jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio (max: 2.62 at 560/250 (TXU/TGU)/kg). Increasing XG intake tended to linearly increase the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (P = 0.087) and ether extract (P = 0.065). Increasing XG intake linearly increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain. CONCLUSIONS A combinational use of xylanase and β-glucanase would hydrolyze the non-starch polysaccharides fractions, positively modulating the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota. Increased intake of these enzyme combination possibly reduced digesta viscosity and humoral immune response in the jejunum resulting in improved intestinal structure, and ileal digestibility of nutrients, and finally improving growth of nursery pigs. The beneficial effects were maximized at a combination of 550 to 800 TXU/kg xylanase and 250 to 360 TGU/kg β-glucanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Choi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 116 Polk Hall, Campus Box 7621, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yesid Garavito Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 116 Polk Hall, Campus Box 7621, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 116 Polk Hall, Campus Box 7621, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Li J, Chen WN, Sun WJ, Cordero G, Hasan S, Bontempo V, Xiao JF, Li YP, Pi Y, Li XL, Jiang XR. Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Stimbiotics to Sows on Lactation Performance, Immune Function, and Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Capacities during Late Gestation and Lactation. Vet Sci 2024; 11:53. [PMID: 38393071 PMCID: PMC10892021 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Stimbiotic supplementation may provide an innovative feed additive solution to accelerate the proliferation of beneficial fiber-degrading bacteria in the distal intestine and the utilization of dietary fiber. Optimal utilization of dietary fiber has multiple benefits for gut health and nutrient utilization. This study was conducted to evaluate the late gestation and lactation performance, the plasma, colostrum, and milk immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, and IgM) concentrations, and the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant biomarkers in plasma of sows fed with or without a stimbiotic during the late gestation and lactation phase. A total of 40 sows were allocated to two treatment groups: control (CT) with no supplementation or 100 mg/kg stimbiotic (VP), with 20 sows per treatment. Sows were fed the treatment diets from d 85 of gestation to d 28 of lactation. In the results, the average daily weight gain of piglets during lactation was greater from sows fed in the VP group compared to that in the CT group (p < 0.05). The plasma concentrations of IgM at farrowing and IgG at weaning of the sows fed the diet with the stimbiotic supplementation were much higher than those in the CT sows (p < 0.05), respectively. In addition, the dietary stimbiotic increased the concentrations of IgM in the colostrum and of IgA and IgM in the milk at d 14 of lactation (p < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) on d 0 and d 28 of lactation tended to be lower in sows fed the VP diets compared with those of the sows fed the CT diets. Thus, our study indicated that stimbiotic supplementation could improve the daily weight gain of piglets and the immune function of sows in lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.L.); (W.-N.C.); (W.-J.S.); (Y.-P.L.); (Y.P.); (X.-L.L.)
| | - Wen-Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.L.); (W.-N.C.); (W.-J.S.); (Y.-P.L.); (Y.P.); (X.-L.L.)
| | - Wen-Juan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.L.); (W.-N.C.); (W.-J.S.); (Y.-P.L.); (Y.P.); (X.-L.L.)
| | | | - Shah Hasan
- AB Vista, Marlborough SN8 4AN, UK; (G.C.); (S.H.)
| | - Valentino Bontempo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Jun-Feng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Swine Nutrition and Feed Science of Fujian Province, Aonong Group, Zhangzhou 363000, China;
| | - Yan-Pin Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.L.); (W.-N.C.); (W.-J.S.); (Y.-P.L.); (Y.P.); (X.-L.L.)
| | - Yu Pi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.L.); (W.-N.C.); (W.-J.S.); (Y.-P.L.); (Y.P.); (X.-L.L.)
| | - Xi-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.L.); (W.-N.C.); (W.-J.S.); (Y.-P.L.); (Y.P.); (X.-L.L.)
| | - Xian-Ren Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.L.); (W.-N.C.); (W.-J.S.); (Y.-P.L.); (Y.P.); (X.-L.L.)
