1
|
Nah S, Williamson LD, Kahlor LA, Atkinson L, Upshaw SJ, Ntang-Beb JL. The Roles of Social Media Use and Medical Mistrust in Black Americans' COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: The RISP Model Perspective. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024; 39:1833-1846. [PMID: 37551159 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2244169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to healthcare and public health messaging in the United States. One area of focus has been vaccination uptake among Black Americans, who have experienced COVID-19 deaths disproportionate to their share of the United States population, raising questions about the processes involved in vaccination perceptions and behaviors. Guided by the Risk Information Seeking and Processing model, this study explored the roles of medical mistrust and social media as a source of risk information in Black Americans' vaccine hesitancy. Survey results from a YouGov panel sample of Black Americans (n = 1,136; 53.5% female) showed that social media use and medical mistrust were positively associated with belief in misinformation related to the COVID-19 vaccine, which, in turn, was positively related to vaccine hesitancy through perceived information insufficiency and information seeking intentions. Furthermore, we found that belief in misinformation and subjective norms toward anti-vaccination also serially mediated the association between social media use and medical mistrust with vaccine hesitancy. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soya Nah
- The Stan Richards School of Advertising & Public Relations, The University of Texas at Austin
| | | | - Lee Ann Kahlor
- The Stan Richards School of Advertising & Public Relations, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Lucy Atkinson
- The Stan Richards School of Advertising & Public Relations, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Sean J Upshaw
- The Stan Richards School of Advertising & Public Relations, The University of Texas at Austin
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jolley D, Paterson JL, McNeill A. The impact of conspiracy beliefs on a targeted group: Perceived popularity of Jewish-targeted conspiracy beliefs elicits outgroup avoidant behaviours. Br J Psychol 2024; 115:345-362. [PMID: 38043571 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
In three studies with Jewish participants, we explored the consequences of intergroup conspiracy theories on those targeted. In Study 1 (N = 250), perceived Jewish conspiracy theory popularity was positively associated with intergroup threat and negatively associated with the closeness of contact with non-Jewish people. Study 2 (n = 194) employed an experimental design where Jewish participants were exposed to the idea that many (vs. few) non-Jewish people believe in Jewish conspiracy theories. A path model demonstrated that exposure to the many (vs. few) manipulation increased intergroup threat, which was then positively associated with emotional reactions. Intergroup anxiety and ingroup anger were then positively associated with avoidance, whilst ingroup anxiety was positively associated with approach tendencies. Study 3 (n = 201) used the same experimental design, and a path model revealed that conspiracy popularity increased intergroup threat, which, in turn, was positively associated with ingroup anger and anxiety. Ingroup anxiety was then associated with intentions to help ingroup members. Notably, conspiracy popularity rendered participants less likely to interact with a non-Jewish partner in a behavioural task. Our work provides evidence that conspiracy beliefs, especially when perceived to be widely held, are likely to significantly impact targeted ingroup members.
Collapse
|
3
|
Guerra-Reyes F, Naranjo-Toro M, Basantes-Andrade A, Guerra-Dávila E. Alternative conceptions of COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 assumed by Basic Education pre-service teachers. A case study for Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ecuador. F1000Res 2023; 12:67. [PMID: 38021407 PMCID: PMC10682601 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.129488.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost at the end of 2022, the world is experiencing a relative calm after the rigors imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Knowing the ideas, feelings and procedures used by people in this type of unexpected events, which exceeded all established standards of educational and health actions, can help us be prepared for the possible occurrence of similar events. This study aims to determine the main alternative conceptions that pre-service teachers hold about the pandemic and the post-pandemic within the framework of the four basic pillars of Education. METHODS A case study was conducted using an ethnographic approach. The unit of analysis was made up of 227 students from the major of Primary Education at Universidad Técnica del Norte. Two research instruments were used to collect the data: a test for verbal associations where participants can express themselves freely with hierarchical, substitution and connotative evocations; and Specialized Analytical Summary sheets to revise and organize specialized scientific texts. The data was analyzed using the IRaMuTeQ software. RESULTS At first glance, what was expressed in the two contexts, both in the pandemic and in the post-pandemic, show a similar structure; however, a deeper analysis reveals different perspectives. CONCLUSIONS In the end, the alternative conceptions moved from expressing fear to tranquility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Guerra-Reyes
- Facultad de Educación Ciencia y Tecnología, Network Science Research Group e-CIER, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador, 100105, Ecuador
| | - Miguel Naranjo-Toro
- Facultad de Educación Ciencia y Tecnología, Network Science Research Group e-CIER, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador, 100105, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Basantes-Andrade
- Facultad de Educación Ciencia y Tecnología, Network Science Research Group e-CIER, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador, 100105, Ecuador
