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Sun H, Harrington C, Gerloff N, Mandelbaum M, Jeffries-Miles S, Apostol LNG, Valencia MALD, Shaukat S, Angez M, Sharma DK, Nalavade UP, Pawar SD, Simbu EP, Andriamamonjy S, Razafindratsimandresy R, Vega E. Correction: Validation of a redesigned pan-poliovirus assay and real-time PCR platforms for the global poliovirus laboratory network. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308467. [PMID: 39093885 PMCID: PMC11296631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255795.].
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Sayyad L, Harrington C, Castro CJ, Belgasmi-Allen H, Jeffries Miles S, Hill J, Mendoza Prillwitz ML, Gobern L, Gaitán E, Delgado AP, Castillo Signor L, Rondy M, Rey-Benito G, Gerloff N. Molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses from Guatemalan wastewater isolated from human lung fibroblasts. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305108. [PMID: 38959255 PMCID: PMC11221682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The Global Specialized Polio Laboratory at CDC supports the Global Poliovirus Laboratory Network with environmental surveillance (ES) to detect the presence of vaccine strain polioviruses, vaccine-derived polioviruses, and wild polioviruses in high-risk countries. Environmental sampling provides valuable supplementary information, particularly in areas with gaps in surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) mainly in children less than 15 years. In collaboration with Guatemala's National Health Laboratory (Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Guatemala), monthly sewage collections allowed screening enterovirus (EV) presence without incurring additional costs for sample collection, transport, or concentration. Murine recombinant fibroblast L-cells (L20B) and human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells are used for the isolation of polioviruses following a standard detection algorithm. Though non-polio-Enteroviruses (NPEV) can be isolated, the algorithm is optimized for the detection of polioviruses. To explore if other EV's are present in sewage not found through standard methods, five additional cell lines were piloted in a small-scale experiment, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used for the identification of any EV types. Human lung fibroblast cells (HLF) were selected based on their ability to isolate EV-A genus. Sewage concentrates collected between 2020-2021 were isolated in HLF cells and any cytopathic effect positive isolates used for NGS. A large variety of EVs, including echoviruses 1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 13, 18, 19, 25, 29; coxsackievirus A13, B2, and B5, EV-C99, EVB, and polioviruses (Sabin 1 and 3) were identified through genomic typing in NGS. When the EV genotypes were compared by phylogenetic analysis, it showed many EV's were genomically like viruses previously isolated from ES collected in Haiti. Enterovirus occurrence did not follow a seasonality, but more diverse EV types were found in ES collection sites with lower populations. Using the additional cell line in the existing poliovirus ES algorithm may add value by providing data about EV circulation, without additional sample collection or processing. Next-generation sequencing closed gaps in knowledge providing molecular epidemiological information on multiple EV types and full genome sequences of EVs present in wastewater in Guatemala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna Sayyad
- Contracting Agency to the Division of Viral Diseases, Cherokee Nation Assurance, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Harrington
- Division of Viral Diseases, Polio and Picornavirus Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christina J. Castro
- Contracting Agency to the Division of Viral Diseases, Cherokee Nation Assurance, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Hanen Belgasmi-Allen
- Division of Viral Diseases, Polio and Picornavirus Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stacey Jeffries Miles
- Division of Viral Diseases, Polio and Picornavirus Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jamaica Hill
- Contracting Agency to the Division of Viral Diseases, IHRC Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Lorena Gobern
- Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Ericka Gaitán
- Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Andrea Paola Delgado
- Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | - Marc Rondy
- Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Guatemala Country Office, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Gloria Rey-Benito
- Pan-American Health Organization, World Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Nancy Gerloff
- Division of Viral Diseases, Polio and Picornavirus Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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El-Malah SS, Saththasivam J, K AK, Abdul Jabbar K, Gomez TA, Wahib S, Lawler J, Tang P, Mirza F, Al-Hail H, Ouararhni K, Abdul Azis TK, Abu Raddad LJ, Chemaitelly HS, Abu Halaweh HA, Khalife S, Bertollini R, Mahmoud KA. Leveraging wastewater surveillance for managing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and concerned pathogens during FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30267. [PMID: 38711666 PMCID: PMC11070812 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been proven effective for the monitoring of infectious disease outbreaks during mass gathering events and for timely public health interventions. As part of Qatar's efforts to monitor and combat the spread of infectious diseases during the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™ (FWC'22), wastewater surveillance was used to monitor the spread of SARS-CoV-2, human enterovirus, and poliovirus. The screening covered five major wastewater treatment plants servicing the event locations between October 2022 and January 2023. Viruses were concentrated from the wastewater samples by PEG precipitation, followed by qRT-PCR to measure the viral load in the wastewater. As expected, SARS-CoV-2 and enterovirus RNA were detected in all samples, while poliovirus was not detected. The concentration of SARS-CoV-2 was correlated with population density, such as areas surrounding the World Cup venues, and with the number of reported clinical cases. Additionally, we observed temporal fluctuations in viral RNA concentrations, with peak levels coinciding with the group stage matches of the FWC'22. This study has been useful in providing public health authorities with an efficient and cost-effective surveillance system for potential infectious disease outbreaks during mega-events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa S. El-Malah