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Valente Junior DT, Genova JL, Kim SW, Saraiva A, Rocha GC. Carbohydrases and Phytase in Poultry and Pig Nutrition: A Review beyond the Nutrients and Energy Matrix. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:226. [PMID: 38254395 PMCID: PMC10812482 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to clarify the mechanisms through which exogenous enzymes (carbohydrases and phytase) influence intestinal health, as well as their effects on the nutrients and energy matrix in diets fed to poultry and pigs reared under sanitary challenging conditions. Enzyme supplementation can positively affect intestinal microbiota, immune system, and enhance antioxidant status. Although enzymes have been shown to save energy and nutrients, their responses under sanitary challenging conditions are poorly documented. Immune system activation alters nutrient partitioning, which can affect the matrix values for exogenous enzymes on commercial farms. Notably, the carbohydrases and phytase supplementation under sanitary challenging conditions align with energy and nutritional valorization matrices. Studies conducted under commercial conditions have shown that matrices containing carbohydrases and phytase can maintain growth performance and health in poultry and pigs. However, these studies have predominantly focused on assessing a single level of reduction in energy and/or available phosphorus and total calcium, limiting our ability to quantify potential energy and nutrient savings in the diet. Future research should delve deeper into determining the extent of energy and nutrient savings and understanding the effects of alone or blended enzymes supplementation to achieve more specific insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Teixeira Valente Junior
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Jansller Luiz Genova
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Alysson Saraiva
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Gabriel Cipriano Rocha
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
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Amir SE, Naeem M, Boocock D, Coveney C, O'Neill HM, Bedford MR, Burton EJ. Xylo-oligosaccharide-based prebiotics upregulate the proteins of the Sus-like system in caecal Bacteroidetes of the chicken: evidence of stimbiotic mechanism. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103113. [PMID: 37856910 PMCID: PMC10590740 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the stimbiotic mechanism of xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) in degrading the complex polysaccharides by the caecal bacteria of the chicken, by applying a proteomic approach. A total of 800 as-hatched Ross 308 broiler chicks were equally divided into 4 experimental pens (200 chicks per pen) at a commercial poultry barn, allocating 2 pens per treatment. Birds were fed ad libitum with 2 dietary treatments; CON (without XOS) and XOS (with 0.1g XOS/kg diet) from d 0 to 35. From each pen, 60 Individual birds were weighed weekly whereas caecal content was obtained from 5 birds cervically dislocated on d 35. The caecal bacteria were lysed and their proteins were quantified using label-free quantitative proteomic mass spectrometry. The results showed that XOS significantly increased (P < 0.05) bird weight on d 7, 14, 21, and 28, and body weight gain on d 7, 14, 21, and 35 compared to CON. However, no difference (P > 0.05) in body weight gain was observed from d 0 to 35 between CON and XOS. The proteomic analysis of caecal bacteria revealed that 29 proteins were expressed differently between the CON and the XOS group. Out of 29, 20 proteins were significantly increased in the XOS group compared to CON and 9 of those proteins belonged to the starch-utilizing system (Sus)-like system of the gram-negative Bacteroidetes. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt) is a significant constituent of the human gut microbiota, known for its remarkable ability to hydrolyze most glycosidic bonds of polysaccharides. This microorganism possesses a 5-protein complex in its outer membrane, named the starch utilization system (Sus), responsible for adhering to, breaking down, and transporting starch into the cell. Sus serves as an exemplar system for numerous polysaccharide utilization loci that target glycans found in Bt and other members of the Bacteroidetes phylum. The proteins of the Sus-like system are involved in the degradation of complex polysaccharides and transportation of the oligosaccharides into the periplasm of the caecal bacteria where they are further broken down into smaller units. These smaller units are then transported into the cytoplasm of the cell where they are utilized in metabolic pathways leading to potential generation of short-chain fatty acids, thus improving the nutritive value of residual feed. In conclusion, XOS supplementation upregulates the expression of the proteins of the Sus-like system indicating its role as a stimbiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba E Amir
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG25 0QF, United Kingdom
| | - M Naeem
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG25 0QF, United Kingdom.