| | - Eric Guerra-Dávila
- Facultad de Educación Ciencia y Tecnología, Network Science Research Group e-CIER, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador, 100105, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dow BJ, Wang CS, Whitson JA, Deng Y. Mitigating and managing COVID-19 conspiratorial beliefs. BMJ LEADER 2022; 6:259-262. [PMID: 36794613 DOI: 10.1136/leader-2022-000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Belief in COVID-19 related conspiracy theories is a widespread and consequential problem that healthcare leaders need to confront. In this article, we draw on insights from social psychology and organisational behaviour to offer evidence-based advice that healthcare leaders can use to reduce the spread of conspiratorial beliefs and ameliorate their negative effects, both during the current pandemic and beyond. CONCLUSION Leaders can effectively combat conspiratorial beliefs by intervening early and bolstering people's sense of control. Leaders can also address some of the problematic behaviours that result from conspiratorial beliefs by introducing incentives and mandates (e.g., vaccine mandates). However, because of the limitations of incentives and mandates, we suggest that leaders complement these techniques with interventions that leverage the power of social norms and increase people's connections to others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Dow
- Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Cynthia S Wang
- Dispute Resolution Research Center, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Yingli Deng
- Durham University Business School, Durham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Limaye RJ, Erchick DJ, Balgobin K, Michel A, Schulz G. Message testing in India for COVID-19 vaccine uptake: What appeal and what messenger are most persuasive? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2091864. [PMID: 35829738 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2091864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationships between the different aspects of vaccination communication and vaccine attitudes. We aimed to evaluate the influence of three unique messaging appeal framings of vaccination from two types of messengers on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in India. We surveyed 534 online participants in India using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) from December 2021 through January 2022. We assessed participants' perception of three messaging appeals of vaccination - COVID-19 disease health outcomes, social norms related to vaccination, and economic impact of COVID-19 - from two messengers, healthcare providers (HCP) and peers. Using a multivariable multinomial logistic regression, we examined participants' ad preference and vaccine hesitancy. Participants expressed a high level of approval for all of the ads, with >80% positive responses for all questions across ads. Overall ads delivered by health care workers were preferred by a majority of participants in our study (n = 381, 71.4%). Ad preference ranged from 3.6% (n = 19) social norm/peer ad to 32.4% (n = 173) health outcome/HCP ad and half of participants preferred the health outcome ad (n = 279, 52.3%). Additionally, vaccine hesitancy was not related to preference (p = .513): HCP vs. peer ads (p = .522); message type (p = .284). The results suggest that all three appeals tested were generally acceptable, as well as the two messenger types, although preference was for the health care provider messenger and health outcome appeal. Individuals are motivated and influenced by a multitude of factors, requiring vaccine messaging that is persuasive, salient, and induces contextually relevant action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupali J Limaye
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Erchick
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristian Balgobin
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Michel
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen Schulz
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iannello P, Colautti L, Magenes S, Antonietti A, Cancer A. Black-and-white thinking and conspiracy beliefs prevent parents from vaccinating their children against COVID-19. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 36:ACP3999. [PMID: 36250193 PMCID: PMC9537936 DOI: 10.1002/acp.3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding predictors of parents' willingness to vaccinate their children appears fundamental to promote vaccine acceptability, especially in a pandemic scenario. The present study aimed to investigate the role of conspiracy beliefs and absolutist thinking in parental attitude toward COVID-19 vaccine, and the predictive role of parents' individual differences on decisions against children's vaccination. An online survey was administered to 415 parents of children aged 5-11, at the very beginning of the vaccination targeting this population in Italy. Results showed that absolutism predicted the tendency to believe in conspiracies, associated with a negative attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine administration to children. Moreover, mothers were less willing to vaccinate children and parents of children aged 5-7 were more hesitant, or even against vaccination, than parents of older children. Finally, the worry about consequences of COVID-19 infection on children's health facilitated vaccine adherence. These findings contribute to deepening mechanisms regarding the vaccine acceptability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Magenes
- Catholic University of the Sacred HeartMilanItaly
- Fraternità e Amicizia Società Cooperativa Sociale ONLUSMilanItaly
| | | | - Alice Cancer
- Catholic University of the Sacred HeartMilanItaly