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayaprakash Saththasivam
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arun K. K
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khadeeja Abdul Jabbar
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tricia A. Gomez
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Wahib
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jenny Lawler
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Patrick Tang
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Faheem Mirza
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hamad Al-Hail
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid Ouararhni
- Genomics Core, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Laith Jamal Abu Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hiam S. Chemaitelly
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hussein A. Abu Halaweh
- Drainage Network Operation & Maintenance Department, Public Works Authority, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Khaled A. Mahmoud
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
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Kalkowska DA, Badizadegan K, Routh JA, Burns CC, Rosenberg ES, Brenner IR, Zucker JR, Langdon-Embry M, Thompson KM. Modeling undetected poliovirus circulation following the 2022 outbreak in the United States. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:186-195. [PMID: 38164695 PMCID: PMC11284832 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2299401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New York State (NYS) reported a polio case (June 2022) and outbreak of imported type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2) (last positive wastewater detection in February 2023), for which uncertainty remains about potential ongoing undetected transmission. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Extending a prior deterministic model, we apply an established stochastic modeling approach to characterize the confidence about no circulation (CNC) of cVDPV2 as a function of time since the last detected signal of transmission (i.e. poliovirus positive acute flaccid myelitis case or wastewater sample). RESULTS With the surveillance coverage for the NYS population majority and its focus on outbreak counties, modeling suggests a high CNC (95%) within 3-10 months of the last positive surveillance signal, depending on surveillance sensitivity and population mixing patterns. Uncertainty about surveillance sensitivity implies longer durations required to achieve higher CNC. CONCLUSIONS In populations that maintain high overall immunization coverage with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), rare polio cases may occur in un(der)-vaccinated individuals. Modeling demonstrates the unlikeliness of type 2 outbreaks reestablishing endemic transmission or resulting in large absolute numbers of paralytic cases. Achieving and maintaining high immunization coverage with IPV remains the most effective measure to prevent outbreaks and shorten the duration of imported poliovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janell A. Routh
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cara C. Burns
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eli S. Rosenberg
- Office of Public Health, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - I. Ravi Brenner
- Office of Public Health, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jane R. Zucker
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
- Immunization Services Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Kimberly M. Thompson
- Kid Risk, Inc, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Ueno MK, Kitamura K, Nishimura Y, Arita M. Evaluation of Direct Detection Protocols for Poliovirus from Stool Samples of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Patients. Viruses 2023; 15:2113. [PMID: 37896890 PMCID: PMC10612058 DOI: 10.3390/v15102113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polio surveillance in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has been conducted with virus isolation from stool samples of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases. Under the current biorisk management/regulations, challenges arise in the timelines of the report, sensitivity of the test and containment of poliovirus (PV) isolates. In the present study, we evaluated protocols of previously reported direct detection (DD) methods targeting the VP1 or VP4-VP2 regions of the PV genome in terms of sensitivity and sequencability. An optimized protocol targeting the entire-capsid region for the VP1 sequencing showed a high sensitivity (limit of detection = 82 copies of PV genome) with a simpler and faster reaction than reported ones (i.e., with the addition of all the primers at the start of the reaction, the RT-PCR reaction finishes within 2.5 h). The DD methods targeting the VP1 region detected PV in 60 to 80% of PV-positive stool samples from AFP cases; however, minor populations of PV strains in the samples with virus mixtures were missed by the methods. Sequencability of the DD methods was primarily determined by the efficiency of the PCRs for both Sanger and nanopore sequencing. The DD method targeting the VP4-VP2 region showed higher sensitivity than that targeting the VP1 region (limit of detection = 25 copies of PV genome) and successfully detected PV from all the stool samples examined. These results suggest that DD methods are effective for the detection of PV and that further improvement of the sensitivity is essential to serve as an alternative to the current polio surveillance algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (M.K.U.); (K.K.); (Y.N.)