| | - David Boocock
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NF, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Coveney
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NF, United Kingdom
| | - H M O'Neill
- AB Vista, Marlborough, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Marlborough, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - E J Burton
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG25 0QF, United Kingdom
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Kim JE, Tun HM, Bennett DC, Leung FC, Cheng KM. Microbial diversity and metabolic function in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Sci Rep 2023; 13:4488. [PMID: 36934111 PMCID: PMC10024708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae), a large flightless omnivorous ratite, are farmed for their fat and meat. Emu fat can be rendered into oil for therapeutic and cosmetic use. They are capable of gaining a significant portion of its daily energy requirement from the digestion of plant fibre. Despite of its large body size and low metabolic rate, emus have a relatively simple gastroinstetinal (GI) tract with a short mean digesta retention time. However, little is known about the GI microbial diversity of emus. The objective of this study was to characterize the intraluminal intestinal bacterial community in the different segments of small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) using pyrotag sequencing and compare that with the ceca. Gut content samples were collected from each of four adult emus (2 males, 2 females; 5-6 years old) that were free ranged but supplemented with a barley-alfalfa-canola based diet. We amplified the V3-V5 region of 16S rRNA gene to identify the bacterial community using Roche 454 Junior system. After quality trimming, a total of 165,585 sequence reads were obtained from different segments of the small intestine (SI). A total of 701 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified in the different segments of small intestine. Firmicutes (14-99%) and Proteobacteria (0.5-76%) were the most predominant bacterial phyla in the small intestine. Based on species richness estimation (Chao1 index), the average number of estimated OTUs in the small intestinal compartments were 148 in Duodenum, 167 in Jejunum, and 85 in Ileum, respectively. Low number of core OTUs identified in each compartment of small intestine across individual birds (Duodenum: 13 OTUs, Jejunum: 2 OTUs, Ileum: 14 OTUs) indicated unique bacterial community in each bird. Moreover, only 2 OTUs (Escherichia and Sinobacteraceae) were identified as core bacteria along the whole small intestine. PICRUSt analysis has indicated that the detoxification of plant material and environmental chemicals seem to be performed by SI microbiota, especially those in the jejunum. The emu cecal microbiome has more genes than SI segments involving in protective or immune response to enteric pathogens. Microbial digestion and fermentation is mostly in the jejunum and ceca. This is the first study to characterize the microbiota of different compartments of the emu intestines via gut samples and not fecal samples. Results from this study allow us to further investigate the influence of the seasonal and physiological changes of intestinal microbiota on the nutrition of emus and indirectly influence the fatty acid composition of emu fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hein M Tun
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing, Faculty of Medicine, HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Darin C Bennett
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Frederick C Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kimberly M Cheng
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Crome TA, Giesemann MA, Miller HE, Petry AL. Influence of fiber type and carbohydrase supplementation on nutrient digestibility, energy and nitrogen balance, and physiology of sows at mid and late gestation. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad390. [PMID: 38016074 PMCID: PMC10734669 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrase supplementation in grow-finish pig diets improves energy, nutrient digestibility, and gastrointestinal function, but their efficacy in gestation diets is understudied. The experimental objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a multicarbohydrase to improve digestion, energetics, and various physiological functions in gestating sows fed soluble and insoluble fiber diets. On day 28 of gestation, 36 sows (186 ± 4.6 kg body weight), blocked by parity, were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments (n = 9). Factors included fiber type of insoluble (IF; 20% dried distiller grains with solubles) or soluble fiber (SF; 20% sugar beet pulp) and with (+) or without (-) enzyme (0.05%, Rovabio Advance P10; Adisseo, Antony, France). Diets were fed from days 28 to 109 of gestation at a feeding level of 2.1 kg (SID-Lys 11 g/d and 4.5 net energy-Mcal/d). Two separate 9-d metabolism periods were conducted on days 50 to 59 (mid) and 99 to 108 (late) of gestation. During each period, days 1 to 3 served as an adaptation period, days 4 to 7 total urine and feces were collected (96-h) and followed by a 48-h lactulose-mannitol study. Serum and plasma were collected on days 50 and 99. Data were analyzed as repeated records using a linear mixed model with block as a random effect and fiber type, enzyme, and period and their interactions as fixed effects. Sows fed SF+ had increased serum IL-1ra (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.035), and IL-2 (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.042). In the presence of IF, multicarbohydrases increased serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, but not when supplemented with SF (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.028). Circulating IL-8 and TNF-α were decreased in sows fed multicarbohydrases (P < 0.05). Multicarbohydrase supplementation increased the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), dry