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Intention: Evidence from Chile, Mexico, and Colombia. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071129. [PMID: 35891293 PMCID: PMC9318622 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Although the evidence is consistent that vaccines for COVID-19 effectively prevent severe illness or death, the rapid development of vaccines has led to increased beliefs about possible negative consequences and conspiracy theories about the vaccine. Several factors influence whether or not people decide to be vaccinated. Some studies suggest that our perception of what significant others do and think influences our behavior. (2) Methods: This study evaluates the predictive role of beliefs about negative consequences of the COVID-19 vaccine, conspiracy beliefs about this vaccine, and social influence on the intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 in three Latin American and Caribbean countries: Chile, Mexico, and Colombia. Using convenience sampling, 2075 adults from Chile (48.3%), Mexico (27.6%), and Colombia (24.6%) participated by answering an online questionnaire with variables of interest. (3) Results: Despite the differences between countries, the results showed that the proposed model is invariant and explains between 56–66% of the COVID-19 vaccination intent. Specifically, controlling for age, socioeconomic status, political orientation, and educational level, we found that beliefs about the negative consequences of the COVID-19 vaccine were the main predictor followed by social influence. Beliefs in conspiracy theories did not predict vaccination intention (4) Conclusions: Considering these variables in campaigns to boost vaccination intention is discussed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Reflective thinking predicts lower conspiracy beliefs: A meta-analysis. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500008913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractOne of the many established predictors of conspiracy beliefs is reflective thinking, but no meta-analysis so far has examined this relationship. In the current meta-analysis of published and unpublished correlational data (145 samples, 181 effect sizes), we found a significant negative association between reflective thinking and conspiracy beliefs with a medium-level effect size (r = –.189) . Similar levels of correlations were found across different types of measures (self-report vs. performance-based) and conspiracy beliefs (generic vs. specific). Further, no evidence suggested publication bias in this body of work. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Peters MD. Addressing vaccine hesitancy and resistance for COVID-19 vaccines. Int J Nurs Stud 2022; 131:104241. [PMID: 35489108 PMCID: PMC8972969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 vaccine rollout has had various degrees of success in different countries. Achieving high levels of vaccine coverage is key to responding to and mitigating the impact of the pandemic on health and aged care systems and the community. In many countries, vaccine hesitancy, resistance, and refusal are emerging as significant barriers to immunisation uptake and the relaxation of policies that limit everyday life. Vaccine hesitancy/ resistance/ refusal is complex and multi-faceted. Individuals and groups have diverse and often multiple reasons for delaying or refusing vaccination. These reasons include: social determinants of health, convenience, ease of availability and access, health literacy understandability and clarity of information, judgements around risk versus benefit, notions of collective versus individual responsibility, trust or mistrust of authority or healthcare, and personal or group beliefs, customs, or ideologies. Published evidence suggests that targeting and adapting interventions to particular population groups, contexts, and specific reasons for vaccine hesitancy/ resistance may enhance the effectiveness of interventions. While evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions to address vaccine hesitancy and improve uptake is limited and generally unable to underpin any specific strategy, multi-pronged interventions are promising. In many settings, mandating vaccination, particularly for those working in health or high risk/ transmission industries, has been implemented or debated by Governments, decision-makers, and health authorities. While mandatory vaccination is effective for seasonal influenza uptake amongst healthcare workers, this evidence may not be appropriately transferred to the context of COVID-19. Financial or other incentives for addressing vaccine hesitancy may have limited effectiveness with much evidence for benefit appearing to have been translated across from other public/preventive health issues such as smoking cessation. Multicomponent, dialogue-based (i.e., communication) interventions are effective in addressing vaccine hesitancy/resistance. Multicomponent interventions that encompasses the following might be effective: (i) targeting specific groups such as unvaccinated/under-vaccinated groups or healthcare workers, (ii) increasing vaccine knowledge and awareness, (iii) enhanced access and convenience of vaccination, (iv) mandating vaccination or implementing sanctions against non-vaccination, (v) engaging religious and community leaders, (vi) embedding new vaccine knowledge and evidence in routine health practices and procedures, and (vii) addressing mistrust and improving trust in healthcare providers and institutions via genuine engagement and dialogue. It is universally important that healthcare professionals and representative groups, as often highly trusted sources of health guidance, should be closely involved in policymaker and health authority decisions regarding the establishment and implementation of vaccine recommendations and interventions to address vaccine hesitancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micah D.J. Peters
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Rosemary Bryant AO Research Centre, City East Campus
- Centenary Building P4-32 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Nursing School, Adelaide, SA, Australia,The Centre for Evidence-based Practice South Australia (CEPSA): A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Australia,Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation (ANMF) Federal Office, Australia,Correspondence to: University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Rosemary Bryant AO Research Centre, City East Campus