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Akello JO, Bujaki E, Shaw AG, Khurshid A, Arshad Y, Troman C, Majumdar M, O'Toole Á, Rambaut A, Alam MM, Martin J, Grassly NC. Comparison of Eleven RNA Extraction Methods for Poliovirus Direct Molecular Detection in Stool Samples. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0425222. [PMID: 36939356 PMCID: PMC10100708 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04252-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct detection by PCR of poliovirus RNA in stool samples provides a rapid diagnostic and surveillance tool that can replace virus isolation by cell culture in global polio surveillance. The sensitivity of direct detection methods is likely to depend on the choice of RNA extraction method and sample volume. We report a comparative analysis of 11 nucleic acid extraction methods (7 manual and 4 semiautomated) for poliovirus molecular detection using stool samples (n = 59) that had been previously identified as poliovirus positive by cell culture. To assess the effect of RNA recovery methods, extracted RNA using each of the 11 methods was tested with a poliovirus-specific reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), a pan-poliovirus RT-PCR (near-whole-genome amplification), a pan-enterovirus RT-PCR (entire capsid region), and a nested VP1 PCR that is the basis of a direct detection method based on nanopore sequencing. We also assessed extracted RNA integrity and quantity. The overall effect of extraction method on poliovirus PCR amplification assays tested in this study was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001), thus indicating that the choice of RNA extraction method is an important component that needs to be carefully considered for any diagnostic based on nucleic acid amplification. Performance of the methods was generally consistent across the different assays used. Of the 11 extraction methods tested, the MagMAX viral RNA isolation kit used manually or automatically was found to be the preferable method for poliovirus molecular direct detection considering performance, cost, and processing time. IMPORTANCE Poliovirus, the causative agent of poliomyelitis, is a target of global eradication led by the World Health Organization since 1988. Direct molecular detection and genomic sequencing without virus propagation in cell culture is arguably a critical tool in the final stages of polio eradication. Efficient recovery of good-quality viral RNA from stool samples is a prerequisite for direct detection by nucleic acid amplification. We tested 11 nucleic acid extraction methods to identify those facilitating sensitive, fast, simple, and cost-effective extraction, with flexibility for manual and automated protocols considered. Several different PCR assays were used to compare the recovered viral RNA to test suitability for poliovirus direct molecular detection. Our findings highlight the importance of choosing a suitable RNA extraction protocol and provide useful information to diagnostic laboratories and researchers facing the choice of RNA extraction method for direct molecular virus detection from stool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Odeke Akello
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Bujaki
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), MHRA, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G. Shaw
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Khurshid
- Department of Virology, National Institute for Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Arshad
- Department of Virology, National Institute for Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Catherine Troman
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manasi Majumdar
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), MHRA, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Áine O'Toole
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Javier Martin
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), MHRA, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C. Grassly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Fan Q, Ma J, Li X, Jorba J, Yuan F, Zhu H, Hu L, Song Y, Wang D, Zhu S, Yan D, Chen H, Xu W, Zhang Y. Molecular evolution and antigenic drift of type 3 iVDPVs excreted from a patient with immunodeficiency in Ningxia, China. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28215. [PMID: 36224711 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A 2.5-year-old pediatric patient with acute flaccid paralysis was diagnosed with primary immunodeficiency (PID) in Ningxia Province, China, in 2011. Twelve consecutive stool specimens were collected from the patient over a period of 10 months (18 February 2011 to 20 November 2011), and 12 immunodeficiency vaccine-derived poliovirus (iVDPV) strains (CHN15017-1 to CHN15017-12) were subsequently isolated. Nucleotide sequencing analysis of the plaque-purified iVDPVs revealed 2%-3.5% VP1-region differences from their parental Sabin 3 strain. Full-length genome sequencing showed they were all Sabin 3/Sabin 1 recombinants, sharing a common 2C-region crossover site, and the two key determinants of attenuation (U472C in the 5' untranslated region and T2493C in the VP1 region) had reverted. Temperature-sensitive experiments demonstrated that the first two iVDPV strains partially retained the temperature-sensitive phenotype's nature, while the subsequent ten iVDPV strains distinctly lost it, possibly associated with increased neurovirulence. Nineteen amino-acid substitutions were detected between 12 iVDPVs and the parental Sabin strain, of which only one (K1419R) was found on the subsequent 10 iVDPV isolates, suggesting this site's potential as a temperature-sensitive determination site. A Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov Chain phylogenetic analysis based on the P1 coding region yielded a mean iVDPV evolutionary rate of 1.02 × 10-2 total substitutions/site/year, and the initial oral-polio-vaccine dose was presumably administered around June 2009. Our findings provide valuable information regarding the genetic structure, high-temperature growth sensitivity, and antigenic properties of iVDPVs following long-term evolution in a single PID patient, thus augmenting the currently limited knowledge regarding the dynamic changes and evolutionary pathway of iVDPV populations with PID during long-term global replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fan
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Ma
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jaume Jorba
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Fang Yuan
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhu
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Hu
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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8
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Zhang M, Yang J, Bai Y, Zhu H, Wang C, Zhang L, Xu J, Lu M, Zhang X, Xiao Z, Ma Y, Wang Y, Li X, Wang D, Zhu S, Yan D, Xu W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Epidemiological survey and genetic characterization of type 3 vaccine-derived poliovirus isolated from a patient with four doses of inactivated polio vaccine in Henan Province, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:124. [PMID: 36514167 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a potential threat to polio eradication because they can reintroduce into the general population and cause paralytic polio outbreaks, a phenomenon that has recently emerged as a prominent public health concern at the end of global polio eradication. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of the first VDPV identified from a patient with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), with four doses of inactivated polio vaccine immunization in Henan Province, China in 2017. METHODS The patient was diagnosed with type 3 VDPV. Subsequently, a series of epidemiological approaches was implemented, including a retrospective search of AFP cases, rate of vaccination assessment, study of contacts, and supplementary immunization activities. Fecal samples were collected, viral isolation was performed, and the viral isolates were characterized using full-length genomic sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis showed that the viral isolates from the patient were different from other reported genetic clusters of type 3 VDPV worldwide. They were identified as a Sabin 3/Sabin 1 recombinant VDPV with a crossover site in the P2 region. Nucleotide substitutions, including U → C (472) and C → U (2493), have been identified, both of which are frequently observed as reversion mutations in neurovirulent type 3 poliovirus. A unique aspect of this case is that the patient had been vaccinated with four doses of inactive polio vaccine, and the serum neutralizing antibody for Sabin types 1 and 3 were 1∶16 and 1∶512, respectively. Thus, the patient was speculated to have been infected with type 3 VDPV, and the virus continued to replicate and be excreted for at least 41 d. CONCLUSIONS The existence of this kind of virus in human population is a serious risk and poses a severe challenge in maintaining a polio-free status in China. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of VDPV identified in the Henan province of China. Our results highlight the importance of maintaining a high-level vaccination rate and highly sensitive AFP case surveillance system in intercepting VDPV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Yang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiran Bai
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshuang Wang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Lu
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanpei Xiao
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yating Ma