matter, and neutral detergent fiber by 2.8%, 3.4%, and 8.3%, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared to IF-, the ATTD of hemicellulose was 5.3% greater in sows fed IF+ but did not differ from SF- and SF+ (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.037). Sows fed IF+ had the greatest ATTD of insoluble dietary fiber (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.011). Sows fed multicarbohydrases excreted less energy in their urine (519 vs. 469 GE kcal/d; Enzyme P = 0.033) and in their feces (985 vs. 900 GE kcal/d; Enzyme P = 0.003). This resulted in an improvement in both digestible energy (Enzyme P < 0.01) and metabolizable energy (Enzyme P = 0.041), irrespective of fiber type. In conclusion, multicarbohydrase supplementation increased the digestibility and energetic contribution of fiber, irrespective of adaptation time or fiber type, but modulation of inflammatory responses was unique to dietary fiber type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Crome
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | | | - Hannah E Miller
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Amy L Petry
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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Moran ET, Bedford MR. Large intestinal dynamics differ between fowl and swine: Anatomical modifications, microbial collaboration, and digestive advantages from fibrolytic enzymes. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 11:160-170. [PMID: 36254218 PMCID: PMC9550523 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The large intestinal systems of fowl and swine recover nutrients from ileal indigesta by a strategically different manner. Indigesta with fowl enter a short colon where retro-peristalsis using urine from the urodeum carries small particulates and solutes into both ceca while coarse materials collect in the cloaca. Fowl repetitively add fine and soluble materials into both ceca to continue fermentation until complexity of the remainder exceeds microbial action, then contents apart from faeces are entirely evacuated. Indigesta with swine initially enter a short cecum followed by a lengthy progression through to the rectal ampulla. Wall out-pocketings of circular muscle or haustrae occur throughout the length of the pig's cecum and helicoidal colon. Each pocket carries contents acquired earlier in the cecum. Motility collects fines and solutes into haustrae during their progression through the colon whereas coarse particulates assemble in the core. Haustrae contents continually ferment during movement to the distal colon with resulting volatile fatty acids (VFA) and electrolytes being absorbed. Mucin loosely covers the lumen surface in caeca as well as helicoidal colon that may capture microbes from active intestinal contents as well as release others to sustain fermentation. The microbial community continually modifies to accommodate fibre complexity as encountered. Resistant starches (RS) and simple oligosaccharides rapidly ferment to yield VFA while encouraging butyric acid in the cecum and anterior colon, whereas non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) complexity requires extended durations through the remaining colon that enhance acetic acid. Residual fibre eventually results in undue complexity for fermentation and consolidates at termination of the colon. These compact pellets are placed on core contents to form faeces having a nodular surface. Acetic, propionic, and butyric acids represent the bulk of VFA and are derived from non-digestible carbohydrates. Fibrolytic enzymes, when supplemented to feed, may increase the proportion of oligosaccharides and simpler NSP to further the rate as well as extent of fermentation. Active absorption of VFA by mucosal enterocytes employs its ionized form together with Na+, whereas direct membrane passage occurs when non-dissociated. Most absorbed VFA favour use by the host with a portion of butyric acid together with by-products from protein digestion being retained to reform mucin and sustain mucosal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin T. Moran
- Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, AL 36830-5416, USA
| | - Michael R. Bedford
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
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Gut Microbiome Studies in Livestock: Achievements, Challenges, and Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233375. [PMID: 36496896 PMCID: PMC9736591 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The variety and makeup of the gut microbiome are frequently regarded as the primary determinants of health and production performances in domestic animals. High-throughput DNA/RNA sequencing techniques (NGS) have recently gained popularity and permitted previously unheard-of advancements in the study of gut microbiota, particularly for determining the taxonomic composition of such complex communities. Here, we summarize the existing body of knowledge on livestock gut microbiome, discuss the state-of-the-art in sequencing techniques, and offer predictions for next research. We found that the enormous volumes of available data are biased toward a small number of globally distributed and carefully chosen varieties, while local breeds (or populations) are frequently overlooked despite their demonstrated resistance to harsh environmental circumstances. Furthermore, the bulk of this research has mostly focused on bacteria, whereas other microbial components such as protists, fungi, and viruses have received far less attention. The majority of these data were gathered utilizing traditional metabarcoding techniques that taxonomically identify the gut microbiota by analyzing small portions of their genome (less than 1000 base pairs). However, to extend the coverage of microbial genomes for a more precise and thorough characterization of microbial communities, a variety of increasingly practical and economical shotgun techniques are currently available.