- Centenary Building P4-32 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ecker U, Sanderson JA, McIlhiney P, Rowsell JJ, Quekett HL, Brown G, Lewandowsky S. EXPRESS: Combining Refutations and Social Norms Increases Belief Change. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2022; 76:1275-1297. [PMID: 35748514 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Misinformed beliefs are difficult to change. Refutations that target false claims typically reduce false beliefs, but tend to be only partially effective. In this study, a social norming approach was explored to test whether provision of peer norms could provide an alternative or complementary approach to refutation. Three experiments investigated whether a descriptive norm-by itself or in combination with a refutation-could reduce the endorsement of worldview-congruent claims. Experiment 1 found that using a single point estimate to communicate a norm affected belief but had less impact than a refutation. Experiment 2 used a verbally-presented distribution of four values to communicate a norm, which was largely ineffective. Experiment 3 used a graphically-presented social norm with 25 values, which was found to be as effective at reducing claim belief as a refutation, with the combination of both interventions being most impactful. These results provide a proof of concept that normative information can aid in the debunking of false or equivocal claims, and suggests that theories of misinformation processing should take social factors into account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ullrich Ecker
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth 6009, Australia 2720
| | - Jasmyne A Sanderson
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth 6009, Australia 2720
| | - Paul McIlhiney
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth 6009, Australia 2720
| | - Jessica J Rowsell
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth 6009, Australia 2720
| | - Hayley L Quekett
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth 6009, Australia 2720
| | - Gordon Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom 2707
| | - Stephan Lewandowsky
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, United Kingdom 1980.,School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vlasceanu M, Coman A. The Effect of Accuracy Instructions on Coronavirus‐Related Belief Change Following Conversational Interactions. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alin Coman
- Princeton University, Department of Psychology Princeton US
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs Princeton US
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pummerer L. Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Non-normative Behavior. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 47:101394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
Perski O, Theodoraki M, Cox S, Kock L, Shahab L, Brown J. Associations between smoking to relieve stress, motivation to stop and quit attempts across the social spectrum: A population survey in England. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268447. [PMID: 35580121 PMCID: PMC9113576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking prevalence in several high-income countries is steadily declining but remains persistently high in 'lower' socioeconomic position (SEP) groups, contributing to inequities in morbidity and mortality. Smoking to relieve stress is a commonly endorsed motive for continued smoking; however, it remains unclear whether smoking to relieve stress has a negative impact on motivation to stop and future quit attempts and if so, whether associations are moderated by SEP. This was an observational study with cross-sectional and prospective survey data from the nationally representative Smoking Toolkit Study in England. A total of 1,135 adult smokers were surveyed at baseline, with 153 (13.5%) respondents followed up at 12 months. Respondents provided information on demographic, social and smoking characteristics. A series of multivariable logistic regression analyses was conducted. Bayes Factors (BFs) were calculated to explore non-significant associations. Smoking to relieve stress was commonly endorsed by respondents from both 'lower' (43.2% [95% CI = 39.4%, 47.0%]) and 'higher' (40.5% [95% CI = 35.9%, 45.1%]) SEP groups (p = 0.39). Smoking to relieve stress was associated with high motivation to stop at baseline (ORadj = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.03-2.12, p = 0.035) but not significantly with the odds of making a quit attempt at a 12-month follow-up, although the magnitude and direction of the effect was similar to that observed for high motivation to stop (ORadj = 1.49, 95% CI = 0.69-3.20, p = 0.3). Data were insensitive to detect moderation effects of SEP (BF = 0.90 and BF = 1.65, respectively). Smoking to relieve stress is a commonly endorsed motive and is associated with high motivation to stop but not significantly with the odds of making a quit attempt in the next 12 months, although the magnitude and direction of the effect was similar for both outcomes. There was no clear evidence of moderation by SEP, although data were insensitive to distinguish the alternative from the null hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Perski
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Theodoraki
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Cox
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Loren Kock
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lion Shahab
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Brown
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Marques MD, Douglas KM, Jolley D. Practical recommendations to communicate with patients about health-related conspiracy theories. Med J Aust 2022; 216:381-384. [PMID: 35430740 PMCID: PMC9325074 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Jolley
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NOTTS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|