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanyang Zhang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Ryerson AB, Lang D, Alazawi MA, Neyra M, Hill DT, St. George K, Fuschino M, Lutterloh E, Backenson B, Rulli S, Ruppert PS, Lawler J, McGraw N, Knecht A, Gelman I, Zucker JR, Omoregie E, Kidd S, Sugerman DE, Jorba J, Gerloff N, Ng TFF, Lopez A, Masters NB, Leung J, Burns CC, Routh J, Bialek SR, Oberste MS, Rosenberg ES. Wastewater Testing and Detection of Poliovirus Type 2 Genetically Linked to Virus Isolated from a Paralytic Polio Case - New York, March 9-October 11, 2022. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2022; 71:1418-1424. [PMID: 36327157 PMCID: PMC9639435 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7144e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In July 2022, a case of paralytic poliomyelitis resulting from infection with vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) type 2 (VDPV2)§ was confirmed in an unvaccinated adult resident of Rockland County, New York (1). As of August 10, 2022, poliovirus type 2 (PV2)¶ genetically linked to this VDPV2 had been detected in wastewater** in Rockland County and neighboring Orange County (1). This report describes the results of additional poliovirus testing of wastewater samples collected during March 9-October 11, 2022, and tested as of October 20, 2022, from 48 sewersheds (the community area served by a wastewater collection system) serving parts of Rockland County and 12 surrounding counties. Among 1,076 wastewater samples collected, 89 (8.3%) from 10 sewersheds tested positive for PV2. As part of a broad epidemiologic investigation, wastewater testing can provide information about where poliovirus might be circulating in a community in which a paralytic case has been identified; however, the most important public health actions for preventing paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States remain ongoing case detection through national acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) surveillance†† and improving vaccination coverage in undervaccinated communities. Although most persons in the United States are sufficiently immunized, unvaccinated or undervaccinated persons living or working in Kings, Orange, Queens, Rockland, or Sullivan counties, New York should complete the polio vaccination series as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - 2022 U.S. Poliovirus Response Team
- 2022 CDC Domestic Poliovirus Emergency Response Team; New York State Department of Health; Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York; Department of Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York; Rockland County Department of Health, Pomona, New York; Orange County Department of Health, Goshen, New York; Sullivan County Department of Public Health, Liberty, New York; Nassau County Department of Health, Mineola, New York; New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York; Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York
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10
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Link-Gelles R, Lutterloh E, Ruppert PS, Backenson PB, St George K, Rosenberg ES, Anderson BJ, Fuschino M, Popowich M, Punjabi C, Souto M, McKay K, Rulli S, Insaf T, Hill D, Kumar J, Gelman I, Jorba J, Ng TFF, Gerloff N, Masters NB, Lopez A, Dooling K, Stokley S, Kidd S, Oberste MS, Routh J, Brister B, Bullows JE, Burns CC, Castro CJ, Cory J, Dybdahl‐Sissoko N, Emery BD, English R, Frolov AD, Getachew H, Henderson E, Hess A, Mason K, Mercante JW, Miles SJ, Liu H, Marine RL, Momin N, Pang H, Perry D, Rogers SL, Short B, Sun H, Tobolowsky F, Yee E, Hughes S, Hygiene M, Omoregie E, Hygiene M, Rosen JB, Hygiene M, Zucker JR, Hygiene M, Alazawi M, Bauer U, Godinez A, Hanson B, Heslin E, McDonald J, Mita‐Mendoza NK, Meldrum M, Neigel D, Suitor R, Larsen DA, Egan C, Faraci N, Feumba GS, Gray T, Lamson D, Laplante J, McDonough K, Migliore N, Moghe A, Ogbamikael S, Plitnick J, Ramani R, Rickerman L, Rist E, Schoultz L, Shudt M, Krauchuk J, Medina E, Lawler J, Boss H, Barca E, Ghazali DB, Goyal T, Marinelli SJ, Roberts JA, Russo GB, Thakur KT, Yang VQ. Public health response to a case of paralytic poliomyelitis in an unvaccinated person and detection of poliovirus in wastewater-New York, June-August 2022. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:2470-2474. [PMID: 36196495 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Link-Gelles
- 2022 CDC Domestic Poliovirus Emergency Response Team, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Emily Lutterloh
- New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - P Bryon Backenson
- New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kirsten St George
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Eli S Rosenberg
- New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Bridget J Anderson
- New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Meghan Fuschino
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Michael Popowich
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Chitra Punjabi
- Rockland County Department of Health, Pomona, New York, USA
| | - Maria Souto
- Rockland County Department of Health, Pomona, New York, USA
| | - Kevin McKay