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Nutritional and Functional Roles of Phytase and Xylanase Enhancing the Intestinal Health and Growth of Nursery Pigs and Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233322. [PMID: 36496844 PMCID: PMC9740087 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review paper discussed the nutritional and functional roles of phytase and xylanase enhancing the intestinal and growth of nursery pigs and broiler chickens. There are different feed enzymes that are currently supplemented to feeds for nursery pigs and broiler chickens. Phytase and xylanase have been extensively studied showing consistent results especially related to enhancement of nutrient digestibility and growth performance of nursery pigs and broiler chickens. Findings from recent studies raise the hypothesis that phytase and xylanase could play functional roles beyond increasing nutrient digestibility, but also enhancing the intestinal health and positively modulating the intestinal microbiota of nursery pigs and broiler chickens. In conclusion, the supplementation of phytase and xylanase for nursery pigs and broiler chickens reaffirmed the benefits related to enhancement of nutrient digestibility and growth performance, whilst also playing functional roles benefiting the intestinal microbiota and reducing the intestinal oxidative damages. As a result, it could contribute to a reduction in the feed costs by allowing the use of a wider range of feedstuffs without compromising the optimal performance of the animals, as well as the environmental concerns associated with a poor hydrolysis of antinutritional factors present in the diets for swine and poultry.
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Diether NE, Nam SL, Fouhse J, Le Thanh BV, Stothard P, Zijlstra RT, Harynuk J, de la Mata P, Willing BP. Dietary benzoic acid and supplemental enzymes alter fiber-fermenting taxa and metabolites in the cecum of weaned pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac324. [PMID: 36205053 PMCID: PMC9683507 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of enzymes and organic acids in pig diets is an important strategy supporting decreased antibiotic usage in pork production. However, limited knowledge exists about how these additives impact intestinal microbes and their metabolites. To examine the effects of benzoic acid and enzymes on gut microbiota and metabolome, 160 pigs were assigned to one of four diets 7 days after weaning: a control diet or the addition of 0.5% benzoic acid, 0.045% dietary enzymes (phytase, β-glucanase, xylanase, and α-amylase), or both and fed ad libitum for 21 to 22 d. Individual growth performance and group diarrhea incidence data were collected throughout the experimental period. A decrease of 20% in pen-level diarrhea incidence from days 8 to 14 in pigs-fed both benzoic acid and enzymes compared to the control diet (P = 0.047). Cecal digesta samples were collected at the end of the experimental period from 40 piglets (n = 10 per group) and evaluated for differences using 16S rRNA sequencing and two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). Analysis of cecal microbiota diversity revealed that benzoic acid altered microbiota composition (Unweighted Unifrac, P = 0.047, r2 = 0.07) and decreased α-diversity (Shannon, P = 0.041; Faith's Phylogenetic Diversity, P = 0.041). Dietary enzymes increased fiber-fermenting bacterial taxa such as Prevotellaceae. Two-step feature selection identified 17 cecal metabolites that differed among diets, including increased microbial cross-feeding product 1,2-propanediol in pigs-fed benzoic acid-containing diets. In conclusion, dietary benzoic acid and enzymes affected the gut microbiota and metabolome of weaned pigs and may support the health and resolution of postweaning diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Diether
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Seo Lin Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Janelle Fouhse
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Bich V Le Thanh
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Paul Stothard
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Ruurd T Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - James Harynuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Paulina de la Mata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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12
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Stimbiotic Supplementation Alleviates Poor Performance and Gut Integrity in Weaned Piglets Induced by Challenge with E. coli. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141799. [PMID: 35883346 PMCID: PMC9312148 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of stimbiotic (STB), a xylanase and xylo-oligosaccharide complex. A total of 36 male weaned pigs with initial body weights of 8.49 ± 0.10 kg were used in a 3-week experiment. The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (six replicates/treatment) of treatments consisting of two levels of challenge (challenge and non-challenge) and three levels of STB (0, 0.5, and 1 g/kg diet). Supplementations STB 0.5 g/kg (STB5) and STB 1 g/kg (STB10) improved the G:F (p = 0.04) in piglets challenged with STEC. STB supplementation, which also decreased (p < 0.05) the white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. Supplementations STB5 and STB10 improved (p < 0.01) the lymphocytes and neutrophils in piglets challenged with STEC on 14 dpi. Additionally, supplementations STB5 and STB10 improved (p < 0.01) the tumor necrosis factor-alpha in piglets challenged with STEC on 3 dpi. Supplementations STB5 and STB10 also improved the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (p < 0.01) in piglets challenged with STEC. Supplementation with STB reduced (p < 0.05) the expression levels of calprotectin. In conclusion, STB could alleviate a decrease of the performance, immune response, and inflammatory response induced by the STEC challenge.
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Moita VHC, Duarte ME, Kim SW. Functional roles of xylanase enhancing intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs by reducing the digesta viscosity and modulating the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac116. [PMID: 35404463 PMCID: PMC9115903 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the functional roles of an endo-β-1,4-xylanase on the intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 60 pigs (21 d old, 6.9 ± 0.8 kg body weight [BW]) were allotted based on a randomized complete block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. Dietary treatments had nutrients meeting the requirements with increasing levels of endo-β-1,4-xylanase (0, 220, 440, 880, 1,760 xylanase unit [XU] per kg feed) and fed to pigs in three phases (phases 1, 2, and 3 for 10, 14, and 14 d, respectively). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to the phase 3 diets as an indigestible marker. On day 38, all pigs were euthanized to collect ileal digesta to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID), jejunal digesta to measure viscosity, and jejunal mucosa to evaluate intestinal health. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure for polynomial contrasts and the NLMIXED procedure for broken line analysis of SAS. Increasing xylanase in the nursery diets reduced (linear, P < 0.05) the digesta viscosity in the jejunum. Increasing xylanase tended to reduce the relative abundance of Cupriavidus (P = 0.073) and Megasphaera (P = 0.063); tended to increase the relative abundance of Succinivibrio (P = 0.076) and Pseudomonas (P = 0.060); and had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the relative abundance of Acinetobacter (maximum: 2.01% at 867 XU per kg feed). Xylanase from 0 to 1,087 XU per kg feed reduced (P < 0.05) jejunal malondialdehyde. Xylanase from 0 to 1,475 XU per kg feed increased (P < 0.05) the AID of neutral detergent fiber. Increasing xylanase increased (P < 0.05) the AID of ether extract and tended to increase (P = 0.058) the AID of crude protein. Increasing xylanase did not affect growth performance on overall period, whereas xylanase from 0 to 736 XU per kg feed increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) during days 31 to 38. In conclusion, xylanase supplementation showed benefits on intestinal health by reducing digesta viscosity, the relative abundance of potentially harmful bacteria, and the oxidative stress in the jejunal mucosa, collectively enhancing intestinal morphology and the AID of nutrients. Xylanase supplementation at a range of 750 to 1,500 XU per kg feed provided benefits associated with reduced oxidative stress, increased nutrient digestibility, resulting in potential improvement on growth performance of nursery pigs by increasing the average daily feed intake and moderately improving the ADG throughout the last week of feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Hugo C Moita
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Marcos Elias Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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14
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Duarte ME, Kim SW. Intestinal microbiota and its interaction to intestinal health in nursery pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 8:169-184. [PMID: 34977387 PMCID: PMC8683651 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has gained increased attention from researchers within the swine industry due to its role in promoting intestinal maturation, immune system modulation, and consequently the enhancement of the health and growth performance of the host. This review aimed to provide updated scientific information on the interaction among intestinal microbiota, dietary components, and intestinal health of pigs. The small intestine is a key site to evaluate the interaction of the microbiota, diet, and host because it is the main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients and plays an important role within the immune system. The diet and its associated components such as feed additives are the main factors affecting the microbial composition and is central in