- Rockland County Department of Health, Pomona, New York, USA
| | - Samuel Rulli
- Rockland County Department of Health, Pomona, New York, USA
| | - Tabassum Insaf
- New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Dustin Hill
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Kumar
- New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Irina Gelman
- Orange County Department of Health, Goshen, New York, USA
| | - Jaume Jorba
- 2022 CDC Domestic Poliovirus Emergency Response Team, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Terry Fei Fan Ng
- 2022 CDC Domestic Poliovirus Emergency Response Team, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Nancy Gerloff
- 2022 CDC Domestic Poliovirus Emergency Response Team, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Nina B Masters
- 2022 CDC Domestic Poliovirus Emergency Response Team, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Adriana Lopez
- 2022 CDC Domestic Poliovirus Emergency Response Team, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen Dooling
- 2022 CDC Domestic Poliovirus Emergency Response Team, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Shannon Stokley
- 2022 CDC Domestic Poliovirus Emergency Response Team, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Kidd
- 2022 CDC Domestic Poliovirus Emergency Response Team, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - M Steven Oberste
- 2022 CDC Domestic Poliovirus Emergency Response Team, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Janell Routh
- 2022 CDC Domestic Poliovirus Emergency Response Team, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
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11
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Link-Gelles R, Lutterloh E, Schnabel Ruppert P, Backenson PB, St. George K, Rosenberg ES, Anderson BJ, Fuschino M, Popowich M, Punjabi C, Souto M, McKay K, Rulli S, Insaf T, Hill D, Kumar J, Gelman I, Jorba J, Ng TFF, Gerloff N, Masters NB, Lopez A, Dooling K, Stokley S, Kidd S, Oberste MS, Routh J. Public Health Response to a Case of Paralytic Poliomyelitis in an Unvaccinated Person and Detection of Poliovirus in Wastewater - New York, June-August 2022. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2022; 71:1065-1068. [PMID: 35980868 PMCID: PMC9400530 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7133e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Chen K, Hu Z, Yang G, Guo W, Qi T, Liu D, Wang Y, Du C, Wang X. Development of a duplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1338-e1349. [PMID: 35089645 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by three apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Theileria equi (T. equi), Babesia caballi (B. caballi) and T. haneyi, which can cause similar clinical symptoms. There are five known 18S rRNA genotypes of T. equi group (including T. haneyi) and three of B. caballi. Real-time PCR methods for detecting EP based on 18S rRNA analysis have been developed, but these methods cannot detect all genotypes of EP in China, especially genotype A of T. equi. In this study, a duplex real-time PCR detection method was developed for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of T. equi and B. caballi. The primers and probes for this duplex real-time PCR assay were designed based on the conserved 18S rRNA gene sequences of all genotypes of T. equi and B. caballi including Chinese strain. Double-quenched probes were used in this method, which provide less background and more signal to decrease the number of false positives relative to single-quenched probes. The newly developed real-time PCR assays exhibited good specificity, sensitivity, repeatability and reproducibility. The real-time PCR assays were further validated by comparison with a nested PCR assay and a previous developed real-time PCR for EP and sequencing results in the analysis of 506 clinical samples collected from 2019 to 2020 in eleven provinces and regions of China. Based on clinical performance, the agreements between the duplex real-time PCR assay and the nPCR assay or the previous developed real-time PCR assay were 92.5% (T. equi) and 99.4% (B. caballi) or 87.4% (T. equi) and 97.2% (B. caballi). The detection results showed that the positivity rate of T. equi was 43.87% (222/506) (10 genotype A, 1 genotype B, 4 genotype C, 207 genotype E), while that of B. caballi was 5.10% (26/506) (26 genotype A), and the rate of T. equi and B. caballi coinfection was 2.40% (12/506). The established method could contribute to the accurate diagnosis, pathogenic surveillance and epidemiological investigation of T. equi and B. caballi infections in horses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guangpu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ting Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Diqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yaoxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Cheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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