stimulating a beneficial population of microbiota. The microbiota–host interaction modulates the immune system, and, concurrently, the immune system helps to modulate the microbiota composition. The direct interaction between the microbiota and the host is an indication that the mucosa-associated microbiota can be more effective in evaluating its effect on health parameters. It was demonstrated that the mucosa-associated microbiota should be evaluated when analyzing the interaction among diets, microbiota, and health. In addition, supplementation of feed additives aimed to promote the intestinal health of pigs should consider their roles in the modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota as biomarkers to predict the response of growth performance to dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Elias Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
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15
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Oh HJ, Kim MH, Song MH, Lee JH, Kim YJ, Chang SY, An JW, Go YB, Song DC, Cho HA, Kim MJ, Kim HB, Cho JH. Effects of Replacing Medical Zinc Oxide with Different Ratios of Inorganic: Organic Zinc or Reducing Crude Protein Diet with Mixed Feed Additives in Weaned Piglet Diets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3132. [PMID: 34827863 PMCID: PMC8614496 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred twenty weaned piglets (9.34 ± 0.74 kg) were used in a four-week experiment to investigate the effects of replacing medical ZnO with a different ratio of inorganic and organic zinc (IZ:OZ) or a low-crude-protein diet (LP) with mixed feed additives (MFAs) in the weaned piglets' diet. The dietary treatments included a control (CON), T1 (T1; ZnO 1000 mg/kg), T2 (IZ:OZ 850:150), T3 (IZ:OZ 700:300), T4 (IZ:OZ, 500:500), and T5 (LP with MFAs (0.1% essential oils + 0.08% protease + 0.02% xylanase)). The growth performance was decreased (p < 0.05) in the CON treatment compared with the T4 treatment. The diarrhea incidence was decreased (p < 0.05) in the T4 and the T5 treatment compared with the CON and the T1 treatments. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients were increased (p < 0.05) in the T4 and T5 treatments compared with the CON, T1, and T2 treatments. The T4 treatment had a higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of zinc than the T1, T2, and T3 treatments. The fecal microflora was improved (p < 0.05) in the T5 treatment compared with the CON and T3 treatments. In conclusion, IZ:OZ 500:500 could improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and zinc utilization while reducing diarrhea incidence in weaned piglets. Moreover, LP with MFA could replace medical ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jin Oh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Myung Hoo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 504-63, Korea;
| | - Min Ho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 341-34, Korea;
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Se Yeon Chang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Jae Woo An
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Young Bin Go
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Dong Cheol Song
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Hyun Ah Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 553-65, Korea;
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource, and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 311-16, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
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16
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Van Hoeck V, Somers I, Abdelqader A, Wealleans AL, Van de Craen S, Morisset D. Xylanase impact beyond performance: A microbiome approach in laying hens. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257681. [PMID: 34543338 PMCID: PMC8452031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-nutritional compounds such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are present in viscous cereals used in feed for poultry. Therefore, exogenous carbohydrases are commonly added to monogastric feed to degrade these NSP. Our hypothesis is that xylanase not only improves laying hen performance and digestibility, but also induces a significant shift in microbial composition within the intestinal tract and thereby might exert a prebiotic effect. In this context, a better understanding on whether and how the chicken gut microbial population can be modulated by xylanase is required. To do so, the effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and cecal microbiome in laying hens were evaluated in the present study. A total of 96 HiSex laying hens were used in this experiment (3 diets and 16 replicates of 2 hens). Xylanase was added to the diets at concentrations of 0, 45,000 (15 g/t XygestTM HT) and 90,000 U/kg (30 g/t Xygest HT). The diets were based on wheat (~55%), soybean and sunflower meal. The lowest dosage, 45,000 U/kg, significantly increased average egg weight and improved feed efficiency compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). Egg quality parameters were significantly improved in the experiment in response to the xylanase addition. For example, during the last 28 days of the trial, birds receiving the 45,000 U/kg and the 90,000 U/kg treatments exhibited an increase in Haugh units and albumin heights (P<0.05). Compared with the control, the ATTD of organic matter and crude protein were drastically improved in the 45,000 U/kg treatment group (P<0.05). Furthermore, gross energy and the ATTD of crude fat were improved significantly for birds fed 90,000 U/kg group compared to the control. Importantly, 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that xylanase at 45,000 U/kg dosage can exert a change in the cecal microbiome. A significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Bacilli class; Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillales orders; Merdibacter, Enterococcus and Nocardiopsis genera; Enterococcus casseliflavus species) was documented when adding 45,000 U/kg xylanase to the diet of laying hens. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of xylanase 45,000 U/kg significantly improved laying hen performance and digestibility. Furthermore, microbiome data suggest that xylanase modulates the laying hen bacterial population beneficially, thus potentially exerting a prebiotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Van Hoeck
- Animal Nutrition and Health, Kemin Europa N.V., Herentals, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Somers
- Animal Nutrition and Health, Kemin Europa N.V., Herentals, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anas Abdelqader
- Department of Animal Production, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Sandy Van de Craen
- Animal Nutrition and Health, Kemin Europa N.V., Herentals, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dany Morisset
- Animal Nutrition and Health, Kemin Europa N.V., Herentals, Antwerp, Belgium
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Duarte ME, Sparks C, Kim SW. Modulation of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in relation to intestinal health and nutrient digestibility in pigs by supplementation of β-glucanase to corn-soybean meal-based diets with xylanase. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab190. [PMID: 34125212 PMCID: PMC8292963 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of β-glucanase on the modulation of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in relation to nutrient digestibility and intestinal health of pigs fed diets with 30% corn distiller's dried grains with solubles and xylanase. Forty pigs at 12.4 ± 0.5 kg body weight (BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet with xylanase (1,500 endo-pentosanase units [EPU]/kg) and increasing levels of β-glucanase (0, 200, 400, and 600 U/kg) meeting nutrient requirements and fed to pigs for 21 d. Blood samples were collected on day 19. On day 21, all pigs were euthanized to collect intestinal tissues and digesta. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and malondialdehyde were measured in the plasma and mid-jejunal mucosa. Viscosity was determined using digesta from the distal jejunum. Ileal and rectal digesta were evaluated to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients. Mucosa samples from the mid-jejunum were utilized for microbiota sequencing. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure on SAS 9.4. Overall, increasing dietary β-glucanase tended to increase (linear; P = 0.077) the average daily gain of pigs. Increasing dietary β-glucanase affected (quadratic; P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, reduced (linear; P < 0.05) Helicobacter rappini, and increased (linear, P < 0.05) Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. β-Glucanase supplementation (0 vs. others) tended to increase (P = 0.096) the AID of crude protein in the diet, whereas increasing dietary β-glucanase tended to increase (linear; P = 0.097) the ATTD of gross energy in the diet and increased (linear; P < 0.05) the concentration of IL-6 in the plasma of pigs. In conclusion, increasing β-glucanase up to 600 U/kg feed in a diet containing xylanase (1,500 EPU/kg) modulated mucosa-associated microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and reducing potentially harmful bacteria. Furthermore, increasing β-glucanase up to 600 U/kg feed in a diet containing xylanase (1,500 EPU/kg feed) enhanced the status of the intestinal environment and nutrient utilization, as well as reduced systemic inflammation of pigs, collectively resulting in moderate improvement of growth performance. Supplementing β-glucanase at a range of 312 to 410 U/kg with xylanase at 1,500 EPU/kg feed showed the most benefit on jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota and reduced systemic inflammation of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Elias Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Chris Sparks
- Huvepharma, Inc., Peachtree City, GA, 30269